Forced labor in Germany during World War II

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Use of forced labor in Nazi Germany during World War II occurred on a scale unprecedented in human history.^{[citation needed]} It was an important part of the German economical exploitation of conquered territories; it also contributed to the extermination of populations of German–occupied Europe. The Germans abducted about 12 million people from almost twenty European countries; about two thirds of whom came from Eastern Europe.^[1] Many workers died as a result of their living conditions and Allied air raids. They received little or no compensation during or after the war.^{[citation needed]}

Contents 1 Forced workers 2 Extreme cases: extermination through labour 3 Controversy over compensation 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links 8 Further reading

[edit] Forced workers

Hitler's policy of Lebensraum strongly emphasized the conquest of new lands in the East (see Generalplan Ost), and the exploitation of these lands to provide cheap goods and labor to Germany. Even before the war, Nazi Germany maintained a supply of slave labour. This practice started from the early days of labour camps of "undesirables" (German: unzuverlässige Elemente), such as the homeless, homosexual and criminals as well as political dissidents, communists, Jews, and anyone that the regime wanted out of the way. During World War II the Nazis operated several categories of Arbeitslager (labor camps) for different categories of inmates. Prisoners in Nazi labor camps were worked to death on short rations and in bad conditions, or killed if they became unable to work. Millions died as a direct result of forced labour under the Nazis.^[2]

The largest number of labor camps held civilians forcibly abducted in the occupied countries (see Łapanka) to provide labor in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges or work on farms. As the war progressed, the use of slave labour experienced massive growth. Prisoners of war and civilian "undesirables" were brought in from occupied territories. Millions of Jews, Slavs and other conquered peoples were used as slave labourers by German corporations such as Thyssen, Krupp, IG Farben and even Fordwerke - a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company.^[3] About 12 million forced laborers, most of whom were Eastern Europeans, were employed in the German war economy inside the Nazi Germany throughout the war.^[4][5] More than 2000 German companies profited from slave labor during the Nazi era, including Daimler-Benz, Deutsche Bank, Siemens, Volkswagen, Hoechst, Dresdner Bank, Krupp, Allianz, BASF, Bayer, BMW and Degussa.^[6][7]

A class system was created amongst „Fremdarbeiter [foreign workers]“ brought to Germany to work for the Reich. The multi-layered system was based on layers of national hierarchies developed like a ladder.

1) „Gastarbeitnehmer [guest workers]“ - Workers from Germanic, Scandinavian countries, Italy or other German allies (Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary). This was a very small group, only about 1% of foreign workers in Germany came from countries that were neutral or allied to Germany.^[1]

2) „Zwangsarbeiter [forced worker]“

• a) „Militärinternierte [military internees]“ For example, almost all Polish non-officer prisoners of war (~300,000) were forced to work in Germany. In 1944 there were almost two million prisoners of war employed as forced laborers in Germany.^[8]

• b) „Zivilarbeiter [civilian workers]“. Primarily Polish prisoners from the „General Government“ - They received lower wages and could not use public conveniences (such as public transport) or visit many public spaces and businesses (for example they could not attend a German church service, swimming pools or restaurant); they had to work longer hours than Germans; they received smaller food rations; they were subject to a curfew; they often were denied holidays and had to work 7 days a week; could not enter a marriage without permission; possession of money or objects of value, bicycles, cameras or lighters was forbidden; and they were required to wear a sign - the „Polish-P“ - attached to their clothing. In 1939 there were about 300,000 of them in Germany;^[1] In 1944 there were about 2,8m Polish Zivilarbeiter in Germany (approximately 10% of Generalgouvernement workforce)^[9] and a similar number of workers in this category from other countries^[1].

• c) „Ostarbeiter [Eastern workers]“ Soviet civil workers primarily from Ukraine. They were marked with a sign OST („East“), had to live in camps that were fenced with barbed wire and under guard, and were particularly exposed to the arbitrariness of the Gestapo and the industrial plant guards. Estimates put the number of OST Arbeiters between 3 million and 5.5 million.^[10]

In general, foreign laborers from Western Europe had similar gross earnings and were subject to similar taxation as German workers. In contrast, the central and eastern European forced laborers received at most about one-half the gross earnings paid to German workers and much fewer social benefits.^[1] Forced laborers who were prisoners of labor or concentration camps received little if any wage and benefits.^[1] The deficiency in net earnings of central and eastern European forced laborers (versus forced laborers from western countries) is illustrated by the wage savings forced laborers were able to transfer to their families at home or abroad (see table above).

The official German records for the late summer of 1944 listed 7.6 million foreign civilian workers and prisoners of war in the territory of the „Greater German Reich“, who for the most part had been brought there for employment by force. By 1944, slave labour made up one quarter of Germany's entire work force, and the majority of German factories had a contingent of prisoners.^[11][12] The Nazis also had plans for the deportation and enslavement of Britain's adult male population in the event of a successful invasion. ^[13]

Foreign Civilian Forced Laborers in Nazi Germany by Country of Origin, January 1944.^[a] Source: Beyer & Schneider^[1]

Countries	Number	% of total	Transfers per laborer in Reichsmarks
OCCUPIED EASTERN EUROPE	4,183,000	64.8	~15
Czechoslovakia	248,000	5.4
Poland	1,400,000	21.7	33.5
Yugoslavia	270,000	4.2
USSR	2,165,000	33.6	4
OCCUPIED WESTERN EUROPE	2,175,000	33.7	~700
France (except Alsace-Lorraine)	1,100,000	17.1	487
Norway	2,000	0.0
Denmark	23,000	0.4
Netherlands	350,000	5.4
Belgium	500,000	7.8	913
Greece	20,000	0.3
Italy	180,000	2.8	1,471
GERMAN ALLIES AND NEUTRAL COUNTRIES	82,000	1.4
Hungary	25,000	0.4
Bulgaria	35,000	0.5
Romania	6,000	0.1
Spain	8,000	0.1
Switzerland	18,000	0.3

[edit] Extreme cases: extermination through labour

Main article: Extermination through labour

Millions of Jews were forced laborers in ghettos, before they were shipped off to extermination camps. The Nazis also operated concentration camps, some of which provided free forced labor for industrial and other jobs while others existed purely for the extermination of their inmates. Ironically, at the entrances to a number of camps a German phrase meaning "work brings freedom" (Arbeit macht frei) was placed. A notable example of labor-concentration camp is the Mittelbau-Dora labor camp complex that serviced the production of the V-2 rocket. See List of German concentration camps for more. Extermination through labour was a Nazi German World War II principle that regulated the aims and purposes of most of their labour and concentration camps.^[14][15] The rule demanded that the inmates of German WWII camps be forced to work for the German war industry with only basic tools and minimal food rations until totally exhausted.^{[16][17][14][18]}

[edit] Controversy over compensation

To facilitate the rebuilding of German economy after the war, certain groups of Nazi victims were excluded from direct compensation through the German Government; those were the groups with the least amount of political pressure they could have brought to bear, and many forced laborers from the Eastern Europe fall into that category.^[19] Since the end of the war, there has been little initiative on the part of the German government or German industry to compensate the forced laborers under the Third Reich.^[1]

As stated in the London Debt Agreement of 1953: Consideration of claims arising out of the Second World War by countries which were at war with or were occupied by Germany during that war, and by nationals of such countries, against the Reich and agencies of the Reich, including costs of German occupation, credits acquired during occupation on clearing accounts and claims against the Reichskreditkassen shall be deferred until the final settlement of the problem of reparations. To this date there are arguments that such settlement has never been fully completed, and that Germany post-war development has been greatly aided by that, while the development of victim countries stalled.^[1]

A prominent example of a group which received almost no compensation for their time as forced laborer in Nazi Germany are the Polish forced laborers. According to the Potsdam Agreements of l945, the Poles were to receive reparations not from Germany itself, but from the Soviet Union share of those repatriations; due to the Soviet pressure on the Polish communist government the Poles agreed to a system of repayment that de facto meant that few Polish victims received any sort of adequate compensation (comparable to the victims in Western Europe or Soviet Union itself). Most of the Polish share of repatriations was "given" to Poland by Soviet Union under the Comecon framework, which was not only highly inefficient, but benefited Soviet Union much more than Poland. Under further Soviet pressure (related to the London Agreement on German External Debts), in 1953 the People's Republic of Poland announced its waiver of further claims of reparations from the succesor states of the German Reich. Only after the fall of communism in Poland in 1989/1990 did the Polish government try to renegotiate the issue of repatriations, but found little support in this from the German side and none from the Soviet (later, Russian) side.^[19]

The total number of forced laborers under the Third Reich who were still alive as of August 1999 was 2.3 million.^[1] The German Forced Labour Compensation Programme was estabilished only in 2000; a forced labour fund paid out more than 4.37 billion euros to close to 1.7 million of then-living victims around the world (one-off payments of between 2,500 to 7,500 euros).^[20] Germany Chancellor Angela Merkel stated in 2007 that "Many former forced labourers have finally received the promised humanitarian aid"; she also conceded that before the fund was estabilished nothing had gone directly to the forced labourers.^[20] German president Horst Koehler stated ^[20] "It was an initiative that was urgently needed along the journey to peace and reconciliation... At least, with these symbolic payments, the suffering of the victims has been publicly acknowledged after decades of being forgotten". Up to date there has been no compensation to families of victims who died before the fund started its operation.

[edit] See also

• Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union
• Holocaust
• Hunger Plan
• Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany
• Organisation Todt
• Sexual enslavement by Nazi Germany in WWII
• Ulrich Herbert (German historian who has conducted much research into the issue of Nazi forced labor)

[edit] Notes

a. ^{^}  By January 1944, Italy has switched sides and is included in Occupied Western Europe. Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania would not switch sides till summer 1944 and are included in German allies section.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• yadvashem.org, Forced Labor
• (Polish) Walentyna Maria Stefańska , Polscy robotnicy przymusowi w Niemczech w czasie II wojny światowej
• dw-world.de, Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers, 27.10.2005
• Compensation for Forced Labour in World War II: The German Compensation Law of 2 August 2000
• USHMM SYMPOSIUM (2002): Forced and Slave Labor in Nazi-Dominated Europe, 1933 to 1945

[edit] Further reading

• Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, Viking, 2007, pp. 476–85, 538–49, ISBN 0670038261
• Ulrich Herbert, Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany Under the Third Reich, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0521470005
• Edward L. Homze, review of Benjamin B. Ferencz, Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation, The American Historical Review, Vol. 85, No. 5 (Dec., 1980), p. 1225, JSTOR - review