Four causes
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There are four main causes of nature according to Aristotle. These are the material cause, the formal cause, the efficient cause, and the final cause.
Each of these "causes" was a different sense of the Greek word aition, which Aristotle thought was ambiguous and needed to be clarified. English cause, however, is not so unclear, and its use here can unfortunately lead to confusion. Only one of the four "causes" (the efficient cause) approximates the concept expressed by the English word cause. It has been suggested that an English word of parallel ambiguity is the verb "make". Thus the Greek "x is the aition of y" can be rendered in English "x makes a y". In the case of material cause, we could say "wood makes up a table" or in the case of a car, we could say "steel and rubber make up a car".
Saint Thomas Aquinas also refers to the four causes in his writings about the existence of God. "If there be no first cause among efficient causes, then there will be no ultimate, nor intermediate cause...Therefore it is necessary to admit a first efficient cause, to which everyone gives the name of God." (Excerpt from Summa Theologica Third Article: Whether God exists?)
In Aristotle's own words:
"Cause" means: (a) in one sense, that as the result of whose presence something comes into being—e.g. the bronze of a statue and the silver of a cup, and the classes for which contain these; (b) in another sense, the form or pattern; that is, the essential formula and the classes which contain it—e.g. the ratio 2:1 and number in general is the cause of the octave—and the parts of the formula.(c) The source of the first beginning of change or rest; e.g. the man who plans is a cause, and the father is the cause of the child, and in general that which produces is the cause of that which is produced, and that which changes of that which is changed. (d) The same as "end"; i.e. the final cause; e.g., as the "end" of walking is health.For why does a man walk? "To be healthy," we say, and by saying this we consider that we have supplied the cause. (e) All those means towards the end which arise at the instigation of something else, as, e.g. fat-reducing, purging, drugs and instruments are causes of health; for they all have the end as their object, although they differ from each other as being some instruments, others actions.
– Metaphysics 1013a, translated by Hugh Tredennick
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[edit] Material cause
Material cause describes the material out of which something is composed. Thus the material cause of a table is wood, and the material cause of a car is rubber and steel.
[edit] Formal cause
Formal cause is a concept used by Aristotle, and originates from the idea of the form by Plato and Socrates.
The formal cause according to which a statue is made is the idea existing in the first place as exemplar in the mind of the sculptor, and in the second place as intrinsic, determining cause, embodied in the matter. Formal cause could only refer to the essential quality of causation. A deeper contemplation reveals a formal cause as the ever-existing truth of capacity. Thus, the capacity of the human genome to accompany the existence of a human being presumes that the capacity to be a human being pre-exists the human being. That pre-existence consists of the essential capacity of the specific genome to co-exist with the human in a very significant and specific way. The dog genome does not cause a human though elements of dog genome may coexist with the human genome.
A more simple example of the formal cause is the blueprint or plan that one has before making or causing a human made object to exist. Plato would say that a perfect circle exists, or the form of a perfect circle exists and that all other circles are an imperfect copy of the formal cause.
[edit] Efficient cause
The efficient cause is the agent which brings something about. For example, in the case of a statue, it is the person chiseling away, and the act of chiseling, that causes the statue. This answers the question, how does it happen? It is the sort of answer we usually expect when we ask about cause; the thing which happened to bring about certain results.
[edit] Final cause
Final cause or telos, is one of Aristotle's four forms of causation (the others being material, formal, and efficient). It is defined as the purpose, the good, or the end of something. For example, the final cause of a pen is decent writing. Telos is often used among many ethicists today as it reflects the ancient meaning.
[edit] Final cause in science
In science, final causes contrast with mechanical causes, which, in Aristotle's language, mainly encompass material causes and efficient causes.
Over time, many rejected the idea of a final cause, or the study of the good, because there was too much disagreement. Niccolò Machiavelli focused mainly on the material causes, and rejected the search for final causes as too difficult for most people.[citation needed] Although science has historically focused mostly on material causes, there has been some discussion and exploration of final causes in a scientific context, especially when studying systems at a macroscopic level.
The laws of thermodynamics can be interpreted as a final cause,[1] and this perspective is useful for explaining the spontaneous origin of new levels in a hierarchy.[2] Ecologist Robert Ulanowicz argues that positive feedback in ecosystems can have effects which appear at a local level to be the result of a final cause.[3]
[edit] References
- ^ J.S. Wicken, Causal Explanations in Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics, Philosophy of Science, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar., 1981), pp. 65-77
- ^ [1] S.N. Salthe, "The Spontaneous Origin of New Levels in a Scalar Hierarchy", Entropy 2004, 6, pp. 327-343
- ^ [2] R.E. Ulanowicz, Aristotelean Causalities in Ecosystem Development , Oikos, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Feb., 1990), pp. 42-48
- Cohen, Marc S. "The Four Causes" (Lecture Notes) Accessed March 14, 2006. This is an extremely helpful page, with good explanations of all the causes.
