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===Testimony===
[[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Silver coin of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]], inscribed with the ''Shahadah'']]
{{main|Shahada}}
The [[Shahada|''shahadah'']],<ref>[[Seyyed Hossein Nasr|Nasr, Hossein]]. 2003. ''The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity''. pp. 3, 39, 85, 270–272.
</ref> which is the basic [[creed]] of Islam, must be recited under [[oath]] with the specific statement: "{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{lang-ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), or, "I testify that none deserves worship except [[God in Islam|God]] and I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of God."<ref>Mohammad, N. 1985. "The doctrine of jihad: An introduction." ''[[Journal of Law and Religion]]'' 3(2):381–97.</ref> This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to [[Religious conversion#Islam|convert to Islam]] are required to recite the creed.<ref>Kasim, Husain. 2004. "Islam." Pp. 195–97 in ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals'' 6, edited by F. A. Salamone. London: [[Berkshire Publishing Group|Berkshire]]. Retrieved 24 May 2020. {{JSTOR|ctt1jd94wq.14}}.</ref><ref name=":10">Farah, Caesar. 1994. ''Islam: Beliefs and Observances'' (5th ed.). [[Kaplan, Inc.|Barron's Educational Series]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8120-1853-0}}.</ref>{{Rp|135}}