1973 Ezeiza massacre
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| Ezeiza massacre | |
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 Book cover of Horacio Verbitsky's book on the massacre. |
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| Location | Ezeiza International Airport, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Date | June 20, 1973 |
| Attack type | Sniper massacre |
| Weapon(s) | Sniper rifles |
| Deaths | 13 (at least) |
| Injured | 365 (at least) |
| Perpetrator(s) | Argentine Anticommunist Alliance |
The Ezeiza massacre took place on June 20, 1973 near the Ezeiza International Airport in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Peronist masses, including many young people, had gathered there to acclaim Juan Perón's definitive return from an 18-year exile in Spain. The police counted three and a half million people. In his plane, Perón was accompanied by El Tío ("Uncle") president Héctor Cámpora, representantive of the Peronists' left wing, who had come to power on May 25, 1973, amid popular euphoria and a period of political turmoil. Héctor Cámpora was opposed to the Peronist right wing, declaring during his first speech that "the spilled blood will not be negotiated" [1]. However, from Juan Perón's tribune, camouflaged snipers, members of the Triple A terrorist group, opened fire on the crowd. The left-wing Peronist Youth and the Montoneros had been trapped. At least 13 dead people have been identified, and 365 injured during the massacre [2]. According to Clarín newspaper, the real number must have been a lot higher [3]. However, no official investigation has been performed to confirm these higher estimations.
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[edit] Figures involved
The June 20, 1973 Ezeiza massacre thus marked the end of the alliance of left and right-wing Peronists which Perón had managed to form. Héctor Cámpora represented the main figure of the left-wing and José López Rega, Perón's personal secretary who had accompanied Perón during his exile in Francoist Spain, was the right-wing's representative. López Rega was also the founder of the infamous "Triple A" right-wing terrorist group (aka the Alianza Anticomunista Argentina), to which the snipers belonged. A populist and a nationalist, Perón was popular from the left to the far-right, but this conjunction of forces ended that day. During his exile, Perón himself had supported both left-wing Peronists, "young idealists" whose icons included Che Guevara (Montoneros, Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias — FAR, Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas — FAP, Peronist Youth — JP — and others) and right-wing Peronists composing "Special Formations", gathering radicals such as the Guardia de Hierro (Iron Guard) or the Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara.
The tribune had been set up by lieutenant-colonel Jorge Manuel Osinde and far-right figures of Peronism, such as Alberto Brito Lima or Norma Kennedy. Lorenzo Miguel, Juan Manuel Abal Medina and José Ignacio Rucci, general secretary of the CGT (Confederación General del Trabajo) — controlled by the Peronist right-wing —, had the responsibility of organizing the Peronists' mobilization to Ezeiza. Members of the Unión Obrera Metalúrgica trade union, the Juventud sindical peronista and other right-wing sectors were also on Perón's tribune, facing the left-wing groups in the crowds (FAR, Montoneros, JP and others — the FAP had disarmed on May 25, 1973).
Italian terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie, who worked in the frame of Operation Gladio but also maintained links with the Chilean DINA and Turkish Grey Wolves member Abdullah Çatlı, was also present at Ezeiza, according to investigations by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón.[4]
Carlos "El Indio" Castillo, member of the Concentración Nacionalista Universitaria (CNU), also took part in the massacre.[5] The following night, Buenos Aires' walls were covered by graffiti "Osinde assassin of the Peronist people".
[edit] Political context
The massacre had been premeditated to remove president Héctor Cámpora, rather moderate and left-wing, from power. During Cámpora's first month of governing, approximatively 600 social conflicts, strikes and factory occupations had taken place.[6] Workers managed to obtain wage increases and better working conditions, and social tensions were increasing. The workers' movement had gathered the sympathy of large sectors, sometimes anti-Peronist, of the middle classes. On June 2, 1973, José Ignacio Rucci, general secretary of the CGT, had responded to a Cuban delegate to the CGT congress asking for a toast in honour of Che Guevara, that they were against left-wing imperialism. The Peronist right-wing gradually took control of the whole of the trade union organization, placing people close to the leader José Ignacio Rucci.
[edit] Impact
Perón’s definitive return to Argentina, after 18 years of exile, put an end to the contradictions of Peronism, which gathered political opponents in the same party. The battle near the Ezeiza airport marked the end of the transition period of Cámpora, who had succeeded the authoritarian regime of general Alejandro Lanusse and preceded the old Perón’s return. According to Hugo Moreno, "if October 17, 1945 may be considered as the founding act of Peronism, by the general strike and the presence of the masses imposing their will of support to Perón, the June 20, 1973 massacre marks the entrance on the scene of the late right-wing Peronism." [7]
The return and incident is described by Tomas Eloy Martinez in his novel "La Novela de Peron" (The Peron Novel).
[edit] References
- ^ La sangre derramada no sera negociada, quoted by Hugo Moreno, in Le désastre argentin. Péronisme, politique et violence sociale (1930-2001), Ed. Syllepses, Paris, 2005, p.107
- ^ (Spanish) Horacio Verbitsky, Ezeiza, Contrapunto, Buenos Aires, 1985. Available here
- ^ (Spanish) "Ezeiza, una masacre que causó el estallido del peronismo", Clarín, August 28, 2005.
- ^ (Spanish) "Las Relaciones secretas entre Pinochet, Franco y la P2 - Conspiración para matar", Equipo Nizkor, February 4, 1999.
- ^ (Spanish) "Detuvieron al Indio Castillo, acusado de un atentado contra un intendente correntino - El buen amigo de Rico necesita un buen abogado", Página/12, March 20, 2000. / (English) See also Carlos Castillo's biography in English on desaparecidos.org
- ^ Hugo Moreno, op.cit., p.109
- ^ Hugo Moreno, op.cit., p.110
[edit] See also
- 1976 Montejurra massacre, in Spain (similar mode of operation)
- 1977 Taksim square massacre, in Turkey (similar mode of operation)
- Propaganda Due (P2), the outlawed masonic lodge of which José López Rega, the founder of the "Triple A", was a member
- Stefano Delle Chiaie, Italian terrorist present at Ezeiza
[edit] External links
- (Spanish) Ezeiza, Contrapunto, Buenos Aires, 1985 by Horacio Verbitsky
