Data acquisition

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Data acquisition is the sampling of the real world to generate data that can be manipulated by a computer. Sometimes abbreviated DAQ or DAS, data acquisition typically involves acquisition of signals and waveforms and processing the signals to obtain desired information. The components of data acquisition systems include appropriate sensors that convert any measurement parameter to an electrical signal, which is acquired by data acquisition hardware.

Acquired data is displayed, analyzed, and stored on a computer, either using vendor supplied software, or custom displays and control can be developed using various text-based programming languages such as BASIC, C, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Pascal. EPICS is used to build large scale data acquisition systems. Comedi is an open source project that defines an application programming interface and driver structure. It is a standard programming method to access data acquisition hardware. LabVIEW offers a graphical programming environment optimized for data acquisition. MATLAB provides a programming language but also built-in graphical tools and libraries for data acquisition and analysis.

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[edit] How data is acquired

Data acquisition begins with the physical phenomenon or physical property of an object (under investigation) to be measured. This physical property or phenomenon could be the temperature or temperature change of a room, the intensity or intensity change of a light source, the pressure inside a chamber, the force applied to an object, or many other things. An effective data acquisition system can measure all of these different properties or phenomena.

A transducer is a device that converts a physical property or phenomenon into a corresponding measurable electrical signal, such as voltage or current. The ability of a data acquisition system to measure different phenomena depends on the transducers to convert the physical phenomena into signals measurable by the data acquisition hardware. Transducers are synonymous with sensors in DAQ systems. There are specific transducers for many different applications, such as measuring temperature, pressure, or fluid flow.

Signals may be digital (also called logic signals sometimes) or analog depending on the transducer used.

Signal conditioning may be necessary if the signal from the transducer is not suitable for the DAQ hardware to be used. The signal may be amplified or deamplified, or may require filtering, or a lock-in amplifier is included to perform demodulation.

Analog signals tolerate almost no cross talk and so are converted to digital data, before coming close to a PC or before traveling along long cables. For analog data to have a high signal to noise ratio, the signal needs to be very high, and sending +-10 Voltags along a fast signal path with a 50 Ohm termination requires powerful drivers. With a slightly mismatched or no termination at all, the voltage along the cable rings multiple time until it is settled in the needed precision. Digital data can have +-0.5 Volt. The same is true for DACs. Also digital data can be send over glass fiber for high voltage isolation or by means of Manchester encoding or similar through RF-couplers, which prevent net hum. Also as of 2007 16bit ADCs cost only 20 $ or €.

DAQ hardware is what usually interfaces between the signal and a PC. It could be in the form of modules that can be connected to the computer's ports (parallel, serial, USB, etc...) or cards connected to slots (PCI, ISA) in the mother board. Usually the space on the back of a PCI card is too small for all the connections needed, so an external breakout box is required. The cable between this Box and the PC is expensive due to the many wires and the required shielding and because it is exotic. DAQ-cards often contain multiple components (multiplexer, ADC, DAC, TTL-IO, high speed timers, RAM). These are accessible via a bus by a micro controller, which can run small programs. The controller is more flexible than a hard wired logic, yet cheaper than a CPU so that it is alright to block it with simple polling loops. For example: Waiting for a trigger, starting the ADC, looking up the time, waiting for the ADC to finish, move value to RAM, switch multiplexer, get TTL input, let DAC proceed with voltage ramp. As 16 bit ADCs and DACs and OpAmps and sample and holds with equal precision as of 2007 only run at 1 MHz, even low cost digital controllers like the AVR32 have about 100 clock cycles for bookkeeping in between. Reconfigurable computing may deliver high speed for digital signals. Digital signal processors spend a lot of silicon on arithmetic and allow tight control loops or filters. The fixed connection with the PC allows for comfortable compilation and debugging. Using an external housing a modular design with slots in a bus can grow with the needs of the user. High speed binary data needs special purpose hardware called Time to digital converter and high speed 8 bit ADCs are called oscilloscope#Digital storage oscilloscope, which are typically not connected to DAQ hardware, but directly to the PC.


Driver software that usually comes with the DAQ hardware or from other vendors, allows the operating system to recognize the DAQ hardware and programs to access the signals being read by the DAQ hardware. A good driver offers high and low level access. So one would start out with the high level solutions offered and improves down to assembly instructions in time critical or exotic applications.

[edit] History

Scientific Solutions -->link Scientific Solutions invented the PC based data acquisition in 1981 with the introduction of the LabMaster, BaseBoard,DADIO,LabTender, IEEE-488 hardware and LabPac software. Scientific Solutions was formally a part of Tecmar.

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ COMDEX FALL 1981, BYTE VOL7 NO.1
  2. ^ PC Magazine Vol1 No.1
  3. ^ PC World Issue1 No.1
  4. ^ PC TechJournal, Vol1 No.1
  5. ^ Test&Meausrement World Vol11 No 10 Decade of Progress Award: Scientific Solutions - LabMaster

[edit] Books on data acquisition

  • Charles D. Spencer (1990). Digital Design for Computer Data Acquisition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37199-6. 
  • B.G. Thompson & A. F. Kuckes (1989). IBM-PC in the laboratory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32199-9. 
  • W. R. Leo (1994). Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments. Springer. ISBN 3-540-57280-5. 

[edit] Articles on data acquisition

[edit] Articles about generic data acquisition systems

  • E. T. Subramaniam, Kusum Rani, B. P. Ajith Kumar, and R. K. Bhowmik (Sept 2006). "Ethernet based list processing controller for high speed data acquisition systems". Review of Scientific Instruments 77: 096102. AIP. doi:10.1063/1.2338300. 
  • Robson CCW, Bousselham A, Bohm C (Aug 2006). "An FPGA-based general-purpose data acquisition controller". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 53 (4): 2092-2096. IEEE. doi:10.1109/TNS.2006.878698. 
  • Mason G (Nov 2002). "A handheld data acquisition system for use in an undergraduate data acquisition course". IEEE Transactions on Education 45 (4): 388 - 393. IEEE. doi:10.1109/TE.2002.804402. 


GK: Josh Keene twirp D: Sam Holden, Joe Mason M: Rob Rothon, Goof Rothon S: Rowan Douglas

Subs: subs varely on a weekly basis and are often even more unheard of

[edit] Articles about how to teach a course on data acquisition

[edit] Articles about data acquisition systems for specific applications

  • Ochoa OR, Kolp NF (Nov 1997). "The computer mouse as a data acquisition interface: Application to harmonic oscillators". American Journal of Physics 65 (11): 1115-1118. AAPT. doi:10.1119/1.18732. 
  • Spencer CD, Paul SR (Jan 1997). "Hardware and software for a pulse height analyzer linked to a personal computer". Computers in Physics 11 (1): 101-109. doi:10.1063/1.168598. 

[edit] External links

  • Midas PSI GPLed DAQ software used in particle and nuclear experiments.
  • COMEDI Project developing open-source drivers, tools, and libraries for data acquisition
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