Philadelphia
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| City of Philadelphia | |||
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| Nickname: "Philly", "City of Brotherly Love", "Cradle of Liberty", "The Quaker City", "The Birthplace of America." | |||
| Motto: "Philadelphia maneto" - "Let brotherly love continue" | |||
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| Coordinates: | |||
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| Country |  United States |
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| Commonwealth |  Pennsylvania |
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| County |  Philadelphia |
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| Founded | October 27, 1682 | ||
| Incorporated | October 25, 1701 | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | John F. Street (D) | ||
| Area | |||
| - City | 369.4 km² (142.6 sq mi) | ||
| - Land | 349.9 km² (135.1 sq mi) | ||
| - Water | 19.6 km² (7.6 sq mi) | ||
| - Urban | 4,660.7 km² (1,799.5 sq mi) | ||
| - Metro | 11,989 km² (4,629 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 12 m (39 ft) | ||
| Population (2005) | |||
| - City | 1,463,281 | ||
| - Density | 4,201.8/km² (10,882.8/sq mi) | ||
| - Urban | 5,325,000 | ||
| - Metro | 5,823,233 | ||
| Time zone | EST (UTC-5) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC-4) | ||
| Website: http://www.phila.gov | |||
The city of Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and the fifth most populous city in the United States[1]. It is the county seat of Philadelphia County. It is colloquially referred to as The City of Brotherly Love (from Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια, /fi.la.ˈdɛl.fɛj.a/, "brotherly love" from philos "love" and adelphos "brother").
In 2005 the United States Census Bureau estimated the population of the city proper to be 1.4 million.[2] Philadelphia is a major commercial, educational, and cultural center for the nation. The Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington metropolitan area is the fifth-largest in the U.S. as of the 2006 estimate with a population of 5.8 million (fourth largest according to official 2000 census).[3] In the 18th century, the city was the first capital and most populous city of the United States. At that time, it eclipsed Boston and New York City in political and social importance, with Benjamin Franklin taking a large role in Philadelphia's rise. The city was the geographic center of the 18th-century thinking and activity that gave birth to the American Revolution and subsequent American democracy and independence.
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[edit] History
[edit] Colonial
Before Europeans arrived, the Delaware (Lenape) Indian settlement of Shackamaxon was located along the Delaware River. Although the area lay within the bounds described in the 1632 Charter of Maryland, the Calvert family's influence never reached this far north, and the first European settlers were Swedes (see New Sweden), who called it Wiccacoa, and thirteen families from Krefeld, Germany, who settled in Germantown in 1683. A congregation was formed in 1646 on Tinicum Island by Swedish missionary John Campanius; in 1700, the group built Gloria Dei Church, also known as Old Swedes'.
Philadelphia is an early example of a planned city. Its rectilinear grid of streets, now a commonplace feature of urban planning, was a noteworthy innovation. (The city later grew in unplanned fashion, but the original city plan is still recognizable in the grid of today's Center City.) The city was founded and developed in 1682 by William Penn, a Quaker, as the capital of his new colony. The city's name means "brotherly love" in Greek (Φιλαδέλφεια). Penn hoped that the city, founded on principles of freedom and religious tolerance, would be a model of this philosophy. During early immigration by Quakers and others, some "first purchasers" who got title to land in the city also received farmland outside the city. One of the notable features of Penn's plan for the city was the creation of five large squares, to provide open space for the city's residents. Penn described his city as a "Greene Countrie Town," highlighting its difference from densely built cities like London. Most of the city's construction was brick or stone to prevent fires, like the great fire of 1666 that devastated London when Penn lived there.
[edit] American Revolution
Philadelphia was a major center of the independence movement during the American Revolutionary War. The Declaration of Independence and US Constitution were drafted here. Philadelphia's Tun Tavern is traditionally regarded as the location where, in 1775, the United States Marine Corps was founded.
During the American Revolutionary War Philadelphia's population was split between Loyalists and Patriots. When the British Army took the city in 1777, many Loyalists lined the streets and sang "God Save the King". Upon the retaking of the city for the American cause in 1778, it was the Patriot population's turn to celebrate, especially as the population had suffered through a bitter winter with many of the provisions going to the British Army. The British left a mess, says historian Allan Nevins:
| “ | The enemy had left the neatest, cleanest, best-built town in America shockingly dirty and unkempt, had destroyed public and private buildings, had cut down trees and fences, and had filled the streets and gutters with obstructions. In the outskirts and in Germantown were the marks of battle. Most of the fine old country seats surrounding the city had been destroyed--the British had fired seventeen in one day. New-piled mounds in Washington Square showed where the bodies of Continental soldiers, maltreated and starved in their prison by the brutal jailer Cunningham, had been roughly buried".[4] | ” |
About 3000 Loyalists fled with the British; 45 Loyalists who remained behind were put on trial for treason for consorting with the enemy in wartime. Two were convicted, and hanged.
For a time in the 18th century, Philadelphia was the largest city in the Americas north of Mexico City, and the fourth largest under British crown rule (after London, Bristol, and Dublin).
In 1790, as the result of a compromise between a number of Southern congressmen and Alexander Hamilton, then Secretary of the Treasury, the seat of the United States Government was moved from Federal Hall in New York to Congress Hall in Philadelphia, before assuming its current site in Washington, DC. In exchange for locating a permanent capital on the banks of the Potomac, the congressmen agreed to support Hamilton's financial proposals. Philadelphia served as capital for a decade, until 1800, when the Capitol building in the new federal city of Washington, DC was opened.
[edit] 19th century expansion
The city has been coterminous with Philadelphia County since the Act of Consolidation, 1854. Until then, the city consisted of the area bounded by South and Vine Streets and the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. The expansion incorporated present-day West Philadelphia, South Philadelphia, North Philadelphia, and Northeast Philadelphia, as well as Germantown and many smaller communities. For most of the 19th century, Philadelphia was the second most populous city in the United States.
An early railroad center, Philadelphia was the original site of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, the world's largest builder of steam locomotives (which relocated to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania). The Pennsylvania Railroad, once America's largest railroad by revenue and traffic volume and at one time the largest public corporation in the world, was headquartered in the city, as was its merger successor, the Penn Central, and in turn its rail freight successor, Conrail. The city was also a major center for the production of textiles, garments, carpets, lace, and hats. A large port, it remained one of the nation's centers for shipbuilding.
In 1876 Philadelphia hosted the Centennial Exposition to mark the anniversary of the independence of the United States. Memorial Hall and its expansive mall are remnants of this fair. The wealth of nineteenth-century Philadelphia made it a center for technological and architectural innovation. Among the city's prominent architects were Thomas U. Walter and Frank Furness.
[edit] The 20th Century
In 1926, the city held the Sesquicentennial Exposition to celebrate the nation's 150th birthday. The city underwent a major expansion in the years around the Sesquicentennial, including the development of housing in large sections of the city, particularly upper North Philadelphia, the lower Northeast section of the city, and parts of Germantown and the Northwest.
During the post-World War II years, the city began to fall victim to many of the trends experienced by older, east coast cities at the time, including suburbanization and white flight. The city's core industries, especially textile and garment manufacturing, began an exodus to other regions, especially the Piedmont South and the Caribbean. The advent of containerized shipping significantly reduced traffic to Philadelphia's port. And the decline of the railroads, with the advent of the automobile and commercial trucking, affected Philadelphia's most important business enterprise. Mitigating the effects of decentralization were an ambitious "industrial renewal" program beginning in the 1950s that retained and attracted many manufacturing firms, especially to sections of the city's northeastern section.
Like many major cities in the United States, Philadelphia has a long history of racial and ethnic conflict. In the 1830s and 1840s, clashes between Catholics and non-Catholics led to riots, resulting in several deaths in Kensington and parts of Center City. In 1964, the area around West Columbia Avenue in North Philadelphia exploded in riot. In 1985 Philadelphia police dropped a satchel charge on the roof of a house, via helicopter, in the Cobbs Creek section of West Philadelphia in order to combat a radical group known as MOVE. The fire consumed 62 area homes and left 11 dead.[5][6]
During the 1990s Philadelphia's downtown area, known as Center City, was greatly redeveloped with new commercial and residential development. Many areas of the city have experienced gentrification, including Society Hill, Old City, Manayunk, West Philadelphia's University City district, Northern Liberties, Fishtown, Fairmount, Brewerytown, Francisville, and Lower Kensington. Despite this progress, however, many areas remain in poverty.
[edit] Geography
[edit] Topography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 369.4 km² (142.6 mi²). 349.9 km² (135.1 mi²) of it is land and 19.6 km² (7.6 mi²) of it (5.29%) is water. Bodies of water include the Delaware River, Schuylkill River, Cobbs Creek, Wissahickon Creek, and Pennypack Creek.
The lowest point in the city lies 10 feet above sea level near Fort Mifflin in Southwest Philadelphia at the convergence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. The highest point is in Chestnut Hill, at 432 feet above sea level, near Evergreen Place, just north and west of Evergreen Avenue.
The counties adjacent to Philadelphia are Montgomery County to the north; Bucks County to the northeast; Burlington County, New Jersey to the east; Camden County, New Jersey to the southeast; Gloucester County, New Jersey to the south; and Delaware County to the west.
[edit] Climate
Philadelphia's climate falls in the humid subtropical climate zone, although it is the northernmost city in the United States that is considered to meet this classification. Because Philadelphia is on the far northern end of this climate zone, some of its outlying suburbs, especially to the north and west, are considered to fall in the humid continental zone. Summers are typically hot and muggy, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold, although periods of extreme cold are infrequent. Snowfall is variable, with some winters bringing light snow and others bringing many significant snowstorms. It is common for the heavier snowfall to occur north and west of the city. The average annual snowfall is 21 in (534 mm). Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to eleven wet days per month,[7] at an average annual rate of 42 in (1068 mm).
January lows average 23°F (–5°C) and highs average 38°F (3°C). The lowest officially recorded temperature was –11°F (–24°C) on February 9, 1934[8], but temperatures below 14°F (–10°C) occur only a few times a year. July lows average 67°F (20°C) and highs average 86° F (30°C)[9], although heat waves see highs above 95°F (35°C) with the heat index running as high as 110°F (43°C). The highest temperature on record was 106°F (41°C) on August 7, 1918[10]. Early fall and late winter are generally driest, with February being the driest month with only 2.74 in (69.8 mm) of average precipitation.
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rec high °F (°C) | 74 (23) | 74 (23) | 85 (29) | 94 (34) | 97 (36) | 100 (38) | 104 (40) | 101 (38) | 100 (38) | 89 (32) | 84 (29) | 72 (22) | 104 (40) |
| Avg high °F (°C) | 39 (4) | 42 (6) | 51 (11) | 63 (17) | 73 (23) | 82 (28) | 87 (31) | 85 (29) | 78 (26) | 67 (19) | 55 (13) | 44 (7) | 64 (18) |
| Avg low °F (°C) | 24 (-4) | 26 (-3) | 33 (1) | 43 (6) | 53 (12) | 62 (17) | 68 (20) | 66 (19) | 59 (15) | 47 (8) | 38 (3) | 29 (-2) | 46 (8) |
| Rec low °F (°C) | -7 (-22) | -4 (-20) | 7 (-14) | 19 (-7) | 28 (-2) | 44 (7) | 51 (11) | 44 (7) | 35 (2) | 25 (–4) | 15 (–9) | 1 (–17) | –7 (–22) |
| Precipitation in. (mm) | 3.2 (81.3) | 2.8 (71.1) | 3.7 (94.0) | 3.4 (86.4) | 3.6 (91.4) | 3.4 (86.4) | 4.2 (106.7) | 3.9 (99.1) | 3.3 (83.8) | 2.7 (68.6) | 3.3 (83.8) | 3.3 (83.8) | 40.9 (1038.9) |
| Source: Weatherbase[11] | |||||||||||||
[edit] Cityscape
[edit] Architecture
Philadelphia's architectural history dates back to Colonial times and has included a wide range of styles, sometimes showcased within a range of several blocks. Most of the city's historic landmarks are in Old City and the Historical District in the Society Hill neighborhood east of Center City, including Independence National Historical Park, site of Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell.
For almost a century, Philadelphia's skyline was dominated by Second-Empire-style City Hall. Begun in 1871, City Hall took 30 years to complete and is the tallest masonry load-bearing structure in the world at 548 feet, including the statue of William Penn at its crown.[12]
Since the 1980s, modern skyscrapers have been erected west of City Hall eclipsing Penn's statue. As of 2006, the tallest structures are One and Two Liberty Place. In 2007, the Comcast Center, upon its expected completion, will become the tallest building in Philadelphia.
Most of the city's residential neighborhoods are rowhouse communities, noted for streets lined with attached, single-family homes. Newer duplexes and single homes, as well as some older mansions and estates, are more common in the city's outskirts.
Penn's surveyor, Thomas Holme, laid out the city in a strict grid, with streets running north-south and east-west. The north-south streets are numbered ascendingly from Front (instead of First), along the Delaware River, with the main north-south thoroughfare, Broad Street (instead of 14th) running midway between the two rivers. The east-west streets, many of them named for trees, e.g., Chestnut, Walnut, Locust, and Spruce parallel the main thoroughfare named High Street by Penn, but called Market Street since at least the early 18th century. Six blocks south of Market is South Street, the original southern boundary of the city; Vine Street, three blocks north of Market, was the original northern boundary.
Holme also planned five public parks, one at the intersection of High and Broad Streets in the city center, now occupied by City Hall, and around it four others, now called Washington, Rittenhouse, Logan and Franklin Squares. The eastern edge of Rittenhouse Square is on 18th St., four blocks west of City Hall, while the western edge of Washington Square is between 7th and 8th, about six and a half blocks east of City Hall. Both are the same distance south of City Hall; Logan and Franklin Squares are located the same distances east and west of City Hall as Washington and Rittenhouse and two to three blocks north of Market Street, reflecting the southern squares. Fairmount Park is one of the largest municipal public parks in the world, at over 9,100 acres (37 km²). This figure includes all parkland in the city, as all 65 city parks are considered part of Fairmount Park, overseen by the Fairmount Park Commission, but the park proper, which runs north/south through the city, does occupy nearly half that area, over 4,100 acres (17 km²) along the banks of the Schuylkill River and Wissahickon Creek.
Philadelphia's streetscape is dominated by rowhouses, attached brick dwellings whose affordability contributed to unusually high rates of home ownership in the city. Between the 1860s and 1920s, middle-class residential developments followed the city's streetcar lines to the north and west. Outlying sections of the city, especially Overbrook Farms, Germantown, Mount Airy, and Chestnut Hill, grew along commuter rail lines and were home to some of the city's grandest late nineteenth and early twentieth century homes, most constructed out of the local gray Wissahickon schist.
The post-World War II era witnessed further changes in Philadelphia's landscape. Large-scale housing developments, mostly rowhouses and twins (double attached houses), filled former farmland in vast sections of Northeast Philadelphia. Strip malls and shopping centers, many with a suburban appearance, served residents of this vast section of the city. By 1970, most of the remaining undeveloped land in the city's northeast, northwest, and southwest sections had been developed. At the same time, however, many of the older sections of the city, particularly in North and West Philadelphia steadily lost population.[13]
Beginning in the 1950s, Philadelphia's City Planning Commission put most of its energy into downtown redevelopment. Under the leadership of Edmund N. Bacon, the commission organized a master plan for the city, creating a variety of special planning, redevelopment, development districts and areas to coordinate their efforts. Projects that were headed by the new master plan were major redevelopment of Center City, including the Penn Center Area (replacing an immense, elevated railroad connector, locally known as the "Chinese Wall," located north of Market and West of Broad), Market East and Penn's Landing; new development and expansion in University City (focused mainly on the University of Pennsylvania); as well as the opening up of development on the fringes of the city, the Far Northeast and South Philadelphia Sports Complex.
The most prominent redevelopment efforts in the post-WWII years involved the creation of Independence National Park and the renewal of the nearby Society Hill district. Beginning in the late 1940s, many Victorian banks and warehouses south of Franklin Square were bulldozed for the construction of Independence Mall. By the late 1950s, with federal urban renewal funds, historic preservationists and developers began to rehabilitate eighteenth-century houses. In the 1960s, Society Hill was transformed by the demolition of the large Dock Street Market and the construction of modern apartments and infill rowhouses. An enduring innovation of the redevelopment period was the creation of a group of small, semi-enclosed parks in the Society Hill residential area, connected by brick footpaths.
City redevelopment also targeted transportation. The Schuylkill Expressway (I-76) was constructed mainly on land in Fairmount Park, connecting Philadelphia with its western suburbs and Pennsylvania Turnpike. The Delaware Expressway (I-95) was not completed until the 1970s, in part because of opposition to it in adjoining riverfront neighborhoods. A proposed crosstown South Street expressway met with fierce opposition from residents of surrounding neighborhoods and was never built. In its place, the Vine Street Expressway, just north of Center City, was completed in the 1980s. Public transit also benefited from the construction of the Center City Rail Connector. [14]
Redevelopment continued apace in the 1970s. Along Market Street, which Bacon had envisioned as a modern commercial district, the city used federal urban redevelopment funds to construct one of the nation's earliest enclosed downtown shopping malls, The Gallery at Market East, in partnership with developer Willard Rouse. In 1976, Philadelphia was one of the participating cities in the nationwide United States Bicentennial observances, spurring a further wave of historic renovation in the central city.
Until One Liberty Place was completed in 1987, there was an unofficial building height limitation in Philadelphia so that no building would be taller than the hat of Penn's statue atop City Hall.
[edit] Neighborhoods
- See also: List of Philadelphia neighborhoods
Philadelphia has many neighborhoods, each of which has its own identity. Many of these neighborhoods coincide with the borough, townships, and other communities that made up Philadelphia County before their absorption by the city. Common in other American cities, many of these neighborhoods also became identified with specific ethnic groups or classes.
- Further information: Delaware Valley
[edit] Culture
Philadelphia has become notable in various arts and in culture. Philadelphia has had a prominent role in music including a Philadelphia own sound known as Philadelphia soul. On July 13, 1985, Philadelphia hosted the American end of the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium. On July 2, 2005, Bob Geldof, who organized the Live Aid concert, chose Philadelphia as the American host of the Live 8 concert. This time the show was held as a free concert on the Ben Franklin Parkway, where an estimated 600,000-800,000 people showed up for the global supershow.[15] The city is home to many art galleries, many of which participate in the First Friday event. The first Friday of every month galleries in Old City are open late and for free. Annual events include film festivals and parades, the most famous being New Year's Day Mummers Parade. In cuisine the city is well known for its hoagies, soft pretzels, water ice, and is home to the cheesesteak.
[edit] Tourism
Philadelphia contains many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States. Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks. Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell are the city's most famous attractions. Other historic sites include homes for Edgar Allan Poe and Betsy Ross and early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States.[16]
The city contains many museums such as the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Rodin Museum, the largest collection of work by Auguste Rodin outside of France. The city’s major art museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, is one of the largest art museums in the United States and features the steps made popular by the film Rocky.[17] Philadelphia's major science museums include the Franklin Institute, which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial, the Academy of Natural Sciences, and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. History museums include the National Constitution Center, the Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia History, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and Eastern State Penitentiary. Philadelphia is home to the United States' first zoo and hospital.
Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life. The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Academy of Music, the nation's oldest continually operating venue, home to the Philadelphia Opera.[17]
[edit] Shopping
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Philadelphia has a strong retail community reflected by both small scale local selections and large malls. Center City is home to The Gallery at Market East. The Shops at Liberty Place and The Shops at the Bellevue, upscale boutique malls, and The Philadelphia Bourse, which orients its offerings towards tourists and visitors. Rittenhouse Row, a section of Walnut Street in Center City, is home to some of the most high end stores and boutiques in the region. Old City and Society Hill, as well, feature upscale boutiques and retailers from local and international merchandisers. Philadelphia also has several neighborhood shopping districts, most notably Manayunk and Chestnut HillAlso noticeably South Street with blocks of inexpensive botiques.
The Italian Market in South Philadelphia offers a wide assortment of groceries, meats, cheeses and housewares from a diverse array of countries in addition to its Italian flavor. Geno's and Pat's, two famed cheesesteak outlets, are located here. The Reading Terminal Market in Center City includes dozens of restaurants, farm stalls, and shops, many run by Amish farmers from Lancaster County. There are also neighborhood farmers' markets throughout the city.
The Philadelphia metropolitan area also features shopping malls and outlets. Most notably, the King of Prussia Mall, the second largest mall in the US[18], is thirty minutes away from Center City. Outlet malls, such as Franklin Mills and Lancaster Outlets, are also nearby.
[edit] Media
Philadelphia's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer and the Philadelphia Daily News, both of which are owned by Philadelphia Media Holdings L.L.C. The Philadelphia Inquirer, founded in 1829, is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States.[19]
The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August, 1912 to St. Joseph's College. The first commercial radio stations appeared in 1922. WIP, then owned by Gimbel's department store, became the first on March 17. Also launched that year were WFIL, WOO, WCAU and WDAS.[20] The highest rated stations in Philadelphia today include soft rock WBEB, KYW Newsradio, and urban adult contemporary WDAS-FM.
During the 1930s, the experimental station W3XE, which was owned by Philco Corp, became the first television station in Philadelphia. The station, which would later become KYW-TV (CBS), became NBC's first affiliate in 1939. By the 1970s WCAU-TV, WPVI-TV, WHYY-TV, WPHL-TV, and WTXF-TV were founded.[20] In 1952 WFIL (now WPVI), premiered the television show Bandstand, which later became the nationally broadcast show American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark.[21]
Philadelphia has a competitive rock radio market, especially between WMMR and WYSP, which both specialize in playing modern and classic rock. The two stations enjoy a very intense rivalry with each station's listeners being faithfully loyal to their favorite station in most cases. Since 2005, WMMR now plays more music due to a shift in WYSP's programming from a rock station (which also carried controversial shock jock Howard Stern) to a Free FM station (which now carries the syndicated Opie and Anthony morning show). Despite the change over to a hot talk format (which, since May, 2007, now plays music only on weekends), WYSP is the only radio station that carries live radio broadcasts of all Philadelphia Eagles home and road games. WMMR, though, has the top rated morning show in the Philadelphia area, The Preston and Steve Show. The show has been at the top of the ratings for 3 years running, since leaving former rock station Y100.
Philadelphia's four urban stations (WUSL ("Power 99"), WPHI ("100.3 The Beat"), WDAS and WRNB) are popular choices on the FM dial. WJJZ is the city's smooth jazz station. When WJJZ was discontinued in August 2006, it caused an uproar among listeners, but it was revived three months later, under new ownership (Greater Media) and with a new frequency (97.5). The former WJJZ is now WISX, "Philly's 106.1".
[edit] Sports
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Philadelphia Eagles | NFL | American Football | Lincoln Financial Field | 1933 | 1948, 1949, 1960 |
| Philadelphia Flyers | NHL | Hockey | Wachovia Center | 1967 | 1973-74, 1974-75 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | MLB | Baseball | Citizens Bank Park | 1883 | 1980 |
| Philadelphia 76ers | NBA | Basketball | Wachovia Center | 1963 | 1966-67, 1982-83 |
| Philadelphia Wings | NLL | Lacrosse (Indoor) | Wachovia Center | 1987 | 1989, 1990, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2001 |
| Philadelphia Phantoms | AHL | Hockey | Wachovia Spectrum | 1996 | 1997-98, 2004-05 |
| Philadelphia Soul | AFL | Arena Football | Wachovia Center & Spectrum | 2004 | none |
| Philadelphia Barrage | MLL | Lacrosse (Outdoor) | United Sports Training Center | 2001 | 2004, 2006 |
| Philadelphia KiXX | MISL | Soccer (Indoor) | Wachovia Spectrum | 1995 | 2001-02, 2006-07 |
Philadelphia has a long history of professional sports teams, and is one of thirteen U.S. cities to have all four major sports: the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League, the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League, the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League of Major League Baseball, and the Philadelphia 76ers in the National Basketball Association. The last major professional sport team to win a championship was the 76ers, which won the NBA Championship in 1983. The failure of Philadelphia's major professional sports teams to win championships since that date is sometimes attributed, in jest, to the so-called "Curse of Billy Penn". The Oakland Athletics and Golden State Warriors were originally from Philadelphia.
Philadelphia also is home to professional, semi-professional and elite amateur teams in other sports, including cricket. Philadelphia also hosts major amateur sporting events, including the Penn Relays, Stotesbury Cup, Philadelphia Marathon, and Philadelphia International Championship bicycle race. Philly is also the birth place of ECW
[edit] Economy
Philadelphia's economy is heavily based upon manufacturing, refining, food, and financial services. The city also has its own stock exchange.
The city is home to many major Fortune 500 companies, including cable television and internet provider Comcast, insurance companies CIGNA and Lincoln Financial Group, energy company Sunoco, food services company Aramark, Crown Holdings Incorporated, chemical makers Rohm and Haas Company and FMC Corporation, the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline, Boeing helicopters division, and automotive parts retailer Pep Boys.
The federal government plays a large role in Philadelphia as well. The city served as the capital city of the United States, before the construction of Washington, D.C. Today, the East Coast operations of the United States Mint are based near the historic district, and the Federal Reserve Bank's Philadelphia division is based there as well. Philadelphia is also home to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
Partly because of the historical presence of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the large ridership at 30th Street Station, Amtrak also maintains a significant presence in the city. These jobs include customer service representatives and ticket processing and other behind-the-scenes personnel, in addition to the normal functions of the railroad.
Because of the presence of the federal government, the city has a large contingent of law firms.[citation needed] The city is also a national center of law because of the prestigious University of Pennsylvania Law School, Temple University Beasley School of Law, Villanova University School of Law, and Drexel University College of Law. Additionally, the headquarters of the American Law Institute is located in the city.
Philadelphia is also an important center for medicine,[opinion needs balancing] a distinction that it has held since the colonial period, when Pennsylvania Hospital was North America's first. The University of Pennsylvania, the city's largest private employer, runs an extensive medical system. There are also major hospitals affiliated with Temple University School of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, and Thomas Jefferson University. Philadelphia also has three distinguished children's hospitals: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (located adjacent to the Hospitals of the University of Pennsylvania), St. Christopher's Hospital, and the Shriners' Hospital. In the city's northeast section are Albert Einstein Hospital and the Fox Chase Cancer Center. Together, health care is the largest sector of employment in the city. Several medical professional associations are headquartered in Philadelphia.
In part because of Philadelphia's long-running importance as a center for medical research, the region is a major center for the pharmaceutical industry. GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Wyeth, Merck, GE Healthcare, Johnson and Johnson and Siemens Medical Solutions are just some of the large pharmaceutical companies with operations in the region.
[edit] Innovation
Philadelphia has been the home of several notable innovations for modern American society. While there have been many more, the following is a list of some of the national firsts that have happened in this city:[22][23]
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[edit] Demographics
As of the census² of 2000, there were 1,517,550 people, 590,071 households, and 352,272 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,337.3/km² (11,233.6/mi²). There were 661,958 housing units at an average density of 1,891.9/km² (4,900.1/mi²). As of the 2004 Census estimations, there were 1,463,281 people, 658,799 housing units, and the racial makeup of the city was 45.0% White, 43.2% African American, 5.5% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, from 5.8% other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.5% of the population.
Of the 590,071 households, 27.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.1% were married couples living together, 22.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.22.
In the city the population was spread out with 25.3% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $30,746, and the median income for a family was $37,036. Males had a median income of $34,199 versus $28,477 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,509. About 18.4% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.3% of those under age 18 and 16.9% of those age 65 or over.
Philadelphia has the second largest Irish, Italian, and Jamaican populations, the third largest Puerto Rican population, and the fourth largest African American population in the nation. In recent years, the Hispanic and Asian American populations have significantly increased. Hispanics, mostly Puerto Ricans, have settled throughout the city, especially around El Centro de Oro. The Asian population was once concentrated in the city's thriving Chinatown, but now Korean Americans have come to Olney, and Vietnamese have forged bazaars next to the Italian Market in South Philadelphia. Indians and Arabs have come to Northeast Philadelphia along with Russian and Ukrainian immigrants. This large influx of Asians has given Philadelphia one of the largest populations of Vietnamese, Chinese, and Koreans in United States. The Philadelphia region also has the fourth largest population of Indian Americans. The West Indian population is concentrated in Cedar Park. Germans, Greeks, Chinese, Japanese, English, Pakistanis, Iranians, and other ethnic groups can be found throughout the city.
[edit] Government
From a governmental perspective, Philadelphia County is a legal nullity, as all county functions were assumed by the city in 1952, which has been coterminous with the county since 1854.
The city is headed by an elected mayor who is limited to two consecutive four-year terms but can run for the position again after an intervening term. The incumbent is former Philadelphia City Council President John F. Street, elected in 1999 and re-elected by a larger majority in 2003. He is a Democrat, as have been all Philadelphia mayors since 1952.
The legislative branch, the Philadelphia City Council, consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected at large. The current council president is Anna C. Verna.
The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, also known as the Court of Common Pleas for the First Judicial District of Pennsylvania, is the trial court of general jurisdiction for Philadelphia. It is funded and operated largely by city resources and employees.
The Philadelphia Municipal Court handles matters of limited jurisdiction as well as landlord-tenant disputes, appeals from traffic court, preliminary examinations for felony-level offenses, and the like. Traffic Court is a court of special jurisdiction that hears violations of traffic laws.
Pennsylvania's three appellate courts also have sittings in Philadelphia. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the court of last resort in the state, regularly hears arguments in Philadelphia City Hall. Also, the Superior Court of Pennsylvania and the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania sit in Philadelphia several times a year. Judges for these courts are elected at large. Each court has a prothonotary's office in Philadelphia as well.
From the American Civil War until the mid-20th Century, Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party, which arose from the staunch pro-Northern views of Philadelphia residents during and after the war. After the Great Depression, Democratic registrations increased, but the city was not carried by Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 (in which Pennsylvania was one of the few states won by Republican Herbert Hoover). While other Northern industrial cities were electing Democratic mayors in the 1930s and 1940s, Philadelphia did not follow suit until 1951. That is, Philadelphia never had a "New Deal" coalition.
The city is now one of the most Democratic cities in the country, despite the frequent election of Republicans to statewide offices since the 1930s; in 2004, Democrat John Kerry drew 80% of the city's vote.
Philadelphia was once split between six congressional districts. However, as a result of the city's declining population, it is now split between four--the 1st, represented by Bob Brady, the 2nd, represented by Chaka Fattah, the 8th, represented by Patrick Murphy, and the 13th, represented by Allyson Schwartz. All four are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Philadelphia since 1983. Ironically, Pennsylvania's Republican Senator, Arlen Specter, is from Philadelphia.
[edit] Politics
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 19.3% 130,099 | 80.4% 542,205 |
| 2000 | 18.0% 100,959 | 80.0% 449,182 |
| 1996 | 16.0% 85,345 | 77.5% 412,988 |
| 1992 | 20.9% 133,328 | 68.2% 434,904 |
| 1988 | 32.5% 219,053 | 66.6% 449,566 |
| 1984 | 34.6% 267,178 | 64.9% 501,369 |
| 1980 | 34.0% 244,108 | 58.7% 421,253 |
| 1976 | 32.0% 239,000 | 66.3% 494,579 |
| 1972 | 43.4% 340,096 | 55.1% 431,736 |
| 1968 | 30.0% 254,153 | 61.8% 525,768 |
| 1964 | 26.2% 239,733 | 73.4% 670,645 |
| 1960 | 31.8% 291,000 | 68.0% 622,544 |
- See also: List of mayors of Philadelphia
As of May 2007, there are 993,334 registered voters in Philadelphia.[24]
- Democratic: 750,829 (75.59%)
- Republican: 150,450 (15.15%)
- Other Parties: 92,055 (9.27%)
[edit] Crime
Like many American cities, Philadelphia saw a gradual yet pronounced rise in crime in the years following World War II. Murders peaked at 503 in 1990 for a rate of 31.5 per 100,000, and they averaged around 400 a year for most of the nineties. In 2002 the murder count hit a low of 288, but by 2006 the annual total had surged to 406.[25] Out of the ten most populous cities in the United States in 2006, Philadelphia had the highest homicide rate at 28 per 100,000 people.[26]
According to statistics from 2004, there were 5,513.5 crimes per 100,000 people in Philadelphia.[27] In 2005, going by these statistics, Philadelphia was ranked by Morgan Quitno as the 6th most-dangerous American city with a population of over 500,000 out of a total of 32 such cities. Among its neighboring Mid-Atlantic cities in the same population group, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. were ranked second- and third- most dangerous cities in the U.S. respectively, and Camden, New Jersey, across the Delaware River from Philadelphia, was ranked as the number one most dangerous city in the U.S. [28]
Recently, statistics released in 2006 named the Philadelphia suburb of Camden, New Jersey as the 5th most dangerous city in the country, with St. Louis, Missouri taking the number one position. This placement is a notable improvement from Camden's 2004 ranking as the number one most dangerous city. Philadelphia itself took the 29th spot. Philadelphia experienced its highest murder rate in over a decade in 2006, with 406 murders in the city.[29]
[edit] Education
Education in Philadelphia is provided by many private and public institutions. The School District of Philadelphia runs the city's public schools. The Philadelphia School District is the eighth largest school district in the United States with 210,432 students in 346 public and charter schools.[30]
Philadelphia is one of the largest college towns in the United States and has the second-largest student concentration on the East Coast with over 120,000 college and university students enrolled within the city and nearly 300,000 in the metropolitan area. There are over 80 colleges, universities, trade, and specialty schools in the Philadelphia region. Schools within the city's borders include Temple University, University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, The University of the Arts, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Thomas Jefferson University, Moore College of Art and Design, The Art Institute of Philadelphia, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, La Salle University, Philadelphia University, Saint Joseph's University, Chestnut Hill College, Holy Family University, and Community College of Philadelphia. Schools just outside the city's borders include Gwynedd-Mercy College, Arcadia University, Villanova University, Bryn Mawr College, Haverford College, Swarthmore College, Cabrini College, Rutgers University, Rowan University, Widener University, West Chester University, Ursinus College, Immaculata University, Delaware Valley College and Neumann College.
[edit] Infrastructure
Philadelphia is served by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), which operates buses, trains, rapid transit, trolleys, and trackless trolleys throughout Philadelphia and the four Pennsylvania suburban counties of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery. The city's subway system, first opened in 1907, is the third oldest in America.
One of the seven SEPTA Regional Rail lines (the R1) offers direct service to the Philadelphia International Airport.
Philadelphia's 30th Street Station is a major railroad station on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor, which offers access to Amtrak, SEPTA, and New Jersey Transit lines.
PATCO provides rapid transit service to Camden, Collingswood, Westmont, Haddonfield, Woodcrest (Cherry Hill), Ashland (Voorhees), and Lindenwold, New Jersey, from stations on Locust Street between 16th and 15th, 13th and 12th, and 10th and 9th Streets, and on Market Street at 8th Street.
[edit] Airports
Two airports serve Philadelphia: Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), straddling the southern boundary of the city, and Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE), a general aviation reliever airport in Northeast Philadelphia. Philadelphia International Airport provides scheduled domestic and international air service, while Northeast Philadelphia Airport serves general and corporate aviation. Philadelphia International Airport is also a primary hub for US Airways.
[edit] Roads
Interstate 95 runs through the city along the Delaware River as a main north-south artery. The city is also served by the Schuylkill Expressway, a portion of Interstate 76 that runs along the Schuylkill River. It meets the Pennsylvania Turnpike at King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, providing access to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and points west. Interstate 676, the Vine Street Expressway, was completed in 1991 after years of planning. A link between I-95 and I-76, it runs below street level through Center City, connecting to the Ben Franklin Bridge at its eastern end.
Roosevelt Boulevard and the Roosevelt Expressway (U.S. Route 1) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City. The Woodhaven Road (PA Route 63), built in 1966, serves the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between Interstate 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard (U.S. Route 1). The Fort Washington Expressway (Pennsylvania Route 309) extends north from the city's northern border, serving several suburbs to the north.
Interstate 476, commonly nicknamed the "Blue Route" through Delaware County, bypasses the city to the west, serving the city's western suburbs, as well as providing a link to Allentown and points north. Similarly, Interstate 276, the Pennsylvania Turnpike's Delaware River Extension, acts as a bypass and commuter route to the north of the city as well as a link to the New Jersey Turnpike to New York.
Other planned freeways have been canceled, such as an Interstate 695 running southwest from downtown, two freeways connecting Interstate 95 to Interstate 76 that would have replaced Girard Avenue and South Street and a freeway upgrade of Roosevelt Boulevard.
The Delaware River Port Authority operates four bridges in the Philadelphia area across the Delaware River to New Jersey: the Walt Whitman Bridge (I-76), the Benjamin Franklin Bridge (I-676 and US 30), the Betsy Ross Bridge (Route 90), and the Commodore Barry Bridge (US 322). The Tacony-Palmyra Bridge connects PA Route 73 with New Jersey's Route 73, and is maintained by the Burlington County Bridge Commission.
Philadelphia is also a major hub for Greyhound Lines, which operates 24-hour service to points east of the Mississippi River. Most of Greyhound's services in Philadelphia operate to/from the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal, located at 1001 Filbert Street in Center City Philadelphia. In 2005, the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal was the third busiest Greyhound terminal in the United States, after the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York and the Los Angeles bus terminal. Besides Greyhound, six other bus operators provide service to the Center City Greyhound terminal - Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit.
[edit] Rail
Since the early days of rail transport in the United States, Philadelphia has served as hub for several major rail companies, especially the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad. The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station, then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station, and the Reading Railroad operated out of Reading Terminal, now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area, known collectively as the Regional Rail system. The two systems today, for the most part still intact but now connected, operate as a single system under the control of Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, the regional transit authority.
Philadelphia is one of the few North American cities to maintain streetcar lines. In addition to "subway-surface" trolleys (so called because during the years when the city was served by over 2000 trolleys and more than 65 lines, these were the "surface" cars that ran also in the streetcar subway), the city recently reintroduced trolley service to the Girard Avenue Line, Route 15, considered by some a "heritage" line, although the use of rebuilt 1947 PCC streetcars was primarily for budgetary reasons, rather than as an historic tribute.[citation needed]
Today Philadelphia is a hub of the semi-nationalized Amtrak system, with 30th Street Station being a primary stop on the Washington-Boston Northeast Corridor and the Keystone Corridor to Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 30th Street also serves as a major station for services via the Pennsylvania Railroad's former Pennsylvania Main Line to Chicago. 30th Street is Amtrak's third-busiest station in numbers of passengers as of fiscal year 2003. It is also a terminus of New Jersey Transit's Atlantic City Line.[citation needed]
[edit] Telecommunications
Southeastern Pennsylvania was served only by the 215 area code beginning in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan went into effect. The area covered by the code was severely truncated when area code 610 was split from 215. Today only the city and its northern suburbs are covered by 215. Overlay code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997. A plan to introduce area code 445 as an additional overlay in 2001 was delayed and later rescinded [1]PDF (64.5 KiB).
[edit] Sister cities
Philadelphia has fifteen sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):
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Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities. Dedicated in June 1976, the Sister Cities Plaza, a one-half-acre site located at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway, honors Philadelphia's relationships with Tel-Aviv, Israel and Florence, Italy, which were its first Sister Cities. Another landmark, the Torun Triangle, honoring the Sister City relationship with Toruń, Poland, was constructed in 1976, west of the United Fund building at 18th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. The Triangle contains the Copernicus monument. The Chinatown Gate, erected in 1984 and crafted by artisans of Tianjin, China, stands astride the intersection of 10th and Arch Streets as an elaborate and colorful symbol of the Sister City relationship.
[edit] See also
- 2007 Philadelphia Mayoral Election
- Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
- Pennsylvania Dutch Country (nearby)
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Fifth largest is as of the last official census in 2000. Phoenix may have already overtaken Philadelphia in population, though this will not be official until 2010 census. It should be noted though that Phoenix has over 3.5 times the land area as Philadelphia, and the metropolitan population of Philadelphia is still over 50% larger than that of Phoenix.[citation needed]
- ^ Listing of population estimates of U.S. cities. Retrieved on October 8, 2006.
- ^ United States Census Bureau - "Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings: July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006." Retrieved on 8 April 2007.
- ^ Allan Nevins, The American States during and after the Revolution, 1775-1789. 1927. Page 255.
- ^ William K. Stevens (1985-05-14). Police Drop Bomb on Radicals' Home in Philadelphia. Retrieved on 2007-04-18.
- ^ AROUND THE NATION; Philadelphia Bombing Reportedly Planned in '84 (1985-08-21). Retrieved on 2007-04-18.
- ^ Average Days of Precipitation, .01 Inches or more. Retrieved on 2006-07-28.
- ^ Philadelphia Record Highs and Lows. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
- ^ Climate Information for Philadelphia - Pennsylvania - Mid-Atlantic - United States - Climate Zone:. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
- ^ Philadelphia Record Highs and Lows. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
- ^ Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America (English). Weatherbase (2007). Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
- ^ City Hall, Philadelphia accessdate=2007-04-03.
- ^ Mark Alan Hughes (June 1, 2000). Dirt Into Dollars; Converting Vacant Land Into Valuable Development. Retrieved on 2007-04-23.
- ^ Center City Commuter Connection (Commuter Tunnel). Retrieved on 2007-04-23.
- ^ Rodney Kim (July 2, 2005). Live 8 Philadelphia Review. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
- ^ Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State (Pennsylvania) (PDF). National Park Service (March 2004). Retrieved on August 8, 2006.
- ^ a b Weeks, Jerome (August 4 2006). Philly goes the distance. The Dallas Morning News.
- ^ Largest Shopping Malls in the United States. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
- ^ Wilkinson, Gerry. The History of the Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia Press Association. Retrieved on 2006-07-20.
- ^ a b Bishop, Todd (January 7 2000). The Media: One revolution after another. Philadelphia Business Journal.
- ^ Ogden, Christopher (1999). Legacy: A Biography of Moses and Walter Annenberg. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-63379-8.
- ^ http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphiafirsts.html
- ^ http://philadelphia.about.com/cs/history/a/philly_firsts.htm
- ^ Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Voter Registration Statistics, May 2007PDF (10.6 KiB)
- ^ Bewley, Joel; Jan Hefler (December 11 2006). "Four killings put 2006 total over '05 top". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ^ The bodies fell, and the numbers rose.
- ^ Philadelphia PA Crime Statistics (2005 Crime Data). AreaConnect LLC. Retrieved on 2006-12-11.
- ^ Rankings by Population Group (Top 10/Bottom 10). Morgan Quitno Awards. Retrieved on 2006-12-11.
- ^ Death & taxes in Philadelphia. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
- ^ "Philadelphia School District - About Us", Philadelphia School District. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
[edit] References
[edit] External links
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- Philadelphia travel guide from Wikitravel
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- A Few Old Postcard Views of Philadelphia
- ushistory.org from the Independence Hall Association
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- neighborhoodBase Statistical mapping system for Philadelphia run by Penn
- Article detailing the rise in homicides in 2005
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| 1774 First Continental Congress | Philadelphia |
| 1775 – 1781 Second Continental Congress | Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York |
| 1781 – 1789 Congress of the Confederation | Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York |
| 1789 to date United States Congress | New York → Philadelphia → Washington |
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Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since June 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Wikipedia articles needing factual verification | Wikipedia articles needing style editing | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Articles with minor POV problems | Articles with unsourced statements since April 2007 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Cities in Pennsylvania | Settlements established in 1682
