Use of capital punishment by nation

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This article is part of the Capital punishment series

Issues

Capital punishment debate Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution

By region

Australia Brazil Canada China Europe France Germany India Italy Iraq Japan Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Russia Taiwan United Kingdom United States More...

Methods

Decapitation Electrocution Firing squad Gas chamber Hanging Lethal injection More...

At one time capital punishment was used in almost every part of the globe, but over the last few decades many countries have abolished it. Amnesty International classifies countries into four categories.

• 64 countries still maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
• 90 countries have abolished it completely.
• 11 retain it, but only for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as crimes committed in time of war).
• 32 countries maintain laws permitting the use of the death penalty for ordinary crimes, but have allowed the death penalty to fall into disuse for at least 10 years.

It is not unknown, however, for countries to practice extrajudicial execution sporadically or systematically outside their own formal legal frameworks. This list includes several unrecognized states with de facto control over their territory.

Contents 1 Legend 2 Africa 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 North America and Caribbean 6 Oceania 7 South America 8 References 9 External links

Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the "><" icon.

[edit] Africa

Executions in 2005: Libya (?), Somalia (?), Sudan (65)

#	Country	Last Execution	Abolished	Notes
	Algeria	August 1993		Treason and espionage; attempts to change the regime or actions aimed at incitement; destruction of territory, sabotage to public and economic utilities; massacres and slaughters; participation in armed bands or in insurrectionary movements; counterfeiting; murder; acts of torture or cruelty; kidnapping; aggravated theft
	Angola		1992 (by Constitution)
	Benin	1987		armed robbery[1]; Murder[2]; traffickers involved in "labor exploitation"[3]
	Botswana	19 September 2003[4]		Murder; Treason; Attempt on the life of the head of state; Mutiny; Desertion in the face of the enemy
	Burkina Faso	1988		Treason[5]
	Burundi	2000 or later[6]		Murder [7]
	Cameroon	January 1997[8]		Secession; espionage; incitement to war[9]
	Cape Verde	1835	1981 (by Constitution)
	Central African Republic	1981		Treason; espionage; charlatanism; witchcraft; assassination; murder[10]
	Chad	2003[11]		Murder
	Comoros	1996 or later[12]
	Democratic Republic of the Congo	2003[13]
	Congo	1982
	Côte d'Ivoire	None since independence[14]	2000
	Djibouti	None since independence	1995
	Egypt	2004 or later		Rape, only if accompanied by kidnapping of the victim. Murder. Treason. Organized Drug Trafficking.
	Equatorial Guinea
	Eritrea
	Ethiopia	August 2007[15]		Murder
	Gabon	1981[16]
	Gambia	1981		Treason. Abolished 1993 but was reinstated by Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council in August 1995[17]
	Ghana	1993		Murder; Treason; Armed robbery[17]
	Guinea-Bissau	1986	1993 (by Constitution)
	Guinea	2001[18]		Murder
	Kenya	1984		Murder and armed robbery[13]
	Lesotho
	Liberia	1995[17]	September 16, 2005	Liberia acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, completely abolishing the death penalty
	Libya	2005[19]		High treason; attempt to forcibly change the form of government; premeditated murder[20]
	Madagascar	1958
	Malawi	1992[21]
	Mali	1980
	Mauritania	1987		Sodomy[22]; Apostasy[23] (Although apostasy is a capital offense there are no recorded executions for it).
	Mauritius	1987	1995
	Morocco	1993		Terrorism[13]. An abolition law project is being presented to the Parliament of Morocco in spring 2007. (see Human rights in Morocco#Capital punishment)
	Mozambique	1986	1990 (by Constitution)
	Namibia	1988	1990 (by Constitution)
	Niger	1976
	Nigeria	2001[17]		Sodomy[24]. Each of the 36 states have their own laws. In the north of the country the legal system used is Sharia (Islamic law)
	Rwanda	1998	2007[25]
	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	1976		The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic explicitly outlaws the death penalty; Article 13, from the 1991 revision reads "The death penalty is banned" (translated into English from the Arabic.)[26]
	São Tomé and Príncipe	None since independence	1990 (by Constitution)
	Senegal	1967	10 December 2004
	Seychelles	None since independence	1993 (by Constitution)
	Sierra Leone	1998		Treason[27]; Murder; Aggravated robbery. Under the Special Court for Sierra Leone the death penalty is not a punishment for war crimes
	Somalia	2 May 2006[28]		After the breakdown of de jure government, most regions reverted to Islamic law
	Somaliland
	South Africa	31 January 1991[8]	1997	On 25 May 2005 the Constitutional Court ordered that all remaining death sentences in the country be set aside and the prisoners resentenced. This last execution occurred in the internationally unrecognised Black "homelands". The last execution in Pretoria Central Prison was on November 14, 1989.
	Sudan	2005		Sodomy [29]; Waging war against the state[30]; Apostasy[23]; Prostitution; Treason; Acts which may endanger the independence or unity of the state; Murder; Armed robbery; Weapons possession and smuggling
	Swaziland	1983[31]		Murder [32]; treason
	Tanzania	1994		Murder; Treason
	Togo	1978[33]		Premeditated murder; plots against the security of the State
	Tunisia	1991		Murder; violence and aggression; attacks against the internal security of the State; attacks against the external security of the State
	Uganda	2003[34]		Treason; Terrorism; Murder[35]; Rape; Defilement; Aggravated robbery; Aggravated kidnapping. On June 14, 2005 the Constitutional court ruled that although the death penalty was constitutional, its use as a mandatory punishment for certain crimes was not.[36]
	Zambia	1997		Murder; Aggravated robbery; High treason. President Levy Mwanawasa stated in 2004 that "For as long as I remain President, I will not execute a death warrant."[21]
	Zimbabwe	June 2003[37]		Treason; Murder; Mutiny

[edit] Asia

Executions in 2006: Bahrain (?), People's Republic of China (1,010), Indonesia (?), Iran (177), Iraq (65), Japan (4), Pakistan (82), Singapore (?)

#	Country	Last Execution	Abolished	Notes
	Afghanistan	April 20, 2004[38]		Murder; child smuggling in order to use the victim's body parts; Apostasy (see Abdul Rahman (convert))
	Armenia	1991[39]	2003
	Azerbaijan	1992	1998
	Bahrain	2006		premeditated murder; plotting to topple the regime; collaborating with a foreign hostile country; threatening the life of the Emir; defiance of military orders in time of war or martial state
	Bangladesh	2007		Murder [40]; drug offences [41]; Trafficking in children for immoral or illegal purposes; Trafficking in women for purposes of prostitution[42]
	Bhutan	1974[21]	2004
	Brunei	1957		Murder; unlawful possession of firearms and explosives; possession of heroin or morphine of more than 15 grams, Cocaine of more than 30 grams, Cannabis of more than 500 grams, Syabu or methamphetamine of more than 50 grams, or Opium of more than 1.2 kg[43]
	Cambodia		1989 (by Constitution)
	People's Republic of China	2007		Embezzlement[44]; Rape of children[45]; Fraud[34]Bombing[46]; People trafficking[47]; Piracy; Theft[48]; Corruption; Arson[49]; Murder; "Endangering national security"; Terrorism[50] (see Capital punishment in the People's Republic of China) (The two special administrative regions, namely Hong Kong and Macau, have abolished death penalty.)
	Taiwan	2005		Since 2004, most death sentences have been informally given moratorium by President Chen Shui-bian except serious murders. (see Capital punishment in Taiwan)
	Timor-Leste		1999
	Hong Kong	1966	1993*	*when Hong Kong was under British rule, and remains so after the handover to the People's Republic of China.
	India	August 14, 2004[51]		Murder, instigating a child's suicide, treason, acts of terrorism, or a second conviction for drug trafficking. For more information see Capital punishment in India
	Indonesia	2006[52]		Drug trafficking[53]; Terrorism[52]
	Iran	2007[54] [55]		Sodomy [56]; Armed Robbery[34]; Terrorism[57]; Drug trafficking[46]; Kidnapping & rape[58]; Murder[59]; Apostasy[23]
	Iraq	March 20, 2007		murder; endangering national security; distributing drugs; rape; attacks on transport convoys; financing and execution of terrorism[60]. Suspended in April 2003 after 2003 invasion; reinstated May 2005. Last execution against Taha Yassin Ramadan on 20th March 2007.
	Israel	1962	1954 (for other crimes)	Crimes against humanity[61], high treason. Only one execution after 1954 (Adolf Eichmann).
	Japan	August 23, 2007[62]		Prosecutors only push for the death penalty in the case of multiple murders, or single murder with aggravating circumstances.[63] Judges usually impose death penalty in case of multiple homicides. Between 1946 and 2003, Japanese courts sentenced 766 people to death, 608 of whom were executed. For 40 months from 1989 to 1993 the successive ministers of justice refused to authorise executions, which amounted to informal moratorium.
	Jordan	2005[64]		Murder[65]
	Kazakhstan	2003[66]		Terrorism, crimes in wartime[67][68]. Moratorium since 17 December 2003
	North Korea	2005[54]		Plots against national sovereignty; terrorism ; treason against the Motherland by citizens; treason against the people; murder[69]
	South Korea	1997[70]		Murder [71]. There has been an unofficial moratorium on executions since President Kim Dae-jung took office in February 1998[72]
	Kuwait	2005[73]		Drugs Trafficking; Rape & Murder[74]
	Kyrgyzstan		2007[75][76]	Kyrgyz authorities had extended a moratorium on executions each year since 1998.
	Laos	1989		Drugs trafficking[77]
	Lebanon	2004		Murder[78]
	Macau			Death penalty and life imprisonment remain legally prohibited. The maximum possible sentence is imprisonment for 30 years.
	Malaysia	2006[79]		Mandatory for Trafficking in dangerous drugs; Discharging a firearm in the Commission of a scheduled offence; Accomplices in case of discharge of firearm; Offences against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong’s person; Murder. Discretionary for Kidnapping; Consorting with person carrying or having possession of arms or explosives; Waging or attempting to wage war or abetting the waging of war against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, a Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri[80]
	Maldives	1952		Murder[81]
	Mongolia			terrorist acts committed for political purposes; terrorist acts against representatives of a foreign State for political purposes; sabotage; premeditated murder committed with aggravating circumstances; and rape with aggravating circumstances ; Armed Robbery[82]. According to Amnesty International, executions were carried out in secret and there are no official statistics[83]
	Myanmar	1993		High treason[84]
	Nagorno-Karabakh	Never		de facto moratorium on executions since 1997
	Nepal	1979	1997 (by Constitution)
	Oman	2001[85]		Murder; Drug trafficking[86]
	Pakistan	2005[87]		Murder[73]; Sodomy[88]; Gang rape; Mutiny[89] (see Capital punishment in Pakistan)
	Palestinian Authority	2005[90]		Murder; Rape; Collaborating with Israeli forces to assassinate Palestinians[91]. There had been an unofficial moratorium since 2002 after President Yasser Arafat stopped authorising executions.
	Philippines	2000	June 24, 2006	Abolished in 1987 under the present constititution, re-introduced in 1993, re-abolished on June 24, 2006 under Republic Act No. 9346.
	Qatar	2001		Espionage[92]; Threat to national security[93]; Apostasy[23]. Although apostasy is a capital offense there are no recorded executions for it
	Saudi Arabia	2005[94] [54]		Many violent and nonviolent offenses including murder, apostasy, drug offenses, witchcraft and sexual misconduct.[95]. Method most often used is beheading by a sword
	Singapore	2007		murder, kidnapping, treason, certain firearm offences, trafficking in more than 15 grams (half an ounce) of heroin or morphine, 30 grams of cocaine or 500 grams of cannabis[96] (see capital punishment in Singapore)
	Sri Lanka	June 23, 1976
	Syria	2004[97]		treason; murder; political acts such as bearing arms against Syria in the ranks of the enemy, desertion of the armed forces to the enemy and acts of incitement under martial law or in wartime; violent robberies; rape; verbal opposition to the government; and membership in the Muslim Brotherhood
	Tajikistan	2004		Murder with aggravating circumstances; rape with aggravating circumstances; terrorism; biocide; genocide[98]. Moratorium introduced 30 April 2004 by President Emomalii Rahmon
	Thailand	December 12, 2003		Offenses include Regicide; Sedition or Rebellion; Offences committed against the external security of Thailand; Murder or attempted murder of a foreign head of state; Bribery; Arson; Rape; Murder with intent; Kidnapping; Robbery resulting in death. For a full list see here (PDF)
	Turkmenistan		1999 (by Constitution)
	United Arab Emirates	2002[99]		Murder; Drug offences[100]; homosexuality[101][102]; Rape; Treason; Aggravated robbery; Apostasy; Environmental pollution; Terrorism
	Uzbekistan	2005[103]		Murder with aggravating circumstances; Terrorism[104]; Genocide; Crimes of aggression. President Islom Karimov signed a decree on 1 August 2005 to replace the death penalty with life imprisonment by 2008[105]
	Vietnam	2005[73]		treason; taking action to overthrow the government; espionage; rebellion; banditry; terrorism; sabotage; hijacking; destruction of national security projects; undermining peace; war crimes; crimes against humanity; manufacturing, concealing and trafficking in narcotic substances; murder; rape; robbery; embezzlement; fraud[106]
	Yemen	2005[54]		Murder [107]; Adultery[108]; homosexuality[101][109]; Apostasy[23]. Although apostasy is a capital offense there are no recorded executions for it

[edit] Europe

Main article: Capital punishment in Europe

Executions in 2004: Belarus (5)

#	Country	Last Execution	Abolished	Notes
	Albania	1995[39]	2007	Ratification of Protocol No. 13 of ECHR took place on February 6th and in effect by June 1st, 2007. [110]
	Andorra	1943	1990 (by Constitution)
	Austria	1950	1968 (by Constitution)
	Belarus	2004		acts of aggression; murder of a representative of a foreign state or international organization with the intention to provoke international tension or war; international terrorism; genocide; crimes against the security of humanity; murder with aggravating circumstances; terrorism; terrorist acts; treason that results in loss of life; conspiracy to seize power; sabotage; murder of a police officer; use of weapons of mass destruction; and violations of the laws and customs of war[111] (see Capital punishment in Belarus)
	Belgium	1863 for common law crimes; 1950 for war crimes	1996 (by Constitution)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Never	1995 (by Constitution)
	Bulgaria	1989	1998
	Croatia	1973[39]	1990 (by Constitution)
	Cyprus	1962	2002	Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1983.
	Czech Republic	1989	1990 (by Constitution)	For more info see Capital punishment in the Czech Republic.
	Denmark	1950	1978
	Estonia	1991	1998
	Finland	1944	1972 (by Constitution)
	France	1977	1981	Forbidden by law in 1981 and by Constitution in 2007.
	Georgia	1995[39]	1997
	Germany	none by authorities of the FRG	1949 (FRG)/1987 (GDR)	Last execution in West Germany: 1956 (by US Military Authorities), last execution in East Germany: 1981 (by GDR authorities). Prohibited by the Basic Law since 1949.
	Greece	1972	2004
	Hungary	1980	1990
	Iceland	1830	1995	Abolished in 1928; reintroduction made unconstitutional in 1995 by unanimous vote of parliament
	Ireland	1954	1990	21st Amendment to the Constitution (2001) made reintroduction unconstitutional without a further constitutional amendment (and referendum). Until recently it was still technically lawful to execute the murderer of a police officer; however, in practice this never occurred, likely due to widespread moral objection.
	Italy	1947	1994	Already abolished, except in time of war, in 1948 (by the Constitution).
	Latvia	1996[39]	1999 (for other crimes)	murder with aggravating circumstances if committed during wartime[112]
	Liechtenstein	1785	1987
	Lithuania	1995	1998
	Luxembourg	1949	1979 (by Constitution)
	Republic of Macedonia	1988[39]	1991 (by Constitution)
	Malta	1943	2000	Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1971; continued to be part of the country's military code until 2000.
	Isle of Man	1872	1993
	Moldova	1985[39]	1995	On September 23, 2005 the Moldovan Constitutional Court approved constitutional amendments that explicitly abolished the death penalty[113].
	Monaco	1847	1962 (by Constitution)
	Montenegro	none since independence		See Serbia
	Netherlands	1952	1982 (by Constitution)	Abolished for peacetime offences in 1870, last execution for peacetime offences 1860
	Norway	1948	1979	Abolished for peacetime offences in 1902, last execution for peacetime offences 1876
	Poland	1988	1997	A criminal law reform including reintroducion of death penalty was proposed in 2004 by Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, but lost in the first reading in the Sejm (vote of 198 against to 194 for with 14 abstentions).[21]
	Portugal	1849 (last woman in 1763)	1976 (by Constitution)	Abolished for political crimes in 1852 (per Additional Act to the Constitutional Charter); abolished for all crimes except in time of war in 1867; abolished in time of war in 1911; reintroduced in time of war in 1915.
	Romania	1989	1990[39] (by Constitution)
	Russia	1999		murder with aggravating circumstances; assassination attempt against a state or public figure; attempt on the life of a person administering justice or preliminary investigations; attempt on the life of a law-enforcement officer; genocide[114]. On 16 April 1997 Russia signed the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, but has yet to ratify it. There has been a moratorium on executions since 1996; no executions in the Russian Federation since August 1996, though one took place in 1999 in the Chechen Republic
	San Marino	1468	1865
	Serbia	1992	1995	Abolished in 1995 on Federal level, local legislation adjusted in 2002[115]
	Slovakia	1989	1990 (by Constitution)
	Slovenia	1957	1989 (by Constitution)
	Spain	27 September 1975	1995	Abolished in 1978 by constitution except for military laws during wartime.
	Sweden	23 November 1910	1972	Peacetime offences 1921, Wartime offences 1973. Constitutionally prohibited since 1975.
	Switzerland	1944	1874/1938/1992	First abolishment in 1874, later permitted again and practiced by a few states (9 executions until 1940). Definite abolishment by popular vote in 1938, except for wartime military crimes, for which it was eliminated in 1992.
	Transnistria	never		murder; attempt to murder a state or public official; armed rebellion; attempt to murder a magistrate or investigator; attempt to murder a law enforcement agent; genocide. Moratorium since January 1, 1999
	Turkey	25 October 1984	July 21, 2004 (by Constitution)
	Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	Never		Treason during wartime, acts of terrorism and piracy jure gentium, and for repeated murders[116]
	Ukraine	March 1997[117]	2000	Abolished February 2000 after the Ukrainian Constitutional Court ruled the death penalty unconstitutional in December 1999. New criminal code passed in April 2001.
	United Kingdom	13 August, 1964	1998	Abolished for murder in 1965 in Great Britain and 1973 in Northern Ireland. Abolished for arson in royal dockyards in 1971. Abolished for all remaining offences (treason, piracy with violence and offences under military jurisdiction) in 1998. European Convention ratified in 2003 confirming total abolition. See Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
	Vatican City	July 9, 1870 (Papal States[118])	1969

[edit] North America and Caribbean

Executions in 2006: United States (52)^[119]

#	Country	Last Execution	Abolished	Notes
	Antigua and Barbuda	February 2, 1991		Murder
	Bahamas	January 6, 2000		Treason; Piracy; Murder
	Barbados	10 October 1984[8]		Murder; Treason
	Belize	June 1985[8]		murder, except where extenuating circumstances can be proved[120]
	Bermuda	1977	2000
	Canada	11 December 1962	1976	For more information see Capital punishment in Canada
	Costa Rica	1859[121]	1877 (by Constitution)
	Cuba	2003		Hijacking[122]; crimes against state security; murder[123]
	Dominica	August 8, 1986 or later
	Dominican Republic		1966 (by Constitution)
	El Salvador	1973	1983 (for other crimes)	The death penalty may be imposed only in cases provided by military laws during a state of international war[124]
	Grenada	1978
	Guatemala	1998 or later[125]
	Haiti	1972	1987 (by Constitution)
	Honduras	1940	1956(by Constitution)
	Jamaica	2003[126]		Murder[127]
	Mexico	1937	2005	Death penalty was abolished by Constitution since 1917, but remained for military crimes; abolished after a controversy.
	Nicaragua	1930	1979 (by Constitution)
	Panama	1903	1903 (by Constitution)
	Saint Kitts and Nevis	July 20, 1998		Murder
	Saint Lucia	17 October, 1995		Murder; Treason
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	February 13, 1995		Murder; Treason
	Trinidad and Tobago	July 28, 1999		Murder; Treason[128]
	Turks and Caicos Islands		2002[129]
	United States	September 12, 2007[130]		Federal Law provides death penalty for many homicide-related crimes, as well as espionage, treason, and trafficking large quantities of drugs.[131] Many states have their own laws regarding the death penalty. As of 2007, the Death Penalty has been abolished or found unconstitutional in 12+ states, although the rest still exercise the death penalty. Although legally a punishment of several crimes, it has not been applied for any crime other than murder or conspiracy to murder since 1964. It is now only used in cases of murder accompanied by previously identified special circumstances (e.g., murder and rape, murder and kidnapping, etc.) Some states also impose it for some cases of sexual assault especially sex crimes against children (i.e. statutory rape, sexual assault against a minor). Sentences of death must be handed down by a jury, not by a judge alone; the jury must hand down the sentence at the conclusion of a separate penalty phase of the trial (at least implying the jurors who sentence the person to death were the same jurors who convicted him or her of the crime). For more information see Capital punishment in the United States.

[edit] Oceania

Executions in 2004: none

#	Country	Last Execution	Abolished	Notes
	Australia	February 3, 1967[132]	1922 - 1985	Queensland: 1922, Tasmania: 1968, the Commonwealth: 1973, Northern Territory: 1973, Victoria: 1975, South Australia: 1976, ACT: 1983, Western Australia: 1984, and New South Wales: 1985. For more information see Capital punishment in Australia.
	Cook Islands	none since self-government		Treason[133]. For more information see Capital punishment in the Cook Islands
	Fiji	1964	1979 (for other crimes)	Only for crimes under the Republic of Fiji Military Forces Act
	Kiribati	none since independence	1979
	Marshall Islands	none since independence	1986 (by Constitution)
	Federated States of Micronesia	none since independence	1986 (by Constitution)
	Nauru	none since independence		Treason; Piracy; Murder
	New Zealand	17 February, 1957	1989	For more information see Capital punishment in New Zealand
	Niue
	Palau	none since independence	probably 1994
	Papua New Guinea	1950		Treason; Piracy; Attempted piracy; willful murder
	Samoa	1950s	21 January 2004[134]
	Solomon Islands	none since independence	1978
	Tonga	1982		Treason; Murder
	Tuvalu	none since independence	1978
	Vanuatu	none since independence	1980

[edit] South America

Executions in 2004: none

#	Country	Last Execution	Abolished	Notes
	Argentina	1916	1984 (for other crimes)	Constitution states "The penalty of death for political offences, all kinds of torture, and flogging, are forever abolished."
	Bolivia	1974	1997 (for other crimes)
	Brazil	1855	1979 (for other crimes)	"serious crime of a military nature committed during wartime"[135]
	Chile	1985	2001 (for other crimes)	Although it has been completely abolished from civil justice, it may still be applied for military justice and Only for exceptional crimes. In practice, this doesn't occur. Last execution took place in 1985.
	Colombia	1909	1910 (by Constitution)	Prohibited by the Colombian Constitution of 1991: "The right to life is inviolable. There will be no death penalty."
	Ecuador		1906 (by Constitution)
	Guyana			terrorist acts[136]
	Paraguay	1928	1992 (by Constitution)
	Peru	1979	1979 (for other crimes)	Treason in time of war; Terrorism[124]
	Suriname	1982		aggravated murder; premeditated murder; treason[137]
	Uruguay	1905	1907 (by Constitution)
	Venezuela		1863 (by Constitution)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Amnesty International
• The Death Penalty Worldwide
• Countries retaining death penalty fail to give details of executions - United Nations, July 14, 2005
• Death Penalty in Asia-Pacific

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