Hereford

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For other uses, see Hereford (disambiguation).
Hereford
Hereford (Herefordshire)
Hereford

Hereford shown within Herefordshire
Population 50,400[1]
OS grid reference SO515405
 - London 135.7m
Parish Hereford
Unitary authority Herefordshire
Ceremonial county Herefordshire
Region West Midlands
Constituent country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town HEREFORD
Postcode district HR1
Dialling code 01432
Police West Mercia
Fire Hereford and Worcester
Ambulance West Midlands
European Parliament West Midlands
UK Parliament Hereford
List of places: UK • England • Herefordshire

Coordinates: 52°03′40″N 2°42′29″W / 52.0611, -2.7081

Hereford (pronunciation (help·info); IPA: /ˈhɛrɨfəd/) is a city and civil parish in the West Midlands of England, close to the border with Wales and on the River Wye. It is the county town of Herefordshire and with a population of 50,400 is the largest settlement in the county.

The name "Hereford" is said to come from the Anglo Saxon "here", an army or formation of soldiers, and the "ford", a place for crosing through a river. If this is the origin it suggests that Hereford was a place where a body of armed men forded or crossed the Wye. The Welsh name for Hereford is Henffordd (or Henfordd).

Hereford Cathedral dates from 1079 and contains the Mappa Mundi, a medieval map of the world dating from the 13th century which was restored in the late 20th century. It also contains the world famous Chained Library.

An early town charter from 1189 granted by King Richard describes it as 'Hereford in Wales'.[2] This charter also gave Hereford city status, the earliest example of city status in the United Kingdom being granted, since all earlier cities had been so since time immemorial.

Hereford was once rated the fourth best city in Britain to live in.[citation needed] It is now known chiefly as a trading centre for a wider agricultural and rural area. Products from Hereford include: cider, beer, leather goods, nickel alloys, poultry, chemicals and cattle, including the famous Hereford breed. The city was the home of the British Special Air Service (SAS) for many years, although the Regiment relocated to nearby Credenhill in the late 1990s

Hereford railway station opened in 1854. It is on the Welsh Marches Line.

Contents

[edit] History

Hereford Cathedral
Hereford Cathedral

Hereford was founded in around 700 AD and became the Saxon capital of West Mercia. The present Hereford Cathedral dates from the 12th century. Former Bishops of Hereford include Saint Thomas de Cantilupe and Lord High Treasurer of England Thomas Charlton.

The city gave its name to two suburbs of Paris, France: Maisons-Alfort (population 54,600) and Alfortville (population 36,232), due to a manor built there by Peter of Aigueblanche, Bishop of Hereford, in the middle of the 13th century.

Hereford was once the site of a castle, Hereford Castle that rivalled that of Windsor in size and scale and this was the base for repelling Welsh attacks and a secure stronghold for English Kings such as King Henry IV when on campaign against Owain Glyndŵr. The castle was dismantled in the 1700s and landscaped into Castle Green.

During the civil war the city changed hands several times. On 30 September 1642, Parliamentarians led by Sir Robert Harley and Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford occupied the city without opposition. In December, they withdrew to Gloucester because of the presence in the area of a Royalist army under Lord Herbert. The city was again occupied briefly from 23 April to 18 May 1643 by Parliamentarians commanded by Sir William Waller but it was in 1645 that the city saw most action. On 31 July 1645 a Scottish army of 14,000 under Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven besieged the city but met stiff resistance from its garrison and inhabitants. They withdrew on 1 September when they received news that a force led by King Charles was approaching. The city was finally taken for Parliament on 18 December 1645 by Colonel Birch and Colonel Morgan.

Nell Gwynne, the mistress of King Charles II, is said to have been born in Hereford in 1650 (although other towns and cities, notably Oxford claim her as their own), and a street 'Gwynn Street' is named after her.

Hereford is also home to the oldest inhabited building in Britain,[citation needed] the Bishop's Palace, built in 1204 and continually used to the present day.

There have been plans for many years for a north-south bypass, and currently the plan is for a nine-mile dual carriageway, however HM Government refuses to grant permission or supply funds.

In 2005, Hereford was granted Fairtrade City status.[3]

[edit] Governance

The main local government body covering Hereford is Herefordshire Council. Hereford has a "City Council" but this is actually a parish council with city status, and has only limited powers.

Historically Hereford has been the county town of Herefordshire. In 1974 Herefordshire was merged with Worcestershire to become part of the county of Hereford and Worcester, and Hereford became a district of the new county. Hereford had formed a historic borough and was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.[4]

On 1 April 1998, the County of Hereford and Worcester was abolished, and Herefordshire and Worcestershire were re-established as separate counties, although with slightly altered borders.

However, the new Herefordshire was a unitary authority without any districts, and so Hereford lost its district status (although, confusingly, the authority's full legal name is the County of Herefordshire District Council). Charter Trustees were appointed to preserve mayoral traditions until a civil parish council could be set up in 2000. Hereford is one of only seven civil parishes in England which have city status.

The current member of the House of Commons for Hereford constituency is Paul Keetch.

[edit] Economy

Major employers include:

[edit] Regeneration

A major regeneration project is planned in Hereford city centre, known as the Edgar Street Grid. This covers an area of around 100 acres just north of the old city walls. Work is expected to start in 2010, and should take around 15 years to complete.

[edit] Sport

Hereford is home of Hereford United Football Club, best known for beating Newcastle in the FA Cup in 1972. They had a spell in the Football League from 1972 to 1997 reaching the second tier of English football in 1976, and were relegated to non-League status in 1997 before returning to beat Halifax Town A.F.C. 3-2 in the Nationwide Conference play-off final in 2005-06 to book a return to the Football League.

Hereford also has successful rugby and cricket teams, but these are less famous.

Hereford has a thriving and very competitive nine pin skittle league. It was formed on 24 October 1902, and today consists of five divisions.

Also on the banks of the Wye is the Hereford Rowing Club. It is a well used club with a strong junior group. The stretch of river is used by universities and is also used by people involved in other water sports.

[edit] Education

Herefordshire is home to many colleges including five colleges in the city:

These three colleges are collectively known as the "Folly Lane colleges" and in late 2005 secured £28.4 million from the Learning and Skills Council to fund a new Learning Village, which would secure Further Education for the long term in a county that has no university. Herefordshire Council announced preliminary work would begin in early 2006,[5] though it was not until late November that the first phase began.[6] A £2 million music and teaching block was opened at the Sixth Form College in April 2006.

Because of Hereford's proximity to the universities of Worcester and Gloucestershire and the city's/county's relatively small population, there are no plans to create a University of Hereford or Herefordshire.

Other colleges are;

It is also home to many schools including:

  • Hereford Cathedral School - A co-educational independent school member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. The earliest existing records date from 1384 though it is likely that a school was associated with the cathedral from its foundation in the late 7th century. HCS, together with HCJS (see below) educates the choristers for Hereford Cathedral Choir.
  • Hereford Cathedral Junior School - A co-educational independent school. Hereford Cathedral Junior School is, with Hereford Cathedral School, part of the ancient Hereford Cathedral Foundation dating back to 676. The Junior School was founded as an independent school in 1898.
  • Whitecross High School & Sports College - A specialist Sports College, which moved to a brand new PFI building in June 2006. The college for pupils aged between 11 and 16 aims to use the new facility to provide the best high school education for its pupils in the topic of Sports & Fitness.
  • Wyebridge Sports College for pupils aged between 11 and 16 was formed in 2006, it was formerly known as Haywood High School. It has been, like Whitecross High School, re-classified as a 'Sports College'. On September 1, 2009, it will cease to exist and all pupils will be transferred to the rolls of the newly created Hereford Academy, which will be located on the Wyebridge site and sponsored by the Diocese of Hereford.

[edit] Society and culture

The annual Three Choirs Festival, originating in the eighteenth century and one of the oldest music festivals in Europe, is held in Hereford every third year, the other venues being Gloucester and Worcester. The city's main theatre and cultural venue is the Courtyard Centre for the Arts which was opened in 1998, replacing the New Hereford Theatre.

The original lineup of The Pretenders, with the exception of lead singer Chrissie Hynde, were from Hereford, as were the rock band Mott the Hoople. Actor and director Frank Oz was born in Hereford, and lived there for the first five years of his life.

The troops of the fictional commando squad Rainbow were based at RAF Hereford, as detailed in the novel Rainbow Six.

The Local radio station is Wyvern FM which broadcasts on 97.6FM.

Hereford is briefly mentioned in Ronin (film) as a ploy by Sam (Robert De Niro) to expose Spence (Sean Bean) as a liar.

[edit] Twin towns

Hereford is twinned with:

[edit] References

  1. ^ Area profile: Hereford city (PDF). Hereford City Council. Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
  2. ^ The Royal Charters of the City of Hereford. Hereford City Council. Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
  3. ^ Fairtrade status given in county. BBC News (6 March 2005). Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
  4. ^ Vision of Britain - Hereford MB
  5. ^ BBC News (2005-12-12) "£28 m funding for city's colleges". Retrieved on 2007-04-20
  6. ^ Anonymous (2006-11-23) "The sky’s the limit as work starts on learning village", Hereford Times. Retrieved on 2007-04-20

[edit] External links

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