Book of Mormon

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The Book of Mormon [1] is one of the sacred texts of the Latter Day Saint movement. It is regarded by Latter Day Saints as divinely revealed and is named after the prophet–historian Mormon who, according to the text, compiled most of the book. It was published by the founder of the LDS movement, Joseph Smith, Jr., in March 1830 in Palmyra, New York, USA.

Along with the Bible the Book of Mormon is esteemed as part of the canon of sacred scripture by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Community of Christ and other churches that claim Joseph Smith as their founder. In 1982, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints added the subtitle Another Testament of Jesus Christ to its editions of the book to help clarify and emphasize its purpose.

[edit] Origin of the Book of Mormon

Main article: Origin of the Book of Mormon

The Book of Mormon was first published by Joseph Smith, Jr. in March 1830 in Palmyra, New York. According to Smith's written account, the book is a translation of gold plates which contained the writings of prophets in ancient Meso-America between approximately 600 BC and AD 400 which were buried by Moroni, the last of these prophets, at Hill Cumorah, New York before his death. Smith said that on September 22, 1827 he received the plates from the angel Moroni and was directed to translate them using two stones called the Urim and Thummim that were deposited with the plates. In addition to Smith's account, eleven others signed affidavits that they had seen the gold plates for themselves. Their written testimonies are known as The Testimony of Three Witnesses and The Testimony of Eight Witnesses. These affidavits are published as part of the book.[2]

Critics of the Book of Mormon claim that the book was either the original creation of Joseph Smith (with or without the assistance of one or more of his associates) or based on a prior work such as View of the Hebrews. Serious unresolved issues of the book's historicity and the lack of conclusive archaeological evidence have led some faithful LDS to adopt a compromise position that the Book of Mormon may be the creation of Joseph Smith, but that it was created through divine inspiration.[3]


A painting of Joseph Smith Jr. receiving the Golden Plates from the angel Moroni.
A painting of Joseph Smith Jr. receiving the Golden Plates from the angel Moroni.

[edit] Content

[edit] Purpose and Organization

The book's purpose, as stated on its title page, "is to show the remnant of the House of Israel what great things the Lord has done for their fathers" and to convince "Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ, the Eternal God, manifesting himself to all nations."[4]

The format of the Book of Mormon is a compilation of smaller "books". Each of the books is named after the prophet or leader who is named as the author of the book. The Book of Mormon is composed of the following books

The book's sequence is primarily chronological based on the narrative content of the book. Exceptions include the "Words of Mormon" and the "Book of Ether". The "Words of Mormon" contains editorial comment by Mormon. The Book of Ether is presented as the narrative of an earlier group of people to have come to America before the immigration described in First Nephi. The books of First Nephi through Omni are written in first-person narrative, as are Mormon and Moroni. The remainder of the Book of Mormon is written in third-person historical narrative, compiled and abridged by Mormon (with Moroni abridging the "Book of Ether").

The version published by the LDS Church is known as "The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ". In addition to the main body of the work, it contains the following:

  • A modern day introduction written by church leaders
  • The "Testimony of Three Witnesses", the "Testimony of Eight Witnesses", and the "Testimony of the Prophet Joseph Smith" (as it concerns the Book of Mormon)
  • A brief explanation of the contents of the book
  • Chapter headings[5]
  • A "pronouncing guide" to names and places in the Book of Mormon
  • Footnotes and cross-references to the Bible
  • An index of doctrinal teachings.

[edit] Chronology

See also Various Book of Mormon people

The following dates, people, and authors are identified within the Book of Mormon. A more detailed description is available on a Book of Mormon chronology chart produced by the LDS Church [6].

The books from 1 Nephi to Omni are described as being from "the small plates of Nephi". This account begins in ancient Jerusalem around 600 BC, at roughly the same time as the Book of Jeremiah in the Bible. It tells the story of Lehi, his family, and several others as they are led by God from Jerusalem shortly before the fall of that city to the Babylonians in 586 BC. They travel across the Arabian peninsula, and then to the promised land (the Americas) [7] by ship. These books recount the group's dealings from approximately 600 BC to about 130 BC. During this time, the community split into two main groups, the Nephites and the Lamanites, and grew into separate sizable civilizations that war with each other.

Following this section is the Words of Mormon. This small book, said to be written in AD 385 by Mormon, is a short introduction to the books of Mosiah, Alma, Helaman, 3 Nephi, and 4 Nephi. These books are described as being abridged from a large quantity of existing records called "the large plates of Nephi" that detailed the nation's history from the time of Omni to Mormon's own life. The book of 3 Nephi is of particular importance because it contains an account of a visit by Jesus from heaven to the Americas sometime after his resurrection at Jerusalem and ascension. During his American ministry, he repeated much of the same doctrine and instruction given in the Gospels of the Bible and established an enlightened, peaceful society which endured for several generations, but which eventually broke into warring factions again.

Mormon is an account of the events during Mormon's life. Mormon received the charge of taking care of the records that had been hidden, once he was old enough. Mormon writes an account of the wars, his leading of portions of the Nephite army, and his retrieving and caring for the records. Mormon eventually is killed, after he hands down the records to his son Moroni.

Moroni then makes an abridgment (called Ether) of a record from a previous people called the Jaredites. The account describes a group of families led from the Tower of Babel [8] to the Americas, headed by a man named Jared and his brother. The Jaredite civilization is presented as existing on the American continent long before Lehi's family arrived in 600 BC, beginning about 2500 B.C., [9] and it was much larger and more developed.

The book of Moroni then details the final destruction of the Nephites and the idolatrous state of the remaining society. He adds a few spiritual insights and mentions some important doctrinal teachings, then closes with his testimony and an invitation to pray to God for a confirmation of the truthfulness of the account.

[edit] Major themes

[edit] Another Testament of Christ

The crowning event of the Book of Mormon is the visitation of the resurrected Jesus to the Nephites around AD 34, shortly after his ministry in Galilee.[10] Many of the writers in the book teach about Jesus. There are 239 chapters in the Book of Mormon and 233 include Jesus Christ in some way[11].

An angel prophesied to Nephi that Jesus' birth would be 600 years from the time he and his family left Jerusalem.[12] Many prophets in the Book of Mormon, beginning with Lehi and Nephi, saw in visions the birth, ministry, and death of Jesus,[13] and were told his name.[14] At the time of King Benjamin, the Nephite believers were called "the children of Christ".[15] The faithful members of the church at the time of Captain Moroni (73 BC) were called "Christians" by their enemies, because of their belief in Jesus Christ.[16] For nearly 200 years after Jesus' appearance at the temple in the Americas,[17] the land was filled with peace and prosperity because of the people's obedience to his commandments.[18] The great prophet-general Mormon worked to convince the faithless people of his time of Christ (AD 360), and Moroni buried the plates with faith in Christ.[19] Many others also bore witness to the reality of the Messiah.

[edit] Many doctrinal teachings

The following teachings are considered especially important in the Book of Mormon:

  • Jesus spoke to the Jews in Jerusalem of “other sheep” who would hear his voice,[20] which the Book of Mormon claims meant that the Nephites and other remnants of the lost tribes of Israel throughout the world were to be visited by Jesus after his resurrection.[21]
  • The Old Testament prophet Isaiah spoke of prophets who would "whisper out of the dust."[22]. The Book of Mormon interprets this as a reference to itself. [23].
  • The land of the Jaredites, Nephites, and Lamanites is choice above all other lands.[24]
  • "Inasmuch as ye keep [the Lord's] commandments, ye shall prosper in the land, but inasmuch as ye keep not my commandments, ye shall be cut off from [His] presence."[25]
  • Men and women are "free to choose liberty and eternal life, through the great Mediator of all men, or to choose captivity and death, according to the captivity and power of the devil; for he seeketh that all men might be miserable like unto himself."[26]
  • All mankind must be born again, for the natural man is an enemy to God until he yields to the holy spirit and is born of Christ, being changed to a state of righteousness, becoming his son or daughter.[27]
  • "Adam fell that men might be, and men are, that they might have joy."[28] Partaking of the fruit of the tree of life, which tree "is the love of God, which sheddeth itself abroad in the hearts of the children of men" and "is the most desirable above all things" will bring the most joy to the soul.[29]
  • Between death and the resurrection the spirit returns to God and awaits the resurrection. At the resurrection, the spirit and body shall be reunited, not one hair of the head shall be lost, and this resurrection shall come to all.[30]
  • Giving to the poor is emphasized as a necessary aspect of living the gospel of Christ.[31] Service to others is essential, and is the same as serving God.[32]
  • The Lord "denieth none that come unto him, black and white, bond and free, male and female; and he remembereth the heathen; and all are alike unto God, both Jew and Gentile".[33]

[edit] Religious significance

[edit] Role of the Book of Mormon in Mormonism

[edit] Role within the LDS Church

Church members officially regard the Book of Mormon as the "most correct" book of scripture. Joseph Smith told of receiving a revelation condemning the "whole church" for treating the Book of Mormon and the former commandments lightly. "Former commandments" is understood to mean the Holy Bible. The importance of studying the Book of Mormon in addition to the Bible has been stressed by every church president since Joseph Smith.

The Book of Mormon’s significance was reiterated in the late 20th century by Ezra Taft Benson, Apostle and 13th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In an August 2005 Ensign message, then LDS President Gordon B. Hinckley challenged each member of the church to reread the Book of Mormon before year's end. The book’s importance is commonly stressed at the twice-yearly general conference and at special devotionals by general authorities.

[edit] Role within the Community of Christ

The Community of Christ views the Book of Mormon as an additional witness of Jesus Christ and publishes two versions of the book through its official publishing arm, Herald House. The Authorized Edition is based on the original printer's manuscript and the 1837 Second Edition (or Kirtland Edition) of the Book of Mormon. Its content is similar to the Book of Mormon published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, but the versification is different. Community of Christ also publishes a 1966 "Revised Authorized Edition" which attempts to modernize some of the language.

In 2001, Community of Christ President W. Grant McMurray reflected on increasing questions about the Book of Mormon: "The proper use of the Book of Mormon as sacred scripture has been under wide discussion in the 1970s and beyond, in part because of long-standing questions about its historicity and in part because of perceived theological inadequacies, including matters of race and ethnicity."[34] While these comments are noteworthy, they could easily be mistaken as representative of some sort of official stance or prevailing opinion. It is therefore important to note that his comments, as quoted, were in fact a summation of his own personal opinion on the subject, and were not part of any official discourse.

At the 2007 Community of Christ World Conference, President Stephen M. Veazey ruled a resolution to "reaffirm the Book of Mormon as a divinely inspired record" out of order. In so doing he stated that "while the Church affirms the Book of Mormon as scripture, and makes it available for study and use in various languages, we do not attempt to mandate the degree of belief or use. This position is in keeping with our longstanding tradition that belief in the Book of Mormon is not to be used as a test of fellowship or membership in the church."[35]

[edit] Moroni's Promise

The book invites the reader to make a personal investigation into the truthfulness of the book and is associated with a promise written in the final chapter. This promise states that after reading the message of the Book of Mormon, anyone who wants to know the truth should ask God if it is true. The book promises that God will give them an undeniable sign of its truthfulness.[36] This is often referred to as Moroni's Promise.

[edit] Historicity

Main article: Historicity of the Book of Mormon

Critics of the Book of Mormon's historicity focus on several major issues.

  • Few scholars identify any correlation between locations named or described in the Book of Mormon and any recognized Mesoamerican or other American archaeological site.
  • Many animals, plants and technologies named in the Book of Mormon did not exist in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans at the end of the 15th century.
  • There is no linguistic connection between any known Native American language or language family and any Near Eastern language or language family.[37]
  • Mayan writing has no relationship to any Near Eastern writing system.[38]
  • Known Mayan records written during the period identified in the Book of Mormon make no mention of people or places named in the Book of Mormon.
  • DNA evidence shows no Near Eastern component in the Native American genetic makeup.[39]

[edit] Editions

Version of the Book of Mormon published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Version of the Book of Mormon published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

The Book of Mormon is published today by the following publishers:

  • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under the expanded title The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ (since 1982)
  • Herald House for the Community of Christ as The Book of Mormon - Revised Authorized Version (1966) and The Book of Mormon - Authorized Version (1908)
  • The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) as The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates taken from the Plates of Nephi — an original edition compiled by a committee made up of Church of Jesus Christ apostles: Thurman S. Furnier, Charles Ashton and William H. Cadman
  • Richard Drew, Burlington (Voree), Wisconsin for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite); a photo enlarged facsimile of the 1840 edition
  • Zarahemla Research Foundation as The Book of Mormon - Restored Covenant Edition
  • The University of Illinois Press as The Book of Mormon: A Reader's Edition (2003) (this edition is based on the 1920 LDS edition)
  • Doubleday under the title The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ (2004)
  • Herald Heritage (Herald House) (1970) 1830 Facsimile copy reproduction.
  • ExperiencePress.org (2006) of two reprints of the 1830 edition. The type was reset to match word, line & page the text of the original 1830 edition with one categorical exception: all known original typographical errors were corrected.[40]

[edit] Changes to original text

Church critics, including Richard Abanes and Jerald and Sandra Tanner, claim that the original versions of the Book of Mormon contained substantial evidence that Joseph Smith fabricated the Book of Mormon.[41][42] Critics claim that the LDS church has frequently revised the Book of Mormon in order to delete the evidence that shows that the book was fabricated.[43] The Tanners have documented almost 4000 changes in the Book of Mormon.[44] These changes include spelling, hundreds of grammatical errors that are systematic and not attributable to type-setting, and wording changes such as changing "King Benjamin" to "King Mosiah".[45] or the addition of the phrase "or out of the waters of baptism".[46]

However, supporters of the Book of Mormon maintain that correctness need not refer to the translation, the grammar, or the spelling, only to the content, notably the doctrine. Since Joseph Smith later made corrections to the text of the Book of Mormon, on both copies of the manuscript (the original and the copy prepared for the printer) and in later editions, it seems clear that he did not consider the book to be an infallible translation as it first appeared in print. The Book of Mormon itself indicates that it may contain errors made by the men who wrote it.[47] The vast majority of the changes noted by the Tanners have been discussed in official Church publications including the Ensign, Improvement Era, Millennial Star and Times and Seasons, and are consistent with early pre- and post-publication edits made by Joseph Smith. Some corrections were made due to earlier print or copy errors, or changes in punctuation.[48]

Since 1989, the LDS Church's Brigham Young University has been publishing a critical text edition in four volumes. Volumes 1 and 2, published in 2001, contain transcriptions of all the text variants of the English editions of the Book of Mormon, from the original manuscript up to the newest editions.[49] Volume 4, which is being published in parts, contains a critical analysis of all the text variants. Meanwhile, Volume 3, not yet published, will describe the history of all the English-language texts from Joseph Smith to today.[50]

[edit] Non-English translations

Translations of The Book of Mormon.
Translations of The Book of Mormon.
See also: List of Book of Mormon translations

The complete Book of Mormon has been published by the LDS Church in 81 languages and is currently available in 78 languages. Selections of the Book of Mormon have been translated by the LDS Church into an additional 27 languages. In 2001, the church reported that all or part of the Book of Mormon was available in the native language of 99% of Latter-day Saints and 87% of the world's total population.[51]

Translations in primarily oral languages are available on audio cassette. Translations into American Sign Language are available on videocassette and DVD.

Typically, translators are members of the LDS Church who are employed by the church and translate the text from the original English. Each manuscript is reviewed many times before it is approved and published.[52]

In 1998, the LDS Church stopped translating selections from the Book of Mormon. The church announced that each new translation it approves will be a full edition.[53]

[edit] Further reading

  • Maxwell Institute Books available online
  • George Potter and Richard Wellington (2003). Lehi in the Wilderness: 81 New Documented Evidences That the Book of Mormon Is a True History. Cedar Fort. ISBN 1555176410. 
  • Noel B. Reynolds (1997). Book of Mormon Authorship Revisited: The Evidence for Ancient Origins. Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies(FARMS). ISBN 093489325X. 
  • Wesley Ziegler (2004). An Analysis of the Book of Mormon. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1417968559. 
  • Elder William A. Morton (2004). Book of Mormon Ready Reference. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1417968508. 
  • John Henry Evans (2004). Message and Characters of the Book of Mormon. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1417968184. 
  • William E. Berrett and Milton R. Hunter (2004). A Guide to the Study of the Book of Mormon. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1417968826. 
  • Brent Lee Metcalfe. New Approaches to the Book of Mormon: Explorations in Critical Methodology. signature Books. ISBN 1560850175. 
  • Dan Vogel and Brent Metcalfe (editors). American Apocrypha:Essays on the Book of Mormon. Signature Books. ISBN 1560851511. 
  • Grant H. Palmer (2002). An Insider's View of Mormon Origins. Signature Books. 
  • Fawn M. Brodie (1971). No Man Knows My History. Knopf. 

[edit] External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Book of Mormon Portal
Latter-day Saints Portal

[edit] Links to texts

[edit] Links to articles about

[edit] Official sources

[edit] Apologetic views

[edit] Critical views and websites

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Originally, The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi; the latest LDS Church version is entitled The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ
  2. ^ Joseph Smith—History 1:60
  3. ^ Grant H. Palmer. 2002. An Insider's View of Mormon Origins. Salt Lake City, Signature Books.
    Brent Lee Metcalfe, ed. 1993. New Approaches to the Book of Mormon: Explorations in Critical Methodology. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.
  4. ^ Book of Mormon Title Page
  5. ^ Many of the chapter headings were written by Bruce R. McConkie, an Apostle
  6. ^ http://lds.org/gospellibrary/materials/BofMChart000.pdf
  7. ^ http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/18/23#23
  8. ^ http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ether/1 See verse 3
  9. ^ Sacred Sites: Searching for Book of Mormon Lands. by Joseph L. Allen Published: October 2003 p.8
  10. ^ See 3 Nephi 11 to 3 Nephi 26
  11. ^ Book of Mormon Discussions 1 Nephi Chapter 1 mp3 at [1]
  12. ^ See 1 Nephi 10:4, 1 Nephi 19:8; See also 3 Nephi 1
  13. ^ 1 Nephi 11
  14. ^ Mosiah 3:8
  15. ^ Mosiah 5:7
  16. ^ Alma 46:13-15
  17. ^ 4 Nephi 22-23
  18. ^ 4 Nephi 1
  19. ^ See Book of Mormon Title page
  20. ^ See John 10:16 in the King James Version of the Bible
  21. ^ 3 Nephi 15:13-24, 3 Nephi 16:1-4, 2 Nephi 29:7-14
  22. ^ Isaiah 29:4
  23. ^ 2 Nephi 26:15-16
  24. ^ 1 Nephi 2:20; 1 Nephi 13:30; 2 Nephi 1:5; 2 Nephi 10:19; Jacob 5:43; Ether 1:38-42; Ether 2:7,10-15; Ether 9:20; Ether 10:28; Ether 13:2.
  25. ^ 1 Nephi 2:20; 1 Nephi 4:14; 2 Nephi 1:20; 2 Nephi 4:4; Jarom 1:9; Omni 1:6; Mosiah 1:7; Mosiah 2:22,31; Alma 9:13; Alma 36:1,30; Alma 37:13; Alma 38:1; Alma 48:15,25; Helaman 3:20; Helaman 5:20,22.
  26. ^ 2 Nephi 2:27
  27. ^ Mosiah 3:19; Mosiah 27:25; Alma 22:15-18; Moroni 10:34
  28. ^ 2 Nephi 2:25
  29. ^ 1 Nephi 11:22-23; 1 Nephi 8:12
  30. ^ Alma 11:42-45; Alma 40:11-23
  31. ^ 2 Nephi 9:30; Mosiah 4:26; Mosiah 18:8
  32. ^ Mosiah 2:17
  33. ^ 2 Nephi 26:33
  34. ^ McMurray, W. Grant, "They "Shall Blossom as the Rose": Native Americans and the Dream of Zion," an address delivered February 17, 2001, accessed on Community of Christ website, September 1, 2006 at http://www.cofchrist.org/docs/NativeAmericanConference/keynote.asp
  35. ^ Andrew M. Shields, "Official Minutes of Business Session, Wednesday March 28, 2007," in 2007 World Conference Thursday Bulletin, March 29, 2007. Community of Christ, 2007
  36. ^ Moroni 10:3-5
  37. ^ Lyle Campbell. 1979. "Middle American languages," The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment. Ed. Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun. Austin: University of Texas Press. Pages 902-1000.
    Lyle Campbell. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press.
    Jorge Súarez. 1983. The Mesoamerican Indian Languages. Cambridge University Press.
  38. ^ Martha J. Macri. 1996. "Maya and Other Mesoamerican Scripts," The World's Writing Systems. Ed. Peter T. Daniels & William Bright. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pages 172-182.
  39. ^ for example, Frederika A. Kaestle and David Glenn Smith. 2001. "Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Prehistoric Population Movement," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115:1-12.
  40. ^ Experience Press
  41. ^ Abanes, Richard (2003). One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church. Thunder's Mouth Press, 59-80. ISBN 1568582838. 
  42. ^ Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1987). Mormonism - Shadow or Reality?. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, 50-96. ISBN 9993074438. 
  43. ^ Criticism of changes to Book of Mormon.
  44. ^ 3913 Changes in The Book of Mormon Jerald and Sandra Tanner
  45. ^ Mosiah 21:28; Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1987). Mormonism - Shadow or Reality?. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, 90. ISBN 9993074438. 
  46. ^ Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1987). Mormonism - Shadow or Reality?. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, 91. ISBN 9993074438. 
  47. ^ Title Page; 1 Nephi 19:6; Jacob 1:2; 7:26; Mormon 8:1, 17; 9:31-33; 3 Nephi 8:2; Ether 5:1
  48. ^ Skousen 2001
  49. ^ Skousen May 2001;Skousen January 2001;Skousen March 2001
  50. ^ Skousen 2004;Skousen 2005;Skousen 2006
  51. ^ "Taking the Scriptures to the World", Ensign, July 2001, 24
  52. ^ "Translation Work Taking Book of Mormon to More People in More Tongues," Ensign, Feb. 2005, 75–76
  53. ^ "Translation Work Taking Book of Mormon to More People in More Tongues", 6 February 2005

[edit] References


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