Illinois' 2nd congressional district
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Illinois's 2nd congressional district | |
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| Area | 184.64 mi² (478.22 km²) |
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| Distribution | 99.9% urban, 0.1% rural |
| Population (2000) | 653,647 |
| Median income | $41,330 |
| Ethnic composition | 29.7% White, 62.4% Black, 0.6% Asian, 10.4% Hispanic, 0.2% Native American |
| Occupation | 23.8% blue collar, 60.1% white collar, 16.1% gray collar |
| Cook Partisan Voting Index | D + 35 |
The 2nd Congressional District of Illinois includes parts of Cook and Will Counties, and has been represented by Democrat Jesse Jackson, Jr. since December 1995. This district includes south suburbs of Chicago, extending slightly into Will County, and also includes the city's far southeast side; it covers 184.64 square miles (478.22 km²), making it one of the 70 smallest districts in the U.S. and the seventh smallest in Illinois. It is adjacent to the 1st District to the north and west, the 11th District to the south, and Indiana's 1st District to the east; the district's northeast border follows Lake Michigan's shoreline for several miles. The district was created following the 1830 Census and came into being in 1833, five months before Chicago was organized as a town. The 2nd District initially included southeastern Illinois until 1853[1][2] and stretches of northern Illinois until 1873.[3][4] It has included part of Chicago since 1873, and part of the southeast side since 1903. Redistricting following the 2000 Census placed a majority of the district's population outside Chicago for the first time in 100 years, and moved the district's borders beyond Cook County for the first time since 1873.
As in the neighboring 1st District, a majority of this district's residents (62.4%) are African American. The district has been reliably Democratic since the 1960s, having not elected a Republican to Congress since 1950; Democratic candidates regularly receive over 80% of the vote here.
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[edit] Geography
The 2nd District includes the suburban municipalities of Burnham, Calumet City, Chicago Heights, Dolton, East Hazel Crest, Flossmoor, Ford Heights, Glenwood, Harvey, Hazel Crest, Homewood, Lansing, Lynwood, Matteson, Olympia Fields, Park Forest, Phoenix, Richton Park, South Chicago Heights, South Holland and Thornton, nearly all of Country Club Hills, Riverdale and Sauk Village, parts of Calumet Park, Dixmoor, Markham, Steger and University Park, and some small sections of Blue Island, Frankfort and Oak Forest. The district's area south of 95th Street is almost entirely east of the Dan Ryan Expressway (Interstate 57) until reaching Rich Township.
The district also includes the Chicago communities of East Side, Hegewisch, Pullman, Riverdale and South Deering; almost all of South Chicago; part of Hyde Park and the portion of Woodlawn east of Stony Island Avenue (largely consisting of Jackson Park); most of Avalon Park, Calumet Heights and South Shore east of Stony Island; most of Roseland south of 95th Street; most of Washington Heights southeast of 99th Street and Racine Avenue; part of Morgan Park east of Racine; and West Pullman excepting the portion southwest of 119th and Racine.
[edit] Demographics
The southeast side of Chicago was for many decades the home of numerous Eastern European and Irish immigrants who sought the industrial work of the steel mills and railroad companies which were then dominant in the area. However, as local industry declined in the 1950s and 1960s, these groups were increasingly displaced by African Americans who were gradually migrating southward from other parts of the city. Whereas barely 20% of district residents were black in the 1960s,[5] this figure increased to 70% by the 1980s,[6] and by the 1990s the racial demographics of the 1st and 2nd Districts were very similar. At the same time, decreasing population in the district required expanding its borders into the suburbs, and it is now nearly three times the size it was in the 1980s, when it covered only 68 square miles.
Following redistricting for the 2000s, 59% of the 2nd District's population resides in the suburbs, with a total of 98.4% living in Cook County. The district's white population (almost 30% of its residents) now primarily resides in the southern suburbs and a few far southeastern Chicago neighborhoods such as East Side and Hegewisch.[7] Several suburbs closer to Chicago near I-57 have black populations exceeding 75%: Calumet Park, Dolton, Harvey, Hazel Crest, Markham, Phoenix and Riverdale. In contrast, there are five suburbs further southeast with white populations exceeding 75% – Homewood, Lansing, South Chicago Heights, Steger and Thornton – although they surround Ford Heights, which has the district's most racially one-sided population (96% black). Chicago Heights features the most even racial mix, with a population that is 45% white and 38% black. The district's largest white ethnic groups are German (5.8%), Irish (4.4%), Polish (4.4%) and Italian (3.1%),[8] similar to other districts in southern Cook County.
Hispanics represent 10% of the district's population, with sizable communities in East Side and Chicago Heights. Chicago's South Shore neighborhood was the longtime home to a Jewish community which has since migrated to suburbs such as Homewood and Flossmoor [1]; South Shore is now a middle-class black community, and home to many Black Muslims including the national headquarters of the Nation of Islam, Mosque Maryam.
The district includes some sharp economic disparities. Olympia Fields, Country Club Hills and Matteson are affluent suburbs with black majority populations, but Ford Heights (only four miles east of Olympia Fields) is one of the most impoverished places in the United States, with a median household income of just $17,500 in 2000 – less than 42% of the national average; it is home to more single mothers per capita than anyplace else in the country.[9]
[edit] Economy
The 2nd District was, for most of the 20th century, a thriving center of heavy industry centered around Lake Calumet and the Port of Chicago, augmented by the nearby railroad industry which had the Pullman Company as its centerpiece. The steel industry was a major component, with U.S. Steel at one time employing 20,000 district residents, but the Wisconsin Steelworks in South Deering [2] closed in March 1980, and U.S. Steel's South Works plant in South Chicago [3] – source of the steel for Chicago skyscrapers including the Sears Tower – was closed in April 1992; both have since been dismantled. Virtually the last remnant of the industry in the area is ISG Riverdale (formerly the Acme Steel Co.), which began a shutdown in 2001 before being sold and restructured as a smaller company [4]. The most significant remaining industrial presence in the district is now the Ford Motor Company, which operates the Chicago Assembly plant (where the Ford Taurus is manufactured) on the border between South Deering and Hegewisch, as well as the Chicago Stamping facility in Chicago Heights. Like the 1st District, the area is struggling to overcome economic downturns in recent decades.
Local educational institutions include Governors State University in University Park, Chicago State University in Roseland, Prairie State College in Chicago Heights, South Suburban College in South Holland and Olive-Harvey College, a Chicago city college, in Pullman. The University of Chicago is directly west of the district's northern end. Hospitals in the district include Ingalls Memorial Hospital in Harvey, Advocate South Suburban Hospital in Hazel Crest, St. James Hospitals in Chicago Heights and Olympia Fields, Advocate Trinity Hospital in Calumet Heights, La Rabida Children's Hospital in Woodlawn, South Shore Hospital in South Chicago and Roseland Community Hospital in Roseland.
The Museum of Science and Industry is located almost at the district's northern tip. Various areas of the Cook County Forest Preserves are scattered throughout the suburban part of the district, particularly in the area northeast of Chicago Heights. Other notable business and industrial presences in the district include Jays Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods based in Pullman; the Norfolk Southern Railway; Allied Tube and Conduit, a piping and electrical manufacturer in Harvey [5]; and UGN Inc., an automotive soundproofing manufacturer in Chicago Heights [6].
Federal facilities in the district include Coast Guard Station Calumet Harbor [7] [8] in East Side and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Army Reserve Center, home of the 308th Civil Affairs Brigade, in Homewood.
In addition to the Jackson Park Historic Landscape District and the Museum of Science and Industry's U-505 submarine, district locations on the National Register of Historic Places include:
- AVR 661, South Deering
- Bloom Township High School, Chicago Heights
- Calumet Park, East Side
- Flamingo-on-the-Lake Apartments, Hyde Park
- Flat Iron Building, Chicago Heights
- Ford Airport Hangar, Lansing
- Hotel Del Prado, Hyde Park
- Jeffery-Cyril Historic District, South Shore
- Lake-Side Terrace Apartments, South Shore
- Allan Miller House, South Shore
- Olympia Fields Country Club, Olympia Fields
- Pacesetter Gardens Historic District, Riverdale (suburb)
- Promontory Apartments, Hyde Park
- Pullman Historic District National Historic Landmark, Pullman
- Shoreland Hotel, Hyde Park
- South Shore Beach Apartments, South Shore
- South Shore Country Club, South Shore
- Trumbull Park, South Deering
[edit] Politics
[edit] Representation
[edit] History of district boundaries
The total number of representatives allotted to Illinois during each period follows the years in parentheses; boundaries went into effect beginning with the previous year's elections:
- 1833-1843 (3): The district included nineteen counties in eastern and southeastern Illinois: Clark, Clay, Coles, Crawford, Edgar, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, Hamilton, Jasper, Jefferson, Lawrence, Marion, Montgomery, Shelby, Vermilion, Wabash, Wayne and White counties (several additional counties were later created within this area).[1]
- 1843-1853 (7): The district was reduced in size and slightly shifted to take in fifteen counties in southeastern Illinois: Edwards, Franklin, Gallatin, Hamilton, Hardin, Jefferson, Johnson, Marion, Massac, Pope, Pulaski, Wabash, Wayne, White and Williamson counties.[2]
- 1853-1863 (9): The district was relocated to cover seven counties stretching across the northern part of the state: Cook, DeKalb, DuPage, Kane, Lee, Rock Island and Whiteside counties.[3]
- 1863-1873 (14, including one elected at large): The district now included six counties to the north and west of Cook County: Boone, DeKalb, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Winnebago counties.[4]
- 1873-1883 (19): The district now became a portion of Cook County, and included the part of Chicago's west side between the North Branch of the Chicago River and 16th Street; the city's western boundary was then Western Avenue from the river to North Avenue, and Crawford Avenue (now Pulaski Road) from North to 16th.[10]
- 1883-1895 (20/22): The district now included parts of Chicago's west and southwest sides. On the west side, it included the area between 12th Street (now Roosevelt Road) on the north and the river and Illinois and Michigan Canal on the south, as well as a small area north of 12th Street near the river; the western boundary was still Crawford Avenue. South of the river and canal, the district included the area between 16th Street on the north, Clark Street on the east, 39th Street (now Pershing Road) on the south and Western Avenue on the west.[11] Illinois gained two additional representatives following the 1890 Census, but they were elected on an at-large basis for the 1893-1895 term before redistricting occurred, and the previous decade's districting remained in effect.[12]
- 1895-1903 (22): The district now included the twelve townships comprising western Cook County (Cicero, Elk Grove, Hanover, Lemont, Leyden, Lyons, Maine, Norwood Park, Palos, Proviso, Riverside, Schaumburg), as well as the part of Chicago's west side bordered on the east by Crawford Avenue from North Avenue to 12th Street, Wood Street from 12th to the canal, Western from the canal to 39th, and State Street from 39th to 63rd Streets; also included was the area north of 12th to Taylor Street between Campbell Avenue and Wood.[13]
- 1903-1949 (initially 25; two of 27 elected at large from 1913-43, and one of 26 elected at large from 1943-49): The district began to take its modern form, and included the part of Chicago south of 43rd Street having as its western boundary State Street from 43rd to 99th Streets, Stewart Avenue from 99th to 103rd, Halsted Street from 103rd to 111th, Peoria Street from 111th to 115th, and Ashland Avenue from 115th to the city line.[14] Illinois' districts were not redrawn until 1947, taking effect for the 1948 elections.[15]
- 1949-1963 (26 from 1949-1953; 25 thereafter): The district was reduced in size, and now included that part of Chicago bounded on the north by Marquette Road (State Street to South Park Boulevard, later renamed King Drive), South Chicago Avenue (South Park to Cottage Grove Avenue) and Pershing Road (Cottage Grove to the lake), and on the west by State Street (Marquette to 73rd), Indiana Avenue (73rd to 83rd) and South Park (83rd to 95th Streets). The southern boundary was formed by 95th Street from South Park to the eastern boundary of the Burnside community, following that northwest to 87th Street, and then 87th to Jeffery Boulevard, South Chicago Avenue from Jeffery to 85th Street, 85th to Baltimore Avenue, following that south to 87th, and 87th Street to the lake.[16] The same boundaries were maintained in the redistricting after 1950.[17]
- 1963-1967 (24): The district was again expanded to the south, and included that part of Chicago south of 46th Street bounded on the west by Cottage Grove (46th to 65th), Stony Island Avenue (65th to 99th), State Street (99th to 111th), Wentworth Avenue (111th to 113th) and Halsted (113th to the city line).[18]
- 1967-1973 (24): There was additional redistricting in Illinois which took effect for the 1967-1969 term. The 2nd District kept all of its previous territory except for a small area between 46th and 47th Streets near the lake, and added all of Calumet Township. It also added those portions of Thornton Township east of the Calumet Expressway as far south as 159th Street, and north of the Calumet River from 159th to the state line, as well as those parts of Dolton north of Sibley Boulevard bordered on the west by Lincoln Avenue from the Chicago city line to Irving Avenue and by Irving from there to Sibley.[19]
- 1973-1983 (24): The district was pulled back within the Chicago city limits, and included: the communities of East Side, Hegewisch, Riverdale, South Chicago, South Deering and West Pullman; the part of South Shore bordered on the north by 75th Street (Stony Island to Jeffery), 73rd Street (Jeffery to Yates Boulevard) and 71st Street (Yates to the lake); those parts of Avalon Park and Calumet Heights east of Stony Island; those parts of Roseland and Pullman bordered on the north by 99th Street (Stewart Avenue to State Street) and 103rd Street (State to Stony Island); those parts of Beverly and Morgan Park east of Western Avenue; Washington Heights except for the portion northeast of 95th and Halsted; the part of Auburn Gresham west of Halsted; the part of Englewood southwest of 71st and Halsted; West Englewood except for the portion northeast of Marquette Road and Loomis Boulevard; the part of Chicago Lawn northeast of 63rd and California Avenue; and the part of Gage Park southeast of 55th and Western.[20]
- 1983-1993 (22): The district was again extended into the suburbs. It now included the Chicago communities of East Side, Hegewisch, Riverdale, West Englewood and West Pullman, the part of South Shore southeast of 73rd and Yates, the parts of South Chicago and Calumet Heights east of Yates, South Deering except the portion northwest of 103rd and Yates, the parts of Roseland and Pullman south of 103rd, the eastern half of Morgan Park, the parts of Auburn Gresham and Washington Heights west of Halsted, almost all of Englewood west of Halsted, and the part of Chicago Lawn between 63rd and 69th Streets east of Western. The district included Calumet Township except for those parts of Blue Island and Calumet Park northwest of the railroad running from 123rd and Laflin to the western township line. The district also included the portion of Thornton Township bordered on the south by 167th Street from the western township line to the eastern edge of Hazel Crest, 171st Street from the Hazel Crest boundary to Halsted, 167th from Halsted to Indiana Avenue, Sibley Boulevard from Indiana Avenue to Torrence Avenue (with some minor variation in Calumet City), East State Street from Torrence to the railroad 1/4 mile east, 154th Street from the railroad to Freeland Avenue, and 155th Street from Freeland to the state line.[21]
- 1993-2003 (20): The district now included the Chicago communities of Riverdale and West Pullman; the part of South Shore southeast of 71st and Yates; the parts of South Chicago and Calumet Heights east of Yates; the part of South Deering southwest of 103rd and Yates except for the portion east of the Calumet River, as well as the area between Yates and Torrence Avenue from 95th Street extended south to 116th Street; the part of Hegewisch west of the Calumet River; the parts of Roseland and Pullman south of 103rd Street; most of Morgan Park east of Longwood Drive; the part of Beverly southeast of 103rd and Prospect Avenue; the parts of Auburn Gresham and Washington Heights west of Halsted; the part of Englewood southwest of 63rd and Halsted; and the part of West Englewood south of 63rd Street. The district also included all of Calumet Township, as well as parts of Bloom, Bremen, Rich, Thornton and Worth Townships.[22]
- 2003-present (19): See map and geography above. For a more detailed map, see the Census Bureau map linked below.
[edit] Presidential voting
This table indicates how the 2nd District has voted in U.S. presidential elections; election results reflect voting in the district as it was configured at the time of the election, not as it is configured today. The candidate who received the most votes in the district is listed first; the candidate who won the election nationally is in CAPS, and the candidate who won the state of Illinois is indicated with a †.
| Election | District winner | Runnerup | Other candidates |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1852[23] | PIERCE† (D), 8,021 (49%) | Scott (W), 5,882 (36%) | Hale (Free Soil), 2,500 (15%) |
| 1856[23] | Frémont (R), 21,556 (67%) | BUCHANAN† (D), 9,843 (30%) | Fillmore (American), 966 (3%) |
| 1860[23] | LINCOLN† (R), 30,856 (64%) | Douglas (D), 16,993 (35%) | Bell (Constitutional Union), 192 (0.4%); Breckinridge (D), 128 (0.3%) |
| 1864[23] | LINCOLN† (R), 18,305 (78%) | McClellan (D), 5,231 (22%) | |
| 1868[23] | GRANT† (R), 20,946 (77%) | Seymour (D), 6,270 (23%) | |
| 1952[24] | Stevenson (D), 94,905 (51%) | EISENHOWER† (R), 91,522 (49%) | |
| 1956[24] | Stevenson (D), 81,570 (50%) | EISENHOWER† (R), 81,296 (50%) | |
| 1968[25] | Humphrey (D), 103,924 (59%) | NIXON† (R), 52,311 (30%) | Wallace (AIP), 18,896 (11%) |
| 1972[26] | McGovern (D), 116,534 (66%) | NIXON† (R), 60,220 (34%) | |
| 1976[27] | CARTER (D), 137,384 (83%) | Ford† (R), 28,498 (17%) | |
| 1980[28] | Carter (D), 145,205 (84%) | REAGAN† (R), 20,946 (12%) | Anderson (Indep.), 3,612 (2%) |
| 1984[29] | Mondale (D), 168,174 (84%) | REAGAN† (R), 32,693 (16%) | |
| 1988[30] | Dukakis (D), 150,387 (84%) | BUSH† (R), 25,896 (15%) | |
| 1992[31] | CLINTON† (D), 194,639 (80%) | Bush (R), 31,634 (13%) | Perot (Indep.), 16,950 (7%) |
| 1996[32] | CLINTON† (D), 170,819 (85%) | Dole (R), 22,204 (11%) | Perot (Reform), 6,395 (3%) |
| 2000[33] | Gore† (D), 188,289 (89%) | BUSH (R), 21,838 (10%) | Nader (Green), 1,626 (1%) |
| 2004[34] | Kerry† (D), 230,613 (84%) | BUSH (R), 43,822 (16%) |
[edit] References
- ^ a b Parsons, Stanley B.; William W. Beach, Dan Hermann (1978). United States Congressional Districts 1788-1841. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 302-304. ISBN 0-8371-9828-3.
- ^ a b Parsons, Stanley B.; William W. Beach, Michael J. Dubin (1986). United States Congressional Districts and Data, 1843-1883. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 7-8. ISBN 0-313-22045-X.
- ^ a b Parsons, et al. (1986), pp. 53-54.
- ^ a b Parsons, et al. (1986), pp. 102-103.
- ^ (1966) Congressional District Data Book, Illinois supplement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, pp. 2-4.
- ^ Gottron, Martha V. (ed.) (1983). Congressional Districts in the 1980s. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, p. 156. ISBN 0-87187-264-1.
- ^ See U.S. Census Bureau map showing distribution of district's white population.
- ^ Congressional Districts in the 2000s: A Portrait of America, p. 299.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Richard E. Cohen (2005). The Almanac of American Politics 2006. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, p. 565. ISBN 0-89234-111-4.
- ^ Parsons, et al. (1986), pp. 159-160.
- ^ Parsons, Stanley B.; Michael J. Dubin, Karen Toombs Parsons (1990). United States Congressional Districts, 1883-1913. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 23-27. ISBN 0-313-26482-1.
- ^ Parsons, et al. (1990), pp. 182-186.
- ^ Parsons, et al. (1990), pp. 187-191.
- ^ Parsons, et al. (1990), pp. 326-330.
- ^ Barrett, Edward A. (ed.). Blue Book of the State of Illinois, 1947-1948. Springfield, IL: State of Illinois, p. 110.
- ^ Barrett, pp. 113-114.
- ^ (1960) Congressional District Atlas of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, pp. 18-20.
- ^ (1963) Congressional District Data Book: Districts of the 88th Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, pp. 125-127.
- ^ (1966) Congressional District Data Book, Illinois supplement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, pp. 2-4.
- ^ (1973) Congressional District Data Book: 93rd Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, pp. 145, 147-148.
- ^ Gottron, Martha V. (ed.) (1983). Congressional Districts in the 1980s. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, p. 163. ISBN 0-87187-264-1.
- ^ (1993) Congressional District Atlas: 103rd Congress of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, pp. Illinois-1, 5, 25, 29, 31, 33-35. ISBN 0-16-041689-2.
- ^ a b c d e Vote totals from 1852 to 1868 are based on cumulative county totals as listed in Illinois: Historical and Statistical (1892), John Moses, Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., pp. 1208-1209.
- ^ a b (1961) Congressional District Data Book: Districts of the 87th Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, p. 17.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa, Douglas Matthews (1972). The Almanac of American Politics. Boston: Gambit, p. 198. ISBN 0-87645-053-2.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa, Douglas Matthews (1973). The Almanac of American Politics. Boston: Gambit, p. 265. ISBN 0-87645-077-X.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa, Douglas Matthews (1977). The Almanac of American Politics 1978. New York City: E. P. Dutton, p. 227. ISBN 0-87690-255-7.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1981). The Almanac of American Politics 1982. Washington, D.C.: Barone & Co., p. 297. ISBN 0-940702-00-2.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1985). The Almanac of American Politics 1986. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, p. 395. ISBN 0-89234-032-0.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1989). The Almanac of American Politics 1990. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, p. 353. ISBN 0-89234-043-6.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1993). The Almanac of American Politics 1994. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, p. 392. ISBN 0-89234-057-6.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa, Richard E. Cohen (1997). The Almanac of American Politics 1998. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, p. 477. ISBN 0-89234-081-9.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Richard E. Cohen, Charles E. Cook, Jr. (2001). The Almanac of American Politics 2002. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, p. 510. ISBN 0-8923-4099-1.
- ^ Barone, et al. (2005), p. 564.
[edit] External links
- Washington Post page on the 2nd District of Illinois
- Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003PDF (163 KiB) - Congressional District Profiles, U.S. Census Bureau
- U.S. Census Bureau - 2nd District mapPDF (1.56 MiB)
- U.S. Census Bureau - 2nd District Fact Sheet
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