International Phonetic Alphabet for English
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet as used for English.
The various regional accents of English speakers are distinguished from each other far more by vowels than by consonants. For this reason, the consonants of English will be discussed together, while the discussion of vowels will be divided into three parts: Received Pronunciation, General American, and General Australian.
The slashes around IPA symbols are not part of the IPA itself, but just serve to indicate that the contents of the brackets are not normal text, but a phonemic transcription. The distinction is important, as some IPA transcriptions can look like other words. For example, an IPA transcription for bean could be /bin/.
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Consonants
- For more details on this topic, see English phonology.
The symbols used for consonants are shown in the following table. Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the left is voiceless, the one to the right voiced.
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Labio- velar |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | p b | t d | k g | ||||||
Affricate | tʃ dʒ | ||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | (x) | h | |||
Approximant | ʍ w | ɹ | j | ||||||
Lateral approximant |
l |
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Vowels
This section discusses the symbols used for the vowel phonemes in three major English accents.
Received Pronunciation
- Main article: Received Pronunciation
Full vowels
Full vowels are those that appear in stressed syllables.
Monophthongs | Short | Long | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Back | Front | Central | Back | ||
Close | ɪ | ʊ | iː | uː | ||
Mid | ɛ | ʌ | ɜː | ɔː | ||
Open | æ | ɒ | ɑː |
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Diphthongs | Closing | Centring | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
to /ɪ/ | to /ʊ/ | |||
Starting close | ɪə ʊə | |||
Starting mid | eɪ ɔɪ | əʊ | ɛə | |
Starting open | aɪ | aʊ |
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Reduced vowels
Reduced vowels occur in unstressed syllables.
- /ɪ/: roses
- /ə/: Rosa’s, runner
- /l̩/: bottle
- /n̩/: button
- /m̩/: rhythm
General American
- Main article: General American
Full vowels
Monophthongs | Checked | Free | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Central | Back | Front | Central rhotacized |
Back | ||
Close | ɪ | ʊ | i | u | |||
Close-mid | e | o | |||||
Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ | ɝ | ɔ | |||
Open | æ | ɑ |
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Note: the vowels /e/ and /o/ are diphthongal for many American speakers, so the transcriptions /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ are also often used.
Diphthongs | Closing | Rhotacized | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
to /ɪ/ | to /ʊ/ | |||
Starting close | ɪɹ ʊɹ | |||
Starting mid | ɔɪ | ɛɹ ɔɹ | ||
Starting open | aɪ | aʊ | ɑɹ |
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Reduced vowels
- /ɨ/: roses (for many Americans merged with /ə/)
- /ə/: Rosa’s
- /ɚ/: runner
- /l̩/: bottle
- /n̩/: button
- /m̩/: rhythm
General Australian
- Main article: Australian English phonology
Full vowels
Monophthongs | Short | Long | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Central | Back | Front | Central | Back | ||
Close | ɪ | ʊ | iː | ʉː | |||
Mid | e | ɔ | eː | ɜː | oː | ||
Open | æ | a | æː | aː |
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Diphthongs | Closing | Centring | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
to unrounded | to rounded | |||
Starting close | ɪə ʊə | |||
Starting mid | oɪ | əʉ | ||
Starting open | æɪ ɑe | æɔ |
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Reduced vowels
- /ə/: roses, Rosa’s, runner
- /l̩/: bottle
- /n̩/: button
- /m̩/: rhythm
Suprasegmentals
The suprasegmental symbols are called that because they apply to more than one segment (vowel or consonant). In English, the relevant suprasegmentals are the markings for primary and secondary stress.
- Primary stress: ˈ
- Secondary stress: ˌ
Primary stress is indicated by the symbol ˈ before the stressed syllable; secondary stress by the symbol ˌ before the syllable, for example battleship /ˈbætl̩ˌʃɪp/.
See also
- English phonology
- IPA chart for English
- SAMPA, X-SAMPA, and Kirshenbaum are methods of mapping IPA designations into ASCII.
- List of phonetics topics
- Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation)/IPA vs. other pronunciation symbols