Synthesis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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- This is an article about the philosophical concept. See also Synthesis (Magazine) and Synthesizer
Synthesis (from the ancient Greek σύνθεσις σύν (with) and θεσις (placing), is commonly understood to be an integration of two or more pre-existing elements which results in a new creation. Well known types of synthesis are photosynthesis and dehydration synthesis.
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[edit] Information Theory
This is the fifth level in Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy and deals with the task of putting together parts to form a new whole. This might involve working with parts and putting them together in a creative new way, or using old ideas to come up with new ones."[1]
"The translation of input requirements (including performance, function, and interface) into possible solutions (resources and techniques) satisfying those inputs. Defines a physical architecture of people, product and process solutions for logical groupings of requirements (performance, functions, and interface) and their designs for those solutions."[2]
Thesis+Antithesis=Synthesis
The implementation of dialectic reasoning in the research and development of a solution.
[edit] Philosophical synthesis
The term is broad in meaning and can apply to physical, ideological, and/or phenomenological entities. In dialectics, synthesis is the final result of attempts to reconcile the inherent contradiction between thesis and antithesis. Along with the similar concept of integration, synthesis is generally considered to be an important element of modern philosophy, particularly in the various emerging ideas often considered to be holistic (as opposed to reductionistic).
[edit] Chemical synthesis
In chemistry, chemical synthesis is the process of forming a particular molecule from chemical precursors.
In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. This happens by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory usage, this tends to imply that the process is reproducible, reliable, and established to work in multiple laboratories.
A chemical synthesis begins by selection of compounds that are known as reagents or reactants. Various reaction types can be applied to these to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product. The amount of product in a chemical synthesis is the reaction yield. Typically, chemical yields are expressed as a weight in grams or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity of product that could be produced. A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place that diminishes the yield of the desired product.
The word synthesis in the present day meaning was first used by the chemist Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe.
[edit] Strategies
Many strategies exist in chemical synthesis that go beyond converting reactant A to reaction product B. In cascade reactions multiple chemical transformations take place within a single reactant, in multi-component reactions up to 11 different reactants form a single reaction product and in a telescopic synthesis one reactant goes through multiple transformations without isolation of intermediates.hi
[edit] Organic synthesis
Main article: Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of organic compounds. In the total synthesis of a complex product it may take multiple steps to synthesize the product of interest, and inordinate amounts of time. Skill in organic synthesis is prized among chemists and the synthesis of exceptionally valuable or difficult compounds has won chemists such as Robert Burns Woodward the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds and yields something new, it is a purely synthetic process. If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to a new compounds, the synthesis is described as a semisynthetic process.
[edit] Other meanings
The other meaning of chemical synthesis is narrow and restricted to a specific kind of chemical reaction, a direct combination reaction, in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product. The general form of a direct combination reaction is:
A + B → AB
where A and B are elements or compounds, and AB is a compound consisting of A and B. Examples of combination reactions include:
2Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl (formation of table salt) S + O2 → SO2 (formation of sulfur dioxide) 4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3 (iron rusting) CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 (carbon dioxide dissolving and reacting with water to form carbonic acid)
4 special synthesis rules:
metal-oxide + H2O → metal(OH) non-metal-oxide + H2O → oxi-acid metal-chloride + O2 → metal-chlorate metal-oxide + CO2 → metal(CO3)
See also
* Chemical engineering * Template-directed synthesis * Organic synthesis * Total synthesis * Peptide synthesis * Methods in Organic Synthesis
[edit] Synthesis in electronics and acoustics
In electronic musical instruments, sound synthesis is the method of sound generation and is a piece of hardware or software may employ, e.g. the "Access Virus B" synthesizer mainly uses subtractive synthesis, but can use FM synthesis too. Modern electronic keyboard instruments are based around digital sound synthesizers that create audio waveforms that sound like they came from a violin or koto, without an actual violin or koto, because the sound is synthesized.
A video synthesizer electronically creates TV signals without necessarily requiring the use of a TV camera. Moving abstract patterns, text subtitles, colorized or processed camera images can all be in the output of a video synthesizer. Analog video synthesizers included the Sandin Image Processor, the Rutt-Etra, Steve Beck's "Beck Direct" Synthesizer, Bill Hearn's colorizer, and the seminal work of Nam Jun Paik. Early digital synthesizers included Stephen Beck's Video Weavings, the 2901 bit slice processor from Steina and Woody Vasulka with Schier and Dosch, Sandin's Digital Image Colorizer, Etra's "Kangaroo Giant Box" , and the Fluidigeo Synthesizer. Documentation on the history of video synthesizers can also be found at [3].
In the world of electronic design automation, (logic) synthesis is the process of converting a digital design written in a hardware description language (HDL) into a low-level implementation consisting of primitive logic gates. Most large integrated circuits designed today are written in an HDL and "compiled" using a (logic) synthesis product.
[edit] References
- ^ Glossary for Reporting. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
- ^ GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
- ^ Experimental Television Center: Video History Project. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
