Eth

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For other uses, see Eth (disambiguation).
For a list of letters that look similar to Ð in uppercase, see D with stroke (disambiguation).
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Eth (Ð, ð), also spelt edh or eð, is a letter used in Old English (Anglo-Saxon); present-day Icelandic; the Faroese alphabet, in which it is called edd; and the orthography for Scandinavian Älvdalsmål. It was also used in medieval Scandinavia, but was subsequently replaced with dh and later d. The capital eth resembles a Roman D with a line partially through the vertical stroke. The lowercase resembles a curved Roman d with a line through the top.

The letter originated in Irish writing (Freeborn 1992, 24) as a d with a cross-stroke added. The lowercase version has retained the curved shape of a medieval scribe's d, which d itself in general has not (but see for instance the Audi logo).

In Icelandic, ð represents a voiced dental fricative like th in English "them"; however, the name of the letter is pronounced eþ, i.e., voiceless, unless followed by a vowel. It is never the first letter of a word. It has also been labeled an "interdental fricative." [1] In Faroese, ð isn't assigned to any particular phoneme and appears mostly for etymological reasons; however, it does show where most of the Faroese glides are, and when the ð is before r it is in a few words pronounced as [g]. In the Icelandic and Faroese alphabets, ð follows d.

In Olav Jakobsen Høyem's version of Nynorsk based on Trøndersk, the ð is always silent and is introduced for etymological reasons.

In the orthography for Elfdalian, the ð represents a voiced dental fricative like th in English "them", and it follows d in the alphabet.

In Old English, ð was used interchangeably with þ (thorn) to represent either voiced or voiceless dental fricatives. The letter ð was used throughout the Anglo-Saxon era, but gradually fell out of use in Middle English, disappearing altogether by about 1300[citation needed]; þ survived longer, ultimately being replaced by the modern digraph th by about 1500.

The ð is also used by some in written Welsh to represent the letter 'dd' (the voiced dental fricative).

Lower-case eth is used as a symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), again for a voiced dental fricative, and in IPA usage, the name of the symbol is pronounced with the same voiced sound, as /ɛð/. (The IPA symbol for the voiceless dental fricative is θ.)

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[edit] Computer encoding

  • In the Unicode universal character encoding standard, upper and lower case eth are represented by U+00D0 and U+00F0, respectively. These code points are inherited from the older ISO 8859-1 standard. In HTML, eth is represented by the Latin character entities Ð and ð.
  • On UNIX-like systems such as Linux it can be entered with the Compose key plus d and - or D and - for the uppercase version when using ISO8859-based locales or Compose key plus d and h or D and h for uppercase version when using UTF-8-based locales.
  • Using Microsoft Windows, one can hold Alt while typing 0208 or 0240 on the numeric keypad to produce the uppercase and lowercase forms, respectively.

[edit] Miscellaneous

  • The letter ð is sometimes used in mathematics and engineering textbooks as a symbol for a partial derivative, but the more usual symbol is ∂.
  • The modern Greek letter delta (Δ, δ) has, in general, the same phonetic value, and ð is the only Latin alphabet letter faithfully representing delta's phonetic value. (In Ancient Greek delta represented a d sound).
  • The symbol is mentioned in the Rush song By-Tor and the Snow Dog in the first verse:

Prince By-Tor takes the cavern to the North light,
The sign of Eth is rising in the air

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[edit] References

  • Freeborn, Dennis (1992). From Old English to Standard English. London: MacMillan.

[edit] See also

The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eth"
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