Bethlehem

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Bethlehem
A neighborhood in Bethlehem
Arabic	بيت لحم
Name Meaning	house of meat (Arabic); house of bread (Hebrew)
Government	City (from 1995)
Also Spelled	Beit Lahm[1] (officially) Bayt Laham (unofficially)
Governorate	Bethlehem
Coordinates	31°42′11″N 35°11′44″E / 31.70306, 35.19556Coordinates: 31°42′11″N 35°11′44″E / 31.70306, 35.19556
Population	29,930[1] (2006)
Jurisdiction	dunams
Head of Municipality	Victor Batarseh

Bethlehem (Arabic: بيت لحم‎, Bayt Laḥm (help·info), lit "House of Meat"; Greek: Βηθλεέμ; Hebrew: בית לחם‎, Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread") is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank, approximately 10 kilometers (6 mi) south of Jerusalem, with a population of 30,000 people. It is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate of the Palestinian National Authority and a hub of Palestinian culture and tourism.^[2][3]

According to Christian tradition, Bethlehem is the birthplace of Jesus of Nazareth and the town is inhabited by one of the oldest Christian communities in the world, though the size of the community has shrunk in recent years due to emigration.^[4] However, we find in Mark, the oldest of all the gospels, passages that seem to imply the birthplace of Jesus as Nazareth in Galilee. According to Biblical tradition, the city is also believed to be the birthplace of David and the location where he was crowned as the king of Israel. The city was sacked by the Romans in 529 AD as a result of a revolt, and was rebuilt by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. Bethlehem was conquered by the Islamic Caliphate of 'Umar ibn al-Khattāb in 637, who guaranteed safety for the city's religious shrines. In 1099, Crusaders captured and fortified Bethlehem and replaced its Greek Orthodox clergy with a Latin one. The Latin clergy were expelled after the city was captured by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Syria. With the coming of the Mamluks in 1250, the city's walls were demolished, and were subsequently rebuilt during the rule of the Ottoman Empire.^[5]

The Ottomans lost the city to the British during World War I and it was to be included in an international zone under the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. Jordan occupied the city in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and it was subsequently occupied by Israel in the 1967 Six Day War. Israel has retained control over the entrances and exits to Bethlehem, though day-to-day administration has been under the purview of the Palestinian National Authority since 1995.^[5]

Modern Bethlehem has a Muslim majority but is also home to one of the largest Palestinian Christian communities.^[4] The Bethlehem agglomeration includes the towns of Beit Jala and Beit Sahour, as well as the refugee camps of 'Aida and Beit Jibrin. Bethlehem's dominant economic sector is tourism which is particularly high during the Christmas season as the city is a Christian pilgrimage center, being home of the Church of the Nativity. Bethlehem has over thirty hotels and three hundred handicraft work shops, employing several of the city's residents.^[6] Rachel's Tomb, an important Jewish holy site is located at the entrance of Bethlehem.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Biblical era 1.2 Birthplace of Jesus 1.3 Roman and Byzantine periods 1.4 Islamic rule and the Crusades 1.5 Ottoman era 1.6 Twentieth century 1.7 Second Intifada 2 Geography and climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Christian minority 4 Economy 4.1 Shopping 4.2 Tourism 5 Culture 5.1 Embroidery 5.2 Museums 5.3 Cultural centers 5.4 Christmas celebrations 6 Government 6.1 Mayors 7 Education 8 Transportation 8.1 Bus service 8.2 Movement restrictions 9 Sister cities 10 References 11 See also 12 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Biblical era

Bethlehem, located in the "hill country" of Judah, was originally called Ephrath (Gen. 35:16, 19; 48:7; Ruth 4:11), which means "fertile." It was also known as Beth-Lehem Ephratah (Micah 5:2), Beth-Lehem Judah (1 Sam. 17:12), and "the city of David" (Luke 2:4). It is first mentioned in the Tanakh and the Bible as the place where the Abrahamic matriarch Rachel died and was buried "by the wayside" (Gen. 48:7). Rachel's Tomb, the traditional gravesite, stands at the entrance to Bethlehem. According to the Book of Ruth, the valley to the east is where Ruth of Moab gleaned the fields and returned to town with Naomi. Bethlehem is the traditional birthplace of David, the second king of Israel, and the place where he was anointed king by Samuel (1 Sam. 16:4-13). It was from the well of Bethlehem that three of his warriors brought him water when he was hiding in the cave of Adullam (2 Sam. 23:13-17).

[edit] Birthplace of Jesus

Further information: Church of the Nativity and Nativity of Jesus

One interpretation of Micah 5:2 is that it prophesies the birth of the Messiah in Bethlehem. According to the Gospel of Luke (Luke 2:4), Jesus's parents lived in Nazareth but returned to Bethlehem for a census. Jesus was born in Bethlehem, after which the family returned to Nazareth.

The Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 2:1) implies that the family lived in Bethlehem first, and later moved to Nazareth. Matthew reports that Herod the Great had "all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under" killed shortly after Jesus' birth (Matt. 2:16, 18; Jer. 31:15). In the gospel, Jesus's earthly father Joseph is warned of this in a dream, and the family escapes this fate by fleeing to Egypt and returning only after Herod has died. But being warned in another dream not to return to Judea, Joseph withdraws the family to Galilee, and goes to dwell in Nazareth (Matt. 2:22-23).

[edit] Roman and Byzantine periods

Between 132-135 the city was occupied by the Romans, who built a shrine to Adonis on the site of the Nativity. A church was erected in 326, when Helena, the mother of the first Christian emperor Constantine, visited Bethlehem.^[5] During the Samaritan revolt of 529, Bethlehem was sacked and its walls and the Church of the Nativity destroyed, but they were soon rebuilt on the orders of the Emperor Justinian I. In 614, the Persians invaded Palestine and captured Bethlehem. A story recounted in later sources holds that they refrained from destroying the church on seeing the magi depicted in Persian clothing in a mosaic.^[5]

[edit] Islamic rule and the Crusades

In 637, shortly after Jerusalem was captured by the Muslim armies, 'Umar ibn al-Khattāb, the second Caliph visited Bethlehem and promised that the Church of the Nativity would be preserved for Christian use.^[5] A mosque dedicated to Umar was built upon the place in the city where he prayed, next to the church.^[7]

In 1099, Bethlehem was captured by the Crusaders, who fortified it and built a new monastery and cloister on the north side of the Church of the Nativity. The Greek Orthodox clergy were removed from their Sees and replaced with Latin clerics. Up until that point the official Christian presence in the region was Greek Orthodox. On Christmas Day 1100 Baldwin I, first king of the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem, was crowned in Bethlehem, and that year a Latin episcopate was also established in the town.^[5]

In 1187, Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria who led the Muslim Ayyubids, captured Bethlehem from the Crusaders. The Latin clerics were forced to leave, allowing the Greek Orthodox clergy to replace them. Saladin agreed to the return of two Latin priests and two deacons in 1192. However, the town suffered from the loss of the pilgrim trade, as there was a sharp decrease of European pilgrims. Bethlehem was briefly returned to Crusader control by a treaty between 1229 and 1244. In 1250, with the coming to power of Rukn al-Din Baibars, tolerance of Christianity declined; the clergies left the town, and in 1263 the town walls were demolished. The Latin clergy returned to the town the following century, establishing themselves in the monastery adjoining the Basilica. The Greek Orthodox were given control of the basilica and shared control of the Grotto with the Latins and the Armenians.^[5]

[edit] Ottoman era

From 1517, during the years of Ottoman control, custody of the Basilica was bitterly disputed between the Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches.^[5] From 1831 to 1841, Palestine was under the rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt. During this period, the town suffered an earthquake as well as the destruction of the Muslim quarter by Ali's troops, apparently as a reprisal for murder and rape. In 1841, Bethlehem came under Ottoman rule once more and remained so until the end of the World War I.^[5]

[edit] Twentieth century

As a result of their victory in World War I, the Allies, particularly Britain and France, divided the captured Ottoman provinces into mandates. On September 29, 1923 Bethlehem and the majority of the territory west of the Jordan River fell under the control of the British Mandate of Palestine. In the United Nations General Assembly's 1947 resolution to partition Palestine, Bethlehem was included in the special international enclave of Jerusalem to be administered by the United Nations.^[8]

Jordan occupied the city during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.^[9] Many refugees from areas captured by Israeli forces in 1947-48 fled to the Bethlehem area, primarily settling in the what became the official refugee camps of Beit Jibrin (or al-'Azza) and 'Aida in the north and Dheisheh in the south.^[10]

Jordan retained control of the city until the Six-Day War in 1967, when Bethlehem was occupied by Israel, along with the rest of the West Bank. On December 24, 1995, Bethlehem was placed in Area A, putting the city under the complete administration and military control of the Palestinian National Authority in conformance with the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in 1995.^[11]

[edit] Second Intifada

During the Second Palestinian Intifada, which began in 2000-01, Bethlehem's infrastructure and tourism industry was severely damaged.^[12][13] In 2002, it was a primary combat zone in Operation Defensive Shield, a major military offensive by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), in response to numerous Palestinian suicide bombings in Israel. During the operation, the IDF besieged the Church of the Nativity, where about 200 Palestinians, including a group of militants sought refuge amid IDF advancements into the city. The siege lasted for five days and nine militants and the church's bellringer were killed. It ended with the exile of 13 militants to various European and African nations.^[14]

[edit] Geography and climate

Bethlehem stands at an elevation of about 775 meters (2,543 ft) above sea level, 30 meters (98 ft) higher than nearby Jerusalem.^[15] Bethlehem is situated on the southern portion in the Judean Mountains. The city is located 73 kilometers (45 mi) southeast of Gaza and the Mediterranean Sea, 75 kilometers (47 mi) west of Amman, Jordan, and 59 kilometers (37 mi) southeast of Tel Aviv, Israel.^[16] Nearby cities and towns include Beit Safafa and Jerusalem to the north, Beit Jala to the west, Beit Fajjar to the south and Beit Sahur to the east. Beit Jala and the latter form an agglomeration with Bethlehem.

Temperatures in the winter season, from mid-December to mid-March, can be cold and rainy. January is the coldest month, with temperatures ranging from 13 to 1 degree Celsius (55°–33 °F). From May through September, the weather is warm and sunny. August is the hottest month, with a high of 27 degrees Celsius (81°–63 °F). Bethlehem receives an average of 700 millimeters (27.6 in) of rainfall annually, 70% between November and January.^[17]

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Population

Year	Population
1945	8,820[18]
1961	22,450[19]
1983	16,300
1997	21,930[20]
2004 (Projected)	28,010
2005 (Projected)	29,020
2006 (Projected)	29,930

According to the PCBS, Bethlehem had a population of 29,930 in mid-year 2006.^[1] In the PCBS's 1997 census, the city had a population of 21,670, including a total of 6,570 refugees, accounting for 30.3% of the city's population.^[20][21] In 1998, the religious makeup of the city was 67% Sunni Muslim and 33% Christian, mostly of the Greek Orthodox and Catholic denominations.^[22] In 2005, the total Christian population decreased to about 20%.^[23] Despite Islam being Bethlehem's dominant religion, the only Muslim house of worship in the city is the Mosque of Omar located in the Manger Square.^[7]

In 1997, The age distribution of Bethlehem's inhabitants was 27.4% under the age of 10, 20% from 10 to 19, 17.3% from 20-29, 17.7% from 30 to 44, 12.1% from 45-64 and 5.3% above the age of 65. There were 11,079 males and 10,594 females.^[20]

[edit] Christian minority

See also: Palestinian Christian

The percentage of Christians in Bethlehem has been steadily falling, primarily due to continuous emigration. The lower birth rate among Christians as compared to Muslims also accounts for some of the decline. In 1947, Christians made up 75% of the population, but by 1998 this figure had dropped to 33%.^[22] The current mayor of Bethlehem, Dr. Victor Batarseh told the Voice of America that, "due to the stress, either physical or psychological, and the bad economic situation, many people are emigrating, either Christians or Muslims, but it is more apparent among Christians, because they already are a minority."^[24]

Palestinian Authority rule following the Interim Agreements is officially committed to equality for Bethlehem area Christians, although there have been a few incidents of violence against them by the Preventive Security Service and militant factions.^[25] The outbreak of the Second Intifada and the resultant decrease in tourism has also affected the Christian minority, leaving many economically stricken as they are the owners of many Bethlehem hotels and services which cater to foreign tourists.^[4] A statistical analysis of why Christians are leaving the area blamed the lack of economic and educational opportunities, especially due to the Christians' middle-class status and higher education.^[26]

A 2006 poll of Bethlehem's Christians conducted by the Palestinian Centre for Research and Cultural Dialogue, found that 90% reported having Muslim friends, 73.3% agreed that the Palestinian National Authority treats Christian heritage in the city with respect and 78% attributed the ongoing exodus of Christians from Bethlehem to the Israeli travel restrictions in the area.^[27]

The current Hamas government's official position has been to support the city's Christian population, though the party has been criticized by some anonymous residents for increasing the Islamic presence in the city by, for example, activating the call to prayer at a previously unused local mosque in a Christian neighborhood. Under Hamas, the Christian population has continued to suffer from a lack of law and order which has left it susceptible to land theft by local mafia who take advantage of ineffective courts and the perception that the Christian population is less likely to stand up for itself.^[28][29][30]

[edit] Economy

[edit] Shopping

Shopping is a major industry in Bethlehem, especially during the Christmas season. The city's main streets and old markets are lined with shops selling handicrafts, Middle Eastern spices, jewelry and oriental sweets such as baklawa.^[31]

The tradition of making handicrafts in the city dates back to its founding. Numerous shops in Bethlehem sell olive wood carvings, for which the city is renowned, made from the local olive groves.^[32] Religious products are a major industry in Bethlehem and they include ornaments handmade from olive wood and mother-of-pearl; and olive wood statues, boxes, and crosses.^[32]

Bethlehem has a wine industry, Cremisan Wine, that was founded in 1885, currently exporting wine to several countries. The wine is produced by the monks in the Monastery of Cremisan, and the majority of the grapes are harvested from the al-Khader area. The monastery’s wine production is around 700,000 liters per year.^[33]

[edit] Tourism

Tourism is Bethlehem's primary industry and unlike other Palestinian localities before 2000, the majority of the residents did not work in Israel.^[12] Tourism accounts for approximately 65% of the city's economy.^[34]

The Church of the Nativity is one of Bethlehem's major tourist attractions and a magnet for Christian pilgrims. It stands in the center of Bethlehem in Manger Square, over a grotto or cave called the Holy Crypt, where Jesus was born according to Christian tradition. Nearby is the grotto where Jerome is said to have spent thirty years translating the Hebrew Scriptures into Latin.^[5]

[edit] Culture

[edit] Embroidery

Before the establishment of Israel as a state, Bethlehem costumes and embroidery were popular in villages throughout the Judaean Hills and the coastal plain. The women embroiderers of Bethlehem and the neighboring villages of Beit Jala and Beit Sahour were known to be professional producers of wedding costumes.^[35] Bethlehem was a center for embroidery producing a "strong overall effect of colors and metallic brilliance."^[36]

Less formal dresses in Bethlehem were generally made of indigo fabric and a sleeveless coat (bisht), made from locally woven wool, was worn over top. Dresses for special occasions were made of striped silk with winged sleeves and the short taqsireh jacket, known throughout Palestinian as the Bethlehem jacket, was worn over it. The taqsireh was made of velvet or broadcloth, usually with heavy embroidery.^[35]

Bethlehem work was unique in its use of couched gold or silver cord, or silk cord onto the silk, wool, felt or velvet used for the garment, to create stylized floral patterns with free or rounded lines. This technique was used for "royal" wedding dresses (thob malak), taqsirehs and the shatwehs worn by married women. It has been traced by some to Byzantium, and by others to the more formal costumes of the Ottoman Empire's elite. As Bethlehem was a Christian village, local women were also exposed to the detailing on church vestments with their heavy embroidery and silver brocade.^[35]

[edit] Museums

Bethlehem has four museums located within its municipal borders. The Crib of the Nativity Theatre and Museum offers visitors 31 3D models depicting the significant stages of the life of Jesus. Its theater presents a 20 minute animated show. The Badd Giacaman Museum dates back to the 18th century and is primarily dedicated to the history and process of olive oil production. Baituna al-Talhami Museum, established in 1972, contains displays of the culture of Bethlehem's inhabitants.^[3] The International Museum of Nativity was designed by UNESCO for the purpose of showing works of "high artistic quality in an evocative atmosphere".^[3]

[edit] Cultural centers

Bethlehem is home to the Palestinian Heritage Center, established in 1991. The center aims to preserve and promote Palestinian embroidery, art and folklore.^[37] The International Center of Bethlehem is another cultural center that concentrates primarily on the culture of Bethlehem. It provides language and guide training, woman's studies and arts and crafts displays, and training.^[3]

A branch of the the Edward Said National Conservatory of Music is located in Bethlehem and has about 500 students. Its primary goals are to teach children music, train teachers for other schools, sponsor music research, and the study of Palestinian folklore music.^[38][39]

[edit] Christmas celebrations

Christmas rites are held in Bethlehem on three different dates: December 24 is the traditional date by the Roman Catholic and Protestant denominations, but Greek, Coptic and Syrian Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas on January 6 and Armenian Orthodox Christians on January 19.^[40] Most Christmas processions pass through Manger Square, the plaza outside the Basilica of the Nativity. Catholic services take place in St. Catherine's Church and Protestants often hold services at Shepherds' Fields.^[41]

[edit] Government

The Bethlehem Municipal Council has fifteen elected members including the mayor and deputy mayor. A special statute requires that the mayor and a majority of the municipal council must be Christian, while the remainder are open seats, not restricted to any religion.^[4] There are several branches of political parties on the council, including Communist, Islamist, and secular. The leftist factions of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Palestinian People's Party (PPP) usually dominate the reserved seats. Hamas gained the majority of the open seats in 2005 Bethlehem is the muhfaza (seat) or district capital of the Bethlehem Governorate.^[42]

Elected Candidates of the Bethlehem municipal elections of 2005

Rank	List	Candidate name	Religion
1	Brotherhood & Development (PFLP)	Victor Batarseh	†
2	United Bethlehem (Fatah and PPP)	Antun Salman	†
3	Reform (Hamas)	Hasan al-Masalma	☪
4	United Bethlehem (Fatah and PPP)	Afram Asmari	†
5	Wafaa (Palestinian Islamic Jihad)	Isa Zawahara	☪
6	United Bethlehem (Fatah and PPP)	Khalil Chawka	☪
7	Reform (Hamas)	Khalid Jadu	☪
8	Hope & Labour (Fatah)	Zughbi Zughbi	†
9	Reform (Hamas)	Nabil al-Hraymi	☪
10	Reform (Hamas)	Salih Chawka	☪
11	Reform (Hamas)	Yusuf al-Natsha	☪
12	Brotherhood & Development (PFLP)	Nina 'Atwan	†
13	Brotherhood & Development (PFLP)	George Sa'ada	†
14	Independent	Nadir al-Saqa	†
15	United Bethlehem (Fatah and PPP)	Duha al-Bandak	†

[edit] Mayors

The mayor and the deputy mayor of Bethlehem are required by municipal law to be Christian.^[4]

Mikhail Abu Saadeh - 1876 Khalil Yaqub - 1880 Suleiman Yusuf Jacir - 1884 Issa Abdullah Marcus - 1888 Yaqub Khalil Elias - 1892 Hanna Mansur - 1895-1915 Salim Issa al-Batarseh - 1916-17 Salah Giries Jaqaman - 1917-21 Musa Qattan - 1921-25 Hanna Ibrahim Miladah - 1926-28 Nicoloa Attalah Shain - 1929-33

Hanna Issa al-Qawwas - 1936-46 Issa Basil Bandak - 1946-51 Elias Issa Bandak - 1951-53 Afif Salm Batarseh - 1952-53 Elias Issa Bandak - 1953-57 Ayyub Musallam - 1958-62 Elias 'Issa Bandak - 1963-72 Elias Freij - 1972-97 Hanna Nasser - 1997-2005 Victor Batarseh (current) - 2005-[43][44]

[edit] Education

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), in 1997, approximately 84% of Bethlehem's population over the age of 10 was literate. Of the city's population, 10,414 were enrolled in schools (4,015 in primary school, 3,578 in secondary and 2,821 in high school). About 14.1% of high school students received diplomas.^[45] There were 135 schools in the Bethlehem Governorate in 2006; 100 run the Education Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority, seven by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and 28 were private.^[46]

Bethlehem is home to Bethlehem University, a Catholic Christian co-educational institution of higher learning founded in 1973 in the Lasallian tradition, open to students of all faiths. Bethlehem University is the first university established in the West Bank, and can trace its roots to 1893 when the De La Salle Christian Brothers opened schools throughout Palestine and Egypt.^[47]

[edit] Transportation

[edit] Bus service

Bethlehem has four privately owned bus stations which offer service to Jerusalem, Hebron, Nahalin, Battir and Beit Fajjar. Buses and taxis with West Bank licenses are not allowed to enter Israel, including Jerusalem, without a permit.^[48]

[edit] Movement restrictions

The Israeli construction of the West Bank barrier has had an impact on Bethlehem politically, socially, and economically. The barrier runs along the northern side of the town's built-up area, within meters of houses in 'Aida refugee camp on one side, and the Jerusalem municipality on the other.^[12]

Most entrances and exits from the Bethlehem agglomeration to the rest of the West Bank are currently subject to Israeli checkpoints and roadblocks. The level of access varies based on Israeli security directives. Travel for Bethlehem's Palestinian residents from the West Bank into Israeli-annexed Jerusalem is regulated by a permit-system.^[49] Acquiring such permits to enter, what in the past served in many ways as an urban anchor to Bethlehem, has become exceedingly rare since the onset of the violence surrounding the Second Intifada, though Israel has subsequently erected a terminal to ease transit between the two adjoining cities.^[12][50]

Palestinians are not allowed to enter the Jewish holy site of Rachel's Tomb, which is on the outskirts of the city, without a permit. Since Bethlehem and the nearby biblical Solomon's Pools lie in Area A (territory under both PNA military and civil administration), Israeli citizens are barred without a permit from the Israeli military authorities.^[12]

[edit] Sister cities

Bethlehem has the following sister cities.^[51]

Marrickville, Australia. Steyr, Austria. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Valinhos, Brazil. Třebechovice pod Orebem, Czech Republic. Villa Alemana, Chile. Concepción, Chile. Paray-le-Monial, France. Strasbourg, France. Athens, Greece. Cologne, Germany.[52] Florence, Italy. Greccio, Italy. Milan, Italy. Assisi, Italy. Orvieto, Italy.

Pavia, Italy.[53] Verona, Italy. Monterrey, Mexico. Rabat, Morocco. The Hague, Netherlands. Sarpsborg, Norway. Cusco, Peru. Saint Petersburg, Russia. Pretoria, South Africa. Zaragoza, Spain.[54] Cordoba, Spain. Leganés, Spain. Glasgow, Scotland. Burlington, Vermont. Orlando, Florida.

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Star of Bethlehem
• Bethlehem of Galilee
• Municipal election in Bethlehem, 2005‎

[edit] External links

• Bethlehem Municipality
• Bethlehem Peace Center
• Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land website - pages on Bethlehem
• Bible Land Library
• Bethlehem 2000 project
• Open Bethlehem civil society project
• Bethlehem University
• Wikitravel: Bethlehem
• Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem
• Bethlehem: Muslim-Christian living together
• Photo Gallery of Bethlehem from 2007

v • d • e Cities and towns in the West Bank
Palestinian	Bethlehem • al-Bireh • Hebron • Jenin • Jericho • Jerusalem (partial) • Nablus • Qalqilyah • Ramallah • Tubas • Tulkarm • Yatta
Israeli	Ariel • Beitar Illit • Jerusalem (partial) • Ma'ale Adumim