Sukhumi massacre

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War in Abkhazia
Tkvarcheli - Gagra - Kamani - Sukhumi

The Sukhumi massacre [1] (Georgian: სოხუმის ტრაგედია) took place on September 27, 1993, during the War in Abkhazia and fall of Sukhumi into separatist hands. It was perpetrated against Georgian civilians of Sukhumi, mainly by militia forces of Abkhaz separatists, their North Caucasian and Russian allies.[2] It became a part of the bloody campaign carried out by the separatists, which was know as the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia

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[edit] Events

A House of the Government of Abkhazia, destroyed in the Abkhaz offensive on September 27 1993, still stands in ruins.
A House of the Government of Abkhazia, destroyed in the Abkhaz offensive on September 27 1993, still stands in ruins.

On September 27, 1993, separatist forces violated the ceasefire initiated by the UN and guaranteed by the Russian Federation, which barred both sides from performing military operations. As part of the ceasefire, Georgian forces had withdrawn their heavy artillery and tanks from Sukhumi. Abkhaz, Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus, Cossack and Russian militants stormed Sukhumi early in the morning. Confronted by large numbers of combatants, the Georgian army units that remained in the city were unable to prevent the separatist advance into the city. By noon, separatist militants and their allies had taken over television buildings and bridges. Georgian forces retreated to the Government building of the Abkhazian Autonomous Republic, where they intended to provide security for members of Abkhazian Autonomous Republic Government. By late afternoon the city was overrun by separatists and their allies.

Placing their hopes on the ceasefire, a large number of civilians remained in the city. The separatists and their allies started to sweep through the streets of Sukhumi rounding up all civilians that they found. Men, women and children were executed in the streets, on the roads inside their own apartments, houses and back yards. According to the witnesses many people became objects of torture, children were killed in front of their parents, parents – in front of their children. [3]

“ When Abkhaz entered my house, they took me and my seven year old son outside. After forcing us to kneel, they took my son and shot him right in front of me. After they grabbed me by hair and took me to the nearby well. An Abkhaz soldier forced me to look down that well; there I saw three younger man and couple of elderly woman who were standing soaking in water naked. They were screaming and crying while Abkhaz were dumping dead corpses on them. After that, they threw a grenade there and placed more people inside. I was forced again to kneel in front of the dead corpses. One of the soldiers took his knife and took the eye out from one of the dead near me. Then he started to rub my lips and face with that decapitated eye. I could not take it any longer and fainted. They left me there in a pile of corpses.[4] ”

Women became targets of sadistic rape. Refugees recall people being burned to death, disembowelled and dismembered while still alive [5] The massacres occurred in the city park, in front of the governmental building, in schools and hospitals. All members of the Abkhaz Government (including Zhiuli Shartava, Guram Gabiskiria, Mamia Alasania and Raul Eshba) who had remained in Sukhumi were captured and executed.

The 1994 U.S. State Department Country Reports also describes scenes of massive human rights abuse:

The [Abkhaz] separatist forces committed widespread atrocities against the Georgian civilian population, killing many women, children, and elderly, capturing some as hostages and torturing others ... they also killed large numbers of Georgian civilians who remained behind in Abkhaz-seized territory... [6]
The separatists launched a reign of terror against the majority Georgian population, although other nationalities also suffered. Chechens and other north Caucasians from the Russian Federation reportedly joined local Abkhaz troops in the commission of atrocities... Those fleeing Abkhazia made highly credible claims of atrocities, including the killing of civilians without regard for age or sex. Corpses recovered from Abkhaz-held territory showed signs of extensive torture. (The evidence available to Human Rights Watch supports the U.S. State Department’s findings.) [7]

[edit] Aftermath

Almost all members of the Abkhaz government including Zhiuli Shartava, Guram Gabiskiria and Raul Eshba (those who refused to leave the city) were brutally massacred. [8] Eduard Shevardnadze left the city narrowly escaping death. Soon Abkhaz forces and the Confederates overran the whole territory of Abkhazia, except small region of the Kodori Gorge (which more or less remains under the control of the Tbilisi government). The total defeat of government forces was followed by ethnic cleansing of Georgian population with all horrors of humanitarian catastrophe.[9] More than 250.000 refugees (mainly Georgians, also Greeks and others) were forced out from Abkhazia. In September 1994, several reports indicated ethnic clashes between Abkhaz and Armenians, significant part of which supported the former during the war. Chechen militants of CMPC soon left Abkhazia to take part in the First Chechen War.

[edit] Perpetrators

Russian journalist Dmitry Kholodov witnessed the massacre and wrote couple of reports from Sukhumi
Russian journalist Dmitry Kholodov witnessed the massacre and wrote couple of reports from Sukhumi

There are a number of conflicting claims as to whether the massacre was conducted by Abkhaz militias or those of their Russian and North Caucasian allies. Allegedly, the commander of the separaratist forces, partly responsible for the massacre was the deputy defence minister and "hero" of Abkhazia Shamil Basaev [10][11]. According to witness testimonies, the militants spoke North Caucasian languages and Russian.[12] However, some refugees who survived the massacre have claimed that they recognized their Abkhaz and Armenian neighbours collaborating with the militants during the massacres in various neighbourhoods.[13] Many people recall the commands given by Russian officers: "Do not take prisoners alive!" [14]

Houses and land owned by Georgians and Greeks were ransacked and taken over by the Abkhaz, Russians, Cossacks and other newcomers. These allegations are currently investigated by International Criminal Court in Hague. OSCE has recently given its recognition to and condemned the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia. Although many separatist militants have been accused for committing massacres none of them have yet been tried.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Definition by: State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994
  2. ^ Siege of Sukhumi, TIME Magazine, October 04, 1993
  3. ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
  4. ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. p 87, Fall of Gagra.
  5. ^ Dmitry Kholodov, Moscow journalist covering the Conflict, 1992.
  6. ^ .S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994,
  7. ^ .S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994,
  8. ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994
  9. ^ U.S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, pp. 877, 881.
  10. ^ Anatoly Gordienko Basaev's comrades-in-arms go to Abkazia, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 2004
  11. ^ Shamil Basaev - the No 1 enemy of Russia, BBC, 2002
  12. ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
  13. ^ Human Rights Watch interviews, August 1993.
  14. ^ Andersen, Andrew. "Russia Versus Georgia: One Undeclared War in the Caucasus." Published October 2001.

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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