Colchester

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For other places with the same name, see Colchester (disambiguation).
Colchester
Colchester (Essex)
Colchester

Colchester shown within Essex
Population 104,390 (2001 Census)
OS grid reference TL997254
District Colchester
Shire county Essex
Region East
Constituent country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town COLCHESTER
Postcode district CO1 - CO7
Dialling code 01206
Police Essex
Fire Essex
Ambulance East of England
European Parliament East of England
UK Parliament Colchester
List of places: UK • England • Essex

Coordinates: 51°53′30″N 0°54′11″E / 51.8917, 0.903

Colchester (pronunciation (help·info) /ˈkoʊltʃɛstɚ/[1]) is a town, and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester, in Essex, England.

It has a population of 104,390.[2] As the oldest recorded Roman town, Colchester claims to be the oldest town in Britain. It also claims to have the United Kingdom's oldest recorded market.

Colchester is 56 miles (90 km) northeast of London. It is connected to the capital by the A12 road and the Great Eastern Main Line.

Contents

[edit] History

Main article: History of Colchester

[edit] Roman Colchester

A map of Colchester from 1940
A map of Colchester from 1940
Main article: Camulodunum

Colchester is claimed to be the oldest recorded town in Britain on the grounds that it was mentioned by Pliny the Elder in AD 77. Its Celtic name was Camulodunon, meaning 'the fortress of (the war god) Camulos'. Following the Roman conquest of Britain in AD 43, a Roman legionary fortress was established and the name Camulodunon was modified to the Roman spelling of 'Camulodunum'. Camulodunum served as the first Roman capital of Britain, but was attacked and destroyed during Boudica's rebellion in AD 61. Sometime after the destruction, London became the capital of the province of Britannia but it would seem that the council of the provincial natives still met at Colchester, where the Temple to the Divine Claudius served as the seat of this council. Later, when the Roman frontier moved north (c. AD 49), Camulodunum became a colonia known as Colonia Claudia Victricensis.

[edit] Sub-Roman and Saxon Colchester

There is evidence of hasty re-organisation of Colchester's defences around 400AD, including the blocking of the Balkerne Gate. Archaeological excavations have shown that public buildings were abandoned, although the 8th-century chronicler Nennius mentioned the town, which he called Caer Colun, in his list of the 30 most important cities in Britain.

Dr. John Morris (1913 - June 1977) the English historian who specialised in the study of the institutions of the Roman Empire and the history of Sub-Roman Britain, suggested in his book "The Age of Arthur" (1973) that as the descendents of Romanised Britons looked back to a golden age of peace and prosperity under Rome the name "Camelot" of Arturian legend was probably a reference to the capital of Britannia ( Camulodunum ) in Roman times.


The archaeologist Sir Mortimer Wheeler was the first to propose that the lack of early Anglo-Saxon finds in a triangle between London, Colchester and St Albans could indicate a 'sub-Roman triangle' where British rule continued after the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. Since then however, excavations have revealed some early Saxon occupation, including a 5th-century wooden hut built on the ruins of a Roman house in present-day Lion Walk. The Saxons called the town Colne ceaster, the Roman fortress of 'Colonia'. The tower of Holy Trinity Church is late Saxon work. Vikings from East Anglia overran Colchester and most of Essex in the late 9th century; the town remained in Viking hands until 920 when it was besieged and recaptured by the army of Edward the Elder.

[edit] Medieval Colchester

Colchester Castle, constructed over the vaults of the ruined Temple of Claudius
Colchester Castle, constructed over the vaults of the ruined Temple of Claudius

Medieval Colchester's main landmark is Colchester Castle, which is an 11th century Norman keep, and built atop the vaults of the old Roman temple. There are notable medieval ruins in Colchester, including the surviving gateway of the Benedictine abbey of St. John the Baptist (know locally as "St. John's Abbey”), and the ruins of the Augustinian priory of St. Botolph (known locally as “St. Botolph's Priory").

[edit] Royal charter

In 1189, Colchester was granted its first Royal Charter by King Richard I (Richard the Lionheart.) The charter was granted at Dover with the King about to embark on one of his many journeys away from England. The borough celebrated the 800th anniversary of its charter in 1989 [2].

[edit] Tudor Colchester “The Dutch Quarter”

Between 1550 and 1600, a large number of weavers and clothmakers from Flanders emigrated to Colchester and the surrounding areas. They were famed for the production of Bays and Says cloth. An area in Colchester town centre is still known as the Dutch Quarter and many buildings there date from the Tudor period. During this period Colchester was one of the most prosperous wool towns in England. The old Roman wall runs along Northgate Street in the Dutch Quarter.

[edit] English Civil War “The Siege of Colchester”

Main article: Siege of Colchester

In 1648, during the Second English Civil War, a Royalist army led by Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle entered the town. A pursuing Parliamentary army led by Sir Thomas Fairfax and Henry Ireton besieged the town for eleven and a half weeks. The Royalists surrendered in the late summer and their leaders Lucas and Lisle were executed in the grounds of Colchester Castle. A small obelisk marks the spot where they fell.

[edit] Victorian Colchester

Colchester is noted for its Victorian architecture. Significant landmarks include the Colchester Town Hall and the Jumbo Water Tower.

In 1884 the town was struck by the Colchester earthquake, estimated to have been 4.7 on the Richter Scale causing extensive regional damage.

[edit] Colchester Army Garrison

Main article: Colchester Garrison

Colchester has been an important military garrison since the Roman era. The Colchester Garrison is currently home to 16 Air Assault Brigade.

[edit] Colchester Town Watch

Colchester Town Watch [3] was founded in 2001 to provide a ceremonial guard for the Mayor of Colchester and for civic events such as the Oyster Feast. The historic re-enactors wear a livery based on late Elizabethan dress. Colchester Town Watch is accompanied by the musicians of the Colchester Town Waits [4] - a musical tradition dating back to the 14th century.

[edit] Paxman Diesels

The Paxman diesels business has been associated with Colchester since 1865 when James Noah Paxman founded a partnership with the brothers Henry and Charles Davey ('Davey, Paxman, and Davey') and opened the Standard Ironworks. In 1925 Paxman produced its first spring injection oil engine and joined the English Electric Diesel Group in 1966 - later becoming part of the GEC Group. Since the 1930s the Paxman company's main business has been the production of diesel engines.

[edit] Recent history

The £22.7m eight-mile A120 Colchester Eastern Bypass opened in June 1982.

[edit] Governance

Main articles: Colchester Politics, Mayor of Colchester, and Colchester (UK Parliament constituency)

The Member of Parliament for the Colchester is Bob Russell (LibDem). The Mayor of Colchester is Councillor Ray Gamble (Liberal Democrat).

Colchester Borough Council is the local authority. Control of the borough council has passed between Tories and LibDems in recent years. The political composition of the council is (2007 election results):

The town is also represented on Essex County Council. Individual villages within the borough boundaries are also represented by parish councils.

[edit] Culture

Main article: History of Colchester

Colchester has a vibrant culture and attracts many visitors because of its history and its architecture.

[edit] Museums

  • Colchester Castle Museum: located in the Colchester Castle, features an extensive exhibit on Roman Colchester.
  • Hollytrees Museum: located close to the castle, formerly the home of Charles Gray, currently a social history museum with children's exhibits.
  • Natural History Museum: located across from the Castle Park gates and Hollytrees, the museum is located in the former All Saints Church.
  • Tymperleys Clock Museum: located in the historic town centre, in a 15th century timber-framed house, once home to William Gilbert, now houses the Bernard Mason clock collection.
  • East Anglian Railway Museum: located roughly 4 miles to the north east of Colchester, located at Chappel and Wakes Colne railway station.

[edit] Arts

Connor Barrett's Crucifixion of Mankind, located in the Colchester Public Library
Connor Barrett's Crucifixion of Mankind, located in the Colchester Public Library
  • Mercury Theatre: opened in 1972, the Mercury Theatre is one the region's leading repertory theatres. [5]
  • Headgate Theatre - Colchester's most central theatre
  • Colchester Arts Centre: multi-function arts venue located in the former St Mary-at-the-Walls church, home of the Colchester Beer Festival. [6]
  • firstsite is a contemporary art organisation, currently housed in the Minories, near the Castle. A new gallery, designed by Rafael Viñoly, is currently under construction nearby.

[edit] Music

[edit] Sports

  • Colchester United: a football team currently playing in the Football League Championship, based at the Layer Road ground, but shortly to move to Cuckoo Farm.
  • Colchester Rugby Football Club: the largest rugby club in the borough providing community rugby for adults, women and children from age 6 up.
  • Colchester Leisure World: swimming & fitness facilities, exhibition hall.
  • Athletics Stadium: the Colchester Garrison Athletics Stadium is a co-operative facility jointly used by the Army and the Town.
  • Colchester Cricket: the Colchester & East Essex Cricket Club has its grounds near the Castle Park. The Essex County Cricket Club plays a series of games at Colchester during the summer.
  • Colchester Skatepark Facilities for extreme sports.
  • Colchester Gladiators American Football Club play at Broad Lane Stadium, home of Wivenhoe Town FC.
  • Colchester Weight Lifting Club organise Olympic Weight Lifting, Powerlifting and Bench Press competitions at Hamiltons Fitness Centre in The Severalls Business Park.

[edit] Nearby attractions

[edit] Twin towns

Colchester competes in the Twin Town Games against Wetzlar, Avignon, Orleans, Tarragona, and Siena.

Colchester's twin towns are:

[edit] Education

Colchester is home to many secondary schools including two grammar schools, the Colchester Royal Grammar School for boys and Colchester County High School for girls. Both produce excellent GCSE and A-Level examination results, often in the country's top ten.

Colchester Sixth Form College offers a wide range of subjects at A-level, AS level, and GCSE or equivalent level, as well as the International Baccalaureate. This is complemented by the Colchester Institute which covers many practical and day release courses as well as some of the more academic ones.

The University of Essex is located in a parkland setting on the edge of Colchester, close to the town of Wivenhoe.

[edit] Higher education

[edit] Secondary schools

[edit] Independent (private) schools

[edit] Transport

Colchester has a bus system (run by First Essex, Network Colchester, Hedingham Omnibuses and other smaller operators) which mainly centres around Colchester Temporary Bus Station in the town centre. The temporary bus station will be replaced by a permanent one further down the street by 2010.

Colchester North station is served by National Express East Anglia services on the London - Norwich mainline and the Colchester - Clacton line.

Colchester Town railway station, still referred to by some as St Botolphs, is on a spur from the Colchester - Clacton line, and Hythe station is also on the Clacton line.

[edit] References in literature

The Roman historian Tacitus mentions Colchester (Camulodunum) in The Annals of Imperial Rome. In the Chapter Nero and his helpers he describes how '...the Roman ex-soldiers...had recently established a settlement at Camulodunum', later burned down in the Iceni rebellion. It is the only town in Britain to have been explicitly mentioned in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four as being the target of a nuclear attack. The Atomic Wars took place during the 1950s. Colchester, England is the only city that was specifically mentioned as being bombed, but the book does say that many cities were destroyed in North America, Europe, and Russia.

[edit] Colchester in popular culture

Colchester is reputed to be the home of three of the best known English nursery rhymes: 'Old King Cole', 'Humpty Dumpty' and 'Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star'.

Local legend places Colchester as the seat of King Cole (or Coel) of the rhyme Old King Cole, a legendary ancient king of Britain. The name Colchester is from Old English: the place-name suffixes chester, cester, and caster derive from the Latin word castrum (fortified place). In folk etymology the name Colchester was thought of as meaning Cole's Castle, though it actually means the Roman fort 'Colonia'. In the legend Helena, the daughter of Cole, married the Roman senator Constantius Chlorus, who had been sent by Rome as an ambassador and was named as Cole's successor. Helena's son became Emperor Constantine I. Helena was canonised as Saint Helena of Constantinople and is credited with finding the true cross and the remains of the Magi. She is now the patron saint of Colchester. This is recognised in the emblem of Colchester: a cross and three crowns. A local secondary school – St Helena's – is named after her, and her statue is atop the town hall, although local legend is that it was originally a statue of Blessed Virgin Mary which was later fitted with a cross.

Colchester is also the most widely credited source of the rhyme Humpty Dumpty. During the siege of Colchester in the Civil War, a Royalist sniper known as One-Eyed Thompson sat in the belfry of the church of St Mary-at-the-Walls (Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall) and was given the nickname Humpty Dumpty, most likely because of his size, Humpty Dumpty being a common insult for the overweight. Thompson was shot down (Humpty Dumpty had a great fall) and, shortly after, the town was lost to the Parliamentarians (all the king's horses and all the king's men / couldn't put Humpty together again.) Another version says that Humpty Dumpty was a cannon on the top of the church. The church of St Mary-at-the-Walls still retains its Norman tower until the top few feet, which are a Georgian repair.

The third rhyme to come from Colchester is Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, which was written by Jane Taylor in the town's Dutch Quarter, and published in 1806 with the title "The Star".

Colchester has also been suggested as one of the potential sites of Camelot, on account of having been the capital of Roman England and its ancient name of Camulodunum.

In George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, the main character, Winston Smith, thinks back to his childhood and his first memories of war, recalling: "Perhaps it was the time when the atomic bomb had fallen on Colchester." (Part 1, Chapter 3).

[edit] Notable Colcestrians

People of note that were born or have lived in Colchester include:

[edit] See also

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.[1] (accessed: February 28, 2008)
  2. ^ Key Statistics for urban areas in the South East. 2001 Census, National Statistics. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.

[edit] External links

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