Thomas Neale
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Thomas Neale (1641-1699) was a British project-manager and politician who was also well-known in the United States as the first person to hold a position equivalent to postmaster-general of the North American colonies.
Neale was a member of Parliament for thirty years, Master of the Mint and the Transfer Office, Groom Porter, gambler, and entrepreneur. His wide variety of projects included the development of Seven Dials, Shadwell, East Smithfield, and Tunbridge Wells, land-drainage projects, steel foundries and paper-making enterprises, mining in Maryland and Virginia, raising shipwrecks, and developing a pair of dice to prevent cheating at gaming. He was also the author of numerous tracts on coinage and fund-raising, and he was involved in the idea of a National Land Bank, the precursor of the Bank of England.
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[edit] In America
Throughout the early years of the North American colonies, many attempts were made to initiate a postal service. These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony for example, setting up a location in Boston where one could post a letter back home to England. Other attempts focused on a dedicated postal service between two of the larger colonies, such as Massachusetts and Virginia, but the available services remained limited in scope and disjointed for many years.
Central postal organization first came to the colonies in 1691 when Thomas Neale received a 21-year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service. On February 17, 1691, a grant of letters patent from the joint sovereigns, William and Mary, empowered Thomas Neale,
"to erect, settle, and establish within the chief parts of their majesties' colonies and plantations in America, an office or offices for receiving and dispatching letters and pacquets, and to receive, send, and deliver the same under such rates and sums of money as the planters shall agree to give, and to hold and enjoy the same for the term of twenty-one years."
Rates of postage were accordingly fixed and authorized, and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia. Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed postal laws, and a very imperfect post office system was established. Neale's patent expired in 1710, when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies. The chief office was established in New York City, where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic.
- 1691: Thomas Neale received a 'postal patent' (concession to deliver the mail) for the American and West Indies; Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton, Governor of New Jersey, as his deputy postmaster.
- 1693: On May 1, Hamilton started weekly service between Portsmouth, New Hampshire and Virginia. Campbell, Duncan, and John organized the first postal network in America.
- 1698: Neale dropped Hamilton; Hamilton had revenue of less than two thousand dollars and expenses totaling approximately five thousand dollars for his period in office.
Neale's franchise cost him only eighty cents a year, but it was no bargain; he died heavily in debt, in 1699.
[edit] In England
Neale was one of the most influential figures of late-Stuart England, and one of the least-chronicled. He used his many contacts, garnered through family, the royal court, and county connections, to act as middle-man between men of money, the court, fellow members of Parliament, the general public, and other parties, public and private.
He was Master of the Mint from 1678 to the date of his death, when he was succeeded by Sir Isaac Newton.
From 1688, Neale developed his interests as a member of Parliament, sitting on sixty-two committees. In February 1678, he was appointed Groom Porter to Charles II, a post which he also held under James II and William III. His duties in that capacity were to see the King's lodgings furnished with tables, chairs, and fireplace materials, to provide cards and dice, and to decide disputes at the card-table and on the bowling-green. He was authorised by the King to license and suppress gaming-houses, and to prosecute unlicensed keepers of "rafflings" and other public games. On his own account, he originated a loan and lottery business on the Venetian system.
As an entrepreneur and speculator, he promoted building schemes, among which were Lower Shadwell and the converging streets of Seven Dials - one of them, Neal Street, Long Acre, still bears his name.
He was named Deputy Governor in the charter (dated 1692) of the Company for Digging and Working Mines, and was involved in ventures to recover treasure from wrecks off Broad Haven, Ireland, in the Bermudas, and in the region from Cartagena to Jamaica. All of these were floated as joint-stock companies.
In 1694, he was married to England's richest widow, and he became known as 'Golden Neal'. Nonetheless, this remarkable man died insolvent in 1699 after a varied career, during which he exhausted two fortunes, doubtless through gaming and ill-founded speculations.
[edit] Publications
- A Proposal for Amending the Silver Coins of England (1696)
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- P. Watson, ‘Neale, Thomas’, History of Parliament, Commons, 1660–90.
- C. E. Challis, ‘Mint officials and moneyers of the Stuart period’, British Numismatic Journal, 59 (1989), 157–97.
- C. E. Challis, ed., A new history of the Royal Mint (1992).
- J. Redington, ed., Calendar of Treasury papers, 1, PRO (1868).
- N. Luttrell, A brief historical relation of state affairs from September 1678 to April 1714, 3 (1857), 160–61; 4 (1857), 595, 650.
- E. Hawkins, Medallic illustrations of the history of Great Britain and Ireland to the death of George II, ed. A. W. Franks and H. A. Grueber, 2 vols. (1885), vol. 1, p. 637; vol. 2, pp. 104–5, 744.
- J. A. Neale, Supplement to charters and records of Neales of Berkeley Yate and Corsham (1927).
- Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
- C. T. Carr, Select Charters of Trading Companies, 1530-1707, (Selden Society 28, 1913), 238-41.
- W. R. Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish, and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720: II Companies for Foreign Trade, Colonization, Fishing and Mining (Cambridge University Press, 1910), 441 488.
[edit] External links
- Franklin's US history
- USPS history
- Postal history from sil.si.edu
- Mernick.co.uk
- Sevendials.com
- Askphil.org
| Parliament of England | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Sir Humphrey Bennet Arthur Bold |
Member of Parliament for Petersfield with Arthur Bold 1668–1677 Leonard Bilson 1677–1679 1668–1679 |
Succeeded by Sir John Norton Leonard Bilson |
| Preceded by William Ashburnham George Legge |
Member of Parliament for Ludgershall with John Smith 1679 John Garrard 1679–1681 Sir John Talbot 1681–1685 Henry Clerke 1685–1689 1679–1689 |
Succeeded by John Smith John Deane |
| Preceded by William Montagu Richard Whithed |
Member of Parliament for Stockbridge with Richard Whithed 1689–1690 |
Succeeded by William Montagu Richard Whithed |
| Preceded by John Smith John Deane |
Member of Parliament for Ludgershall with John Deane 1690–1695 John Richmond Webb 1695–1698 Walter Kent 1698–1699 1690–1699 |
Succeeded by John Richmond Webb Walter Kent |
| Government offices | ||
| Preceded by In Commission |
Master of the Mint 1686–1699 |
Succeeded by Sir Isaac Newton |
| Court offices | ||
| Preceded by Thomas Offley |
Groom Porter 1678–1699 |
Succeeded by William Rowley |
