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The Right Honourable Charles James Fox (13 January 1749–13 September 1806) was a British Whig politician. He is most noted for his support for the American Revolution, i.e. the Independence of what is now the U.S.A. from the British Empire, and the French Revolution, i.e. the ousting of King Louis XVI and establishment of the First French Republic.

He was the third son of Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, one of the older generation self-aggrandizing Whigs. His mother was Lady Caroline Lennox, daughter of the Duke of Richmond. Fox was educated at Eton and Hertford College, Oxford. He was over indulged by his father and quickly entered into an extravagant and dissolute lifestyle, in 1774 he was £140,000 in debt. Fox became MP for Midhurst in 1768, although he was legally too young. He supported Grafton and his attacks on the radical John Wilkes. A staunch supporter of Britain's North American colonies, the town of Foxborough in Massachusetts was named in his honour. Fox was made a junior lord of the Admiralty by North in 1770, he resigned in January 1772 in order to vote against the Royal Marriages Act but was reappointed to a government post at the Treasury in December but was finally dismissed by North in February 1774, following pressure from George III.

Out of government Fox became more radical, progressing from his friendship of Edmund Burke to becoming a leader of the Rockinghamite Whigs. Fox won the seat of Westminster in 1781 and showed his support for Parliamentary reform. When Rockingham became Prime Minister in 1782 Fox was made the first Foreign Secretary. When Rockingham died (July 1, 1782) Fox unwisely resigned over the appointment of Lord Shelburne as Prime Minister. In February 1783 Fox formed an alliance of convenience with North, known as the Fox-North Coalition, to regain power.

Fox and North came to power in April 1783 over the King's resistance, although the Duke of Portland actually headed the government the two men were both secretaries of state. The ambitions of both Fox and North were blunted by the active efforts of the king and they angered him further with their open support of the Prince Regent. They were both driven from office by the efforts of the king's supporters following the failure of Fox's East India Bill in December. The 1784 general election was a sad defeat for the opposition. In Westminster the contest was fierce with Fox facing defeat and a massive campaign in his favour was run by Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. In the end Fox was re-elected by a very slender margin but legal challenges prevented a final declaration of the result for over a year. In the meantime Fox sat for the pocket borough of Orkney.

He remained a force in the Whigs and his support of the French Revolution (1789) led to a split in the Whigs between the supporters of the revolution and the others who joined William Pitt the Younger, leaving the opposition as no more than sixty MPs. Fox had become convinced that the king and the establishment were more of a threat to the constitution than 'radical' politics and protested against the curtailment of liberties associated with the war against France. In 1792 Fox saw through the only piece of substantial legislation in his career, the Libel Act, which restored to juries the right to decide what was libel and whether a defendant was guilty. Fox married his mistress, Elizabeth Armistead, in 1795 but did not make this fact public until 1802.

Fox and much of the opposition deliberately withdrew from Parliament from 1797. He returned following the Treaty of Amiens and having assisted in the replacement of Henry Addington, when Pitt was succeeded by Grenville he was made Foreign Secretary in the "Ministry of all the Talents" and died in office. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

External links

• Project Gutenberg e-text of History of the Early Part of the Reign of James the Second by Charles James Fox

Preceded by: New Office	Foreign Secretary 1782	Succeeded by: The Lord Grantham
Preceded by: Lord North	Leader of the House of Commons 1782	Succeeded by: Thomas Townshend
Preceded by: The Lord Grantham	Foreign Secretary 1783	Succeeded by: The Earl Temple
Preceded by: Thomas Townshend	Leader of the House of Commons jointly with Lord North 1783	Succeeded by: William Pitt
Preceded by: The Lord Mulgrave	Foreign Secretary 1806	Succeeded by: The Viscount Howick
Preceded by: William Pitt	Leader of the House of Commons 1806