James Randi

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James Randi

Born August 7, 1928 (1928-08-07) (age 79)
Toronto, Canada
Occupation Magician, skeptic, writer
Website www.randi.org

James Randi (born August 7, 1928)[1], stage name The Amazing Randi, is a stage magician and scientific skeptic best known as a challenger of paranormal claims and pseudoscience. Born Randall James Hamilton Zwinge,[1] in Toronto, Canada, Randi is the founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF).

The JREF sponsors the famous million dollar challenge offering a prize of US $1,000,000 to anyone who can demonstrate evidence of any paranormal, supernatural or occult power or event, under test conditions agreed to by both parties. He was a regular guest on the The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and is occasionally featured on the television program Penn & Teller: Bullshit!.

Contents

[edit] Early and personal life

Randi is the oldest of three children born to a Bell Canada employee.[2] He took up magic after reading magic books while spending 13 months in a body cast after a bicycle accident.[2] The doctors expected Randi would never walk again, but he did.[2]

In the 1960's, Randi worked in Philippine night clubs before Ferdinand Marcos and wife Imelda Marcos were in power.[3]

Randi witnessed many tricks that were presented as being supernatural. One of his earliest reported experiences is that of seeing an evangelist using the "one-ahead"[4] routine to convince churchgoers of his divine powers.[5]

Randi for many years has been an amateur astronomer, influenced by his friend Carl Sagan. In 1981 asteroid 3163 Randi was named after Randi.[2]

In 1987, Randi became a naturalized citizen of the United States.[6] Randi said that one reason for becoming an American citizen was a Canadian police search he experienced while on tour with Alice Cooper.[7]

In February of 2006, Randi underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.[8] In early February 2006, he was declared to be in stable condition and "receiving excellent care" with his recovery proceeding well. The weekly commentary updates to his website were made by guests while he was hospitalized.[9] Randi is doing well since his surgery, and was well enough to help organize and attend the 2007 Amazing Meeting in Las Vegas, NV (an annual convention of scientists, magicians, skeptics, atheists, and other freethinkers).[10]

[edit] Background

Randi began his career as a magician, but then became a debunker of the paranormal. Then he expanded into writing about the paranormal, skepticism, the history of magic, became a biographer of Houdini, and even wrote a children's book.

[edit] Career as a magician

Randi has worked as a professional stage magician and escapologist since 1946, initially under his birth name, Randall Zwinge. Early in his career, Randi was part of numerous stunts involving his escape from jail cells and safes. On February 7, 1956, he appeared live on The Today Show and remained in a sealed metal coffin submerged in a hotel swimming pool for 104 minutes, breaking what was said to be Houdini's record of 93 minutes.[11][12]

Randi was the host of The Amazing Randi Show on New York radio station WOR-Radio in the mid-1960s.[13] He also hosted numerous television specials and went on several world tours. Then Randi appeared as "The Amazing Randi" on a television show entitled Wonderama from 1967 to 1972.[14] In the February 2, 1974 issue of Abracadabra (a British conjuring magazine), Randi defined the magic community saying, "I know of no calling which depends so much upon mutual trust and faith as does ours." In the December 2003 issue of the The Linking Ring, the monthly publication of The International Brotherhood of Magicians, Points to Ponder: Another Matter of Ethics, p. 97, it is stated, "Perhaps Randi's ethics are what make him Amazing" and "The Amazing Randi not only talks the talk, he walks the walk."

During Alice Cooper's 1974 tour, Randi performed as the dentist and executioner on stage.[15] Also, Randi had designed and built several of the stage props, including the guillotine.[16][17] An incident where the Royal Canadian Mounted Police searched the band's lockers during a performance has been cited by Randi as leading him to apply for American citizenship.[18] Shortly after, in February 1975, Randi escaped from a straitjacket while suspended upside-down over Niagara Falls in the winter on the Canadian TV program World of Wizards.[19]

Early in his career, Randi was sent a contract for a tour in Florida. His friends in New York mentioned to him that he’d certainly be working before audiences segregated by race, so before he signed the agreement, he wrote in a clause specifying that the promoters could not deny tickets to blacks or segregate the audiences in any way. Upon arriving on scene, he found that the concert promoter had ignored this stipulation in his contract. He discovered that blacks were forced to watch the show from the balcony, and he immediately walked away from the tour. Appealing to the American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA), he was paid in full for the balance of the tour.[citation needed]

Randi was once accused of actually using 'psychic powers' to perform acts such as spoon bending. James Alcock relates this incident which occurred at a meeting where Randi was duplicating the performances of Uri Geller: A professor from the University at Buffalo shouted out that Randi was a fraud. Randi said "Yes indeed, I'm a trickster, I'm a cheat, I'm a charlatan, that's what I do for a living. Everything I've done here was by trickery." The professor shouted back: "That's not what I mean. You're a fraud because you're pretending to do these things through trickery, but you're actually using psychic powers and misleading us by not admitting it."[20] The famous author and believer in spiritualism Arthur Conan Doyle had years earlier made a similar accusation against the magician Harry Houdini.[21]

[edit] Author

Randi is author of Conjuring (1992), a biographical history of noted magicians. The book is subtitled: Being a Definitive History of the Venerable Arts of Sorcery, Prestidigitation, Wizardry, Deception, & Chicanery and of the Mountebanks & Scoundrels Who have Perpetrated these Subterfuges on a Bewildered Public, in short, MAGIC!. The book selects the most influential magicians, and explains their history in the context of strange deaths and career on the road. This work expanded on his 1976 book Houdini, His Life and Art, which focused on Houdini and his cohorts. Randi also wrote a children's book in 1989 titled The Magic World of the Amazing Randi introducing children to magic tricks.

In addition to his magic books, he has written several educational works about the paranormal and pseudoscientific. These include biographies of Uri Geller and Nostradamus as well as reference material on other major paranormal figures. He is currently working on A Magician in the Laboratory, which recounts his application of skepticism to science.[22]

[edit] Career as a skeptic

James Randi's 1982 The Truth About Uri Geller.
James Randi's 1982 The Truth About Uri Geller.

Randi entered the international spotlight in 1972 when he publicly challenged the claims of Uri Geller. Randi accused Geller of being nothing more than a charlatan and a fraud using standard "magic" tricks to accomplish his allegedly paranormal feats, and he backed up his claims in the book The Truth About Uri Geller.[23][24] Geller later sued Randi for 15 million dollars[25]. Eventually Geller's suit against CSICOP was thrown out in 1995, and he was ordered to pay $120,000 for filing a "frivolous" lawsuit.[26] Randi was a founding fellow and prominent member of CSICOP, the Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal.[27] Randi later resigned from CSICOP during the period when Geller was filing numerous civil suits against him. CSICOP's leadership, wanting to avoid becoming a target of Geller's litigation, requested that Randi refrain from commenting on Geller. Randi refused and resigned. He still maintains a respectful relationship with the group and frequently writes articles for its magazine.

Randi has gone on to write several books criticizing beliefs and claims regarding the paranormal. He has also been instrumental in exposing frauds and charlatans who exploit this field for personal gain. In one example, his Project Alpha hoax, Randi revealed that he had been able to orchestrate a three year-long compromise of a privately-funded psychic research experiment.[28] The hoax became a scandal and demonstrated the shortcomings of many paranormal research projects at the university level. Some said that the hoax was unethical, while others claimed his actions were a legitimate exercise in exposing poor research techniques.[29]

Randi has also appeared on numerous other programs sometimes to directly debunk the claimed abilities of fellow guests. In a 1981 appearance on a show called That's My Line, Randi appeared opposite psychic James Hydrick, who claimed that he could move things with his mind, and demonstrated this ability on live television by apparently turning a page in a telephone book without touching it.[30] Randi, having determined that the trick was most likely based on Hydrick surreptitiously blowing, arranged packaging peanuts on the table in front of the telephone book for the demonstration, preventing Hydrick from demonstrating his abilities without also giving away the secret that bursts of air were passing over the pages.[3] Many years later, Hydrick admitted his fraud.[31]

Randi was awarded a MacArthur Foundation "Genius" award in 1986, drawing upon his conjuring skills to write and educate the public on superstition and pseudoscientific matters.[2] The money was used for Randi's comprehensive exposé of faith healers including Peter Popoff, W. V. Grant and Ernest Angley.[2] During the course of the investigation Randi was "healed" by these ministers.[2] When Popoff was exposed, he was forced to declare bankruptcy within the year.[32]

In 1988, Randi showed how gullible the media is by perpetrating a "fraud" of his own. By teaming up with Australia's 60 Minutes program and by releasing a fake press package he built up publicity for a spirit channeler named Carlos, who was actually an artist named Jose Alvares, a friend of Randi's. Randi would tell him what to say through sophisticated radio equipment. The media and the public were taken as no reporter bothered to check Carlos' credentials and history, which were all made up. The hoax was exposed on 60 Minutes; Carlos and Randi and explained how they pulled it off. [33] [34]

In the book The Faith Healers, Randi explains his anger and relentlessness as arising out of compassion for the helpless victims of frauds. Randi has also been critical of João de Deus, also known as John of God, a self-proclaimed psychic surgeon who has received international attention.[35] Randi observed, referring to psychic surgery, "To any experienced conjuror, the methods by which these seeming miracles are produced are very obvious".[36]

[edit] James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF)

Main article: James Randi Educational Foundation

In 1996, Randi established the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). Randi updates the JREF's website on Fridays with a written commentary titled Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF. Randi also contributes a regular column, titled "'Twas Brillig", to The Skeptics Society's Skeptic Magazine. In his weekly commentary, Randi often gives examples of what he feels is the nonsense that he deals with every day.[37]

He has regularly featured on many podcasts that can be found online, including The Skeptics Society's official podcast Skepticality [38] and the Center for Inquiry's official podcast Point of Inquiry [39]. From September 2006, he contributed to The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast with a column entitled "Randi Speaks".[40]

[edit] The $1 million challenge

Main article: The One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge

The James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) currently offers a prize of one million U.S. dollars to anyone who can demonstrate a supernatural ability under agreed-upon scientific testing criteria. Similar to the paranormal challenges of John Nevil Maskelyne and Houdini, in 1964, Randi put up $1,000 of his own money payable to the first person who could provide objective proof of the paranormal. Since then, the prize money has grown to the current $1,000,000, and has formal published rules. No one has progressed past the preliminary test which is set up with parameters agreed to by both Randi and the applicant. He also refuses to accept any challengers who might suffer serious injury or death as a result of the testing they intend to undergo.

Randi's 1995 Paranormal Encyclopedia.
Randi's 1995 Paranormal Encyclopedia.

On Larry King Live March 6, 2001 Larry King asked Sylvia Browne if she would take the challenge and she agreed.[41] Then Randi appeared with Browne on Larry King Live on September 3, 2001 and she again accepted the challenge.[42] However, she has refused to be tested and Randi keeps a clock on his website recording the number of weeks that have passed since Sylvia accepted the challenge without following through.

During Larry King Live on June 5, 2001 Randi challenged Rosemary Altea to undergo testing for the million dollars. However Altea would not even address the question.[43] Instead Altea, in part, replied "I agree with what he says, that there are many, many people who claim to be spiritual mediums, they claim to talk to the dead. There are many, people, we all know this. There are cheats and charlatans everywhere."[43] Then on January 26, 2007 Altea and Randi again appeared on Larry King Live. Once again, she refused to answer whether or not she would take the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge.[44]

Randi has recently challenged David R. Hawkins to win the prize with Hawkins' "arm-pressing technique" (applied kinesiology), suggesting it would only take thirty minutes of easy work, but believing that Hawkins would not even attempt to apply for the challenge for "obvious" reasons.[45]

Starting on April 1, 2007 only those with an already existing media profile and the backing of a reputable academic would be allowed to apply for the challenge.[46] The resources freed up by not having to test obscure and possibly mentally ill claimants will then be used to more aggressively challenge notorious high-profile alleged psychics and mediums such as Sylvia Browne, Allison DuBois and John Edward with a campaign in the media.[46]

JREF maintains a public log of past participants in the Million Dollar Challenge.[47]

[edit] Licauco and James Randi Controversy

Randi met his nemesis, Jaime Licauco of the Philippines. Randi debunked claims in Licauco's Philippine Daily Inquirer column entitled "INNER AWARENESS" (October 24, 2006). Randi, inter alia, challenged Licauco to apply for the JREF $ 1 million dollar prize, since the latter claimed that "he has paranormal abilities". With point-by-point reply ("Setting the record straight", Inquiret.net, January 15, 2007), Licauco forthwith answered Randi's attacks. Licauco claimed that Randi "participated in the cover-up of a botched scientific investigation of Michel Gauquelin’s conclusion that there was a significant statistical correlation between birth dates of athletes and the position of Mars in the heavens". Licauco further said that "Randi’s group denounced Gauquelin’s finding only to eat their words later. To save face, they went so far as to manipulate scientific data to conform to their preconceived notion that astrology was pure hogwash".[48][49]

[edit] Legal disputes

Randi has been involved in a variety of legal disputes but, despite having lost on several occasions, claims to have "never paid even one dollar or even one cent to anyone who ever sued me."[50]

[edit] Lawsuits against Randi

[edit] Eldon Byrd

In an interview with Twilight Zone Magazine, Randi accused Uri Geller and Eldon Byrd of being the ringleaders in a criminal blackmail plot aimed at destroying Randi.[51] Byrd sued Randi when he was accused by the magician of being a convicted child molestor. Following the trial a press release from Randi said "Testimony adduced at the trial revealed that, in fact, Mr. Byrd had not been convicted of the crime of child molestation as suggested by Mr. Randi, but instead had been arrested for possession with intent to distribute obscene materials involving children, and had pled guilty to a reduced charge of possession with intent to distribute obscene materials". The jury also heard tesimony that Byrd had sexually molested, and later married, his sister-in-law,[52] while Byrd's lawyer sought to discredit Randi by playing taped conversations of teen-age boys who called the magician's home allegedly for sex. The jury found that Randi's claim regarding Byrd was defamatory, but awarded Byrd $0 in damages (thus preventing further appeals by Byrd).[53]

[edit] Uri Geller

In an interview with a Japanese newspaper, Randi was presented as saying that Uri Geller had driven a close friend to "shoot himself in the head," which Randi afterwards claimed was a metaphor lost in translation.[54] However, Randi made a similar statement ("The scientist shot himself after I showed him how the key bending trick was done") in the August 23, 1986 Toronto Star that seemed to validate Geller's charge.[2] Randi did not participate in the trial, but since the referenced suicide victim died of natural causes the judge found in Geller's favor, changed the charge from "libel" to "insult", and awarded Geller 500,000 yen (at the time about US$4400). Randi initially refused to pay the amount, and Geller later agreed not to pursue Randi for the money in a subsequent settlement with CSICOP.[55]

Randi commented that Uri Geller's public performances were of the same quality as those found on the backs of cereal boxes. Geller sued both Randi and CSICOP. CSICOP argued that the organization was not responsible for Randi's statements. The court agreed that including CSICOP was frivolous and dropped them from the action. Geller was ordered to pay substantial damages to CSICOP.[56][57]

[edit] Other

Allison DuBois, on whose life the television series Medium was based, threatened Randi with legal action for using a photo of her from her website in his December 17, 2004 commentary without her permission.[58] Randi removed the photo, and now uses a caricature of DuBois when mentioning her on his site, beginning with his December 23, 2005 commentary.[59]

Late in 1996 Randi launched a libel suit against a Toronto-area psychic/self-published author/entry-level web developer named Earl Gordon Curley.[60] Curley had made a number of objectionable comments about Randi on Usenet. Despite constantly prodding Randi via Usenet to sue (Curley's implication being if Randi didn't sue then his allegations must be true), Curley seemed entirely surprised when Randi actually retained Toronto's largest law firm and initiated legal proceedings. The suit was eventually dropped in 1998 when Earl Curley died suddenly at the age of 51.[61]

[edit] Awards

[edit] World records

The following are Guinness records.

  • Randi was in a sealed casket for an hour and 44 minutes, which broke Harry Houdini's record of one hour and 31 minutes set on August 5, 1926.[2]
  • Randi was frozen in a block of ice for 55 minutes.[2]

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] TV and film

[edit] Actor

  • Beyond Desire (1994) as the Coroner
  • Penn & Teller Get Killed (1989) .... 3rd Rope Holder ... aka Dead Funny
  • Penn & Teller's Invisible Thread (1987) (TV)
  • Happy Days - "The Magic Show" (1978) as the Amazing Randi
  • Good to See You Again, Alice Cooper (1974) as the Dentist/Executioner
  • Wonderama (1955) (TV) as The Amazing Randi
  • Ragtime (1981) (stunt coordinator: Houdini)

[edit] Himself

Randi's 1993 TV show Secrets of the Psychics.
Randi's 1993 TV show Secrets of the Psychics.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ a b H.W. Wilson Company (1987). Current Biography Yearbook. Silverplatter International, p. 455. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Orwen, Patricia. "The Amazing Randi", The Toronto Star, Aug 23, 1986. 
  3. ^ randi.org, Filipino Justice
  4. ^ a b Jaroff, Leon. "Fighting Against Flimflam", Time (magazine), Jun. 24, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. 
  5. ^ Philip B. Taft Jr., "A Charlatan in Pursuit of Truth," The New York Times, July 5, 1981
  6. ^ Randi, James (September 17, 2001). Commentary: Etc.. Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-10-29.
  7. ^ "On the Soap Box", James Randi Educational Foundation, July 15, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. 
  8. ^ "Randi Update", James Randi Educational Foundation, February 10, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. 
  9. ^ Randi, James; Paul Hatchman (February 17, 2006). introductory paragraph. Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-10-29.
  10. ^ Randi, James (February 2, 2007). In Conclusion.... Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-29.
  11. ^ Sinclair, Gordon, "Television & radio column", Toronto Star, February 7, 1956.
  12. ^ Bryant, George, "Handcuffs no problem Toronto-born magician laughs at locksmiths", Toronto Star, June 21, 1956.
  13. ^ "James Randi Biography", James Randi Educational Foundation, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. 
  14. ^ "Wonderama!". TVparty On!. Retrieved on 2007-04-05. "Sonny Fox hosted another 'Wonderama Thanksgiving Day Party' on Thursday afternoon, November 23, 1961 with guests ventriloquist and cartoon voice-over performer Paul Winchell, magician/escape artist and magic historian The Amazing James Randi and folk singer Pat Woodell." [1]
  15. ^ "Good To See You Again, Alice Cooper," Live 1973 (DVD 2005), "Billion Dollar Babies Tour"
  16. ^ Pettigrew, Emily. "Alice Cooper", St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. 
  17. ^ "The Amazing Randi", sickthingsuk.co.uk, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. 
  18. ^ "On the Soap Box", James Randi Educational Foundation, July 15, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. 
  19. ^ Randi, James. "Hilarious Name-Dropping", James Randi Educational Foundation, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. 
  20. ^ (Alcock 2001:42)
  21. ^ Arthur Conan Doyle (1930) The Edge of the Unknown, Putnam's
  22. ^ Randi's resume from Randi.org
  23. ^ BOYCE RENSBERGER, "Magicians Term Israeli 'Psychic' a Fraud", New York Times, December 13, 1975, Page 29.
  24. ^ PHILIP B. TAFT Jr., "A CHARLATAN IN PURSUIT OF TRUTH" The New York Times, July 5, 1981
  25. ^ Charles Petit, "Bay Magicians Back Uri Geller's Critic," The San Francisco Chronicle, May 23, 1991, Pg. A27
  26. ^ MICHAEL LEVY, "GROUP GETS $ 40,000 FROM 'PSYCHIC'; GELLER STARTS PAYING DEBUNKERS $ 120,000," Buffalo News (New York) March 13, 1995
  27. ^ Michael Kernan, "God's Chariot! Science Looks at the New Occult," The Washington Post, June 11, 1978
  28. ^ Philip J. Hilts, "Magicians Score a Hit On Scientific Researchers," Washington Post March 1, 1983 First Section; A1
  29. ^ WILLIAM J. BROAD, "MAGICIAN'S EFFORT TO DEBUNK SCIENTISTS RAISES ETHICAL ISSUES," The New York Times, February 15, 1983, Page 3, Column 1
  30. ^ "A Look at the Past", James Randi Educational Foundation, September 22, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-05-07. 
  31. ^ Korem, Dan (1983). Psychic Confession. (also transcript)
  32. ^ "A Profitable Prophet", Inside Edition, February 27, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-07. 
  33. ^ http://www.skepdic.com/carlos.html
  34. ^ http://www.abc.net.au/science/correx/archives/randi4.htm Randi talking about Carlos hoax
  35. ^ Randi, James. "The ABC-TV Infomercial for John of God", James Randi Educational Foundation, February 18, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-11-18. 
  36. ^ Randi, James. "An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural: Psychic surgery", St. Martin's Press, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-11-18. 
  37. ^ Randi, James (July 2005). "Fakers and Innocents". Skeptical Inquirer 29 (4). ISSN 0194-6730. Retrieved on 2006-10-29. 
  38. ^ Skepticality. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
  39. ^ Point of Inquiry. Retrieved on 2006-06-30.
  40. ^ The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe. Retrieved on 2006-10-29.
  41. ^ Are Psychics for Real? appeared with John Edward March 6, 2001 on Larry King Live CNN
  42. ^ King, Larry. "Are Psychics Real?", Larry King Live, CNN, 2001-09-03. Retrieved on 2006-08-18. 
  43. ^ a b Spiritual Medium Versus Paranormal Skeptic (Rosemary Altea verses Randi) on Larry King Live June 5, 2001
  44. ^ "Altea and James Randi", Larry King Live, January 26, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-02-02. 
  45. ^ James Randi. Quoted at New England Institute of Religious Research "Quotes of Experts Regarding Hawkins and 'AK'" [2]
  46. ^ a b Poulsen, Kevin. "Skeptic Revamps $1M Psychic Prize", Wired, January 12, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-01-14. 
  47. ^ "Challenge Applications". James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-13.
  48. ^ Inquirer.net, Magician belies claims in Licauco columns
  49. ^ Inquirer.net, http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view_article.php?article_id=43574
  50. ^ Randi, James (February 9, 2007). More Geller Woo-Woo. SWIFT Newsletter. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
  51. ^ Orenstein, Russell T. (June 17, 1992). Letter to Eldon Byrd. urigeller.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-03.
  52. ^ Randi, James (June 5, 1993). Press Release. Skeptic Tank Text Archive File. Retrieved on 2007-06-03.
  53. ^ West, Norris (June 5, 1993). "Magician defamed scientist, jury rules". Baltimore Sun. Skeptic Tank Text Archive File. Retrieved on 2007-06-03.
  54. ^ Krol, Carol (1995). "Cuckoos and Cocoa Puffs". Skeptical Eye 8 (3). ISSN 1063-2077. Retrieved on 2006-10-29. 
  55. ^ Randi, James. "More Geller Woo-Woo", Swift, James Randi Educational Foundation, February 9, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-03. 
  56. ^ "Uri Geller Libel Suit Dismissed". www.csicop.org. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (August 1994). Retrieved on 2007-06-03.
  57. ^ "Lawsuit Against CSICOP Dismissed" (CSICOP press release). Skeptic Tank Text Archive File. Retrieved on 2007-06-03.
  58. ^ Randi, James (December 17, 2004). "Another Medium Well Done". Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-10-29.
  59. ^ Randi, James; Paul Hatchman (December 23, 2005). "Medium Well Done". Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-10-29.
  60. ^ Randi, James (4 December 1996). "Action initiated . . .". James Randi Educational Foundation Info List. Retrieved on 2006-10-29.
  61. ^ Randi, James (8 July 1998). "Curley Confirmation + Sony Corp. and ESP, More on Theremin". James Randi Educational Foundation Info List. Retrieved on 2006-10-29.
  62. ^ Randi, James. "In Closing", James Randi Educational Foundation, March 23, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. 
  63. ^ Avila, Jim. "Selling Salvation?", 20/20, May 11, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-01. 

[edit] Books

  • Alcock, James (2001), "Science vs. Pseudoscience, Nonscience, and Nonsense", in Kurtz, Paul, Skeptical Odysseys: Personal accounts by the world's leading paranormal inquirers, Prometheus Books, ISBN 1-57392-884-4

[edit] External links

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