Communist Party of China

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Communist Party of China
中国共产党
中國共產黨
Hammer and Sickle
General Secretary Hu Jintao
Founded July 1, 1921 (official)
July 23, 1921 (de facto)
Headquarters Zhongnanhai, Beijing
Political ideology Marxism-Leninism (official)
Maoism (official)
Deng Xiaoping Theory with Socialism with Chinese characteristics (official)
Three Represents (official)
Scientific Development Concept (official)
No. of members 73,360,000 (2007)

The Communist Party of China (CPC) (simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; traditional Chinese: 中國共產黨; pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the People's Republic of China and also the world's largest political party. This status as ruling party is guaranteed by China's constitution, regardless of what the popular vote of China's citizens might be[1]. The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921, and fought the National Government of China (Republic of China) led by the Kuomintang (KMT) during the Chinese Civil War, which ended with the Communist Party of China's victory in the Chinese Revolution. With more than 70 million members,[2] the CPC is the largest political party in the world, with this number being but 5.5% of the total population of China.

Contents

[edit] Role within the People's Republic of China

Flag of the Communist Party of China
Flag of the Communist Party of China

The CPC is one of the three centers of power within the People's Republic of China, the other two being the state apparatus and the People's Liberation Army. It is the main center of power in the PRC. In areas administered by the PRC outside of the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao, the Communist Party of China functions effectively as a single party state.

The relationship between party and state is somewhat different from that of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union under Stalin's successors, in which the party controlled the state. In the current PRC structure, power derives from the state position, but key state positions are invariably held by members of the party and the party through its organization department makes crucial decisions on who occupies what position. However, in contrast to the Soviet situation where the party had extra-legal authority, it has been established since the early 1990s that the party is subject to rule of law and is therefore subject to the authority of the state and the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.

Within the central government, the Party and state structures are fused with the leader of a ministry or commission also being the leader of the party body associated with that ministry. At the provincial or lower levels, the party and state heads are invariably separate, although the party head has a high state position and the state head has a high party position. The general practice at the provincial level has been for the governor of the province government to have been promoted through the local bureaucracy and for the party general secretary to be an outsider.

Although the PRC exercises sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao, the Communist Party of China cannot interfere with the local politics of these two special administrative regions. Instead it uses PRC United Front strategy like tactics to purposely weaken democracy camps in the region.[3] Pro-Beijing groups have been installed since the 1990s to try and gain lower and middle class citizen support in local elections.[4]

[edit] Organization

The party's organizational structure was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and rebuilt afterwards by Deng Xiaoping, who subsequently initiated "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and brought all state apparatuses back under the control of the CPC.

Theoretically, the party's highest body is the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which meets at least once every five years. The primary organization of power in the Communist Party which are listed in the party constitution include:

Jiang Zemin with Hu Jintao, the current General Secretary of the party.
Jiang Zemin with Hu Jintao, the current General Secretary of the party.
The People's Liberation Army in dress uniform.
The People's Liberation Army in dress uniform.

Other central organizations include:

In addition, there are numerous commissions and leading groups, the most important of which are:

  • Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee
  • Work Committee for Organs under the Central Committee
  • Work Committee for Central Government Organs
  • Central Financial and Economic Leading Group
  • Central Leading Group for Rural Work
  • Central Leading Group for Party Building
  • Central Foreign Affairs Leading Group
  • Central Taiwan Affairs Leading Group
  • Commission for Protection of Party Secrets
  • Leading Group for State Security
  • Party History Research Centre
  • Party Research Center
  • Central Party School

Every five years, the Communist Party of China holds a National Congress. The latest happened on October 15, 2007. Formally, the Congress serves two functions: to approve changes to the Party constitution and to elect a Central Committee, about 300 strong. The Central Committee in turn elects the Politburo. In practice, positions within the Central Committee and Politburo are determined before a Party Congress, and the main purpose of the Congress is to announce the party policies and vision for the direction of China in the following few years.

The party's central focus of power is the Politburo Standing Committee. The process for selecting Standing Committee members, as well as Politburo members, occurs behind the scenes in a process parallel to the National Congress. The new power structure is announced obliquely through the positioning of portraits in the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Party. The number of Standing Committee members varies and has tended to increase over time. The Committee was expanded to nine at the 16th Party National Congress in 2002.

There are two other key organs of political power in the People's Republic of China: the formal government and the People's Liberation Army.

There are, in addition to decision-making roles, advisory committees, including the People's Political Consultative Conference. During the 1980s and 1990s there was a Central Advisory Commission established by Deng Xiaoping which consisted of senior retired leaders, but with their passing this has been abolished.

[edit] Internal or external groupings

Political scientists have identified two groupings within the Communist Party[5] leading to a structure which has been called "one party, two factions".[6] The first is the "elitist coalition" or Shanghai clique which contains mainly officials who have risen from the more prosperous provinces. The second is the "populist coalition" or "Youth League faction" which consists mainly of officials who have risen from the rural interior, through the Communist Youth League. The interaction between these two factions is largely complementary with each faction possessing a particular expertise and both committed to the continued rule of the Communist Party and not allowing intra-party factional politics threaten party unity. It has been noted that party and government positions have been assigned to create a very careful balance between these two groupings.

Within his "one party, two factions" model, Li Chen has noted that one should avoid labeling these two groupings with simplistic ideological labels, and that these two groupings do not act in a zero-sum, winner take all fashion. Neither group has the ability or will to dominate the other completely.[7]

[edit] History

[edit] As Revolutionary Party

Marxist ideas started to spread widely in China after the May Fourth Movement. The Communist Party of China was really initially founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao in the French concession of Shanghai in 1921 as a study society and an informal network. There were informal groups in China in 1920, and also overseas, but the official beginning was the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 13 men in July 1921, when the formal and unified name Communist Party of China was adopted and all other names of communist groups were dropped. Mao Zedong was present as one of two delegates from a Hunan communist group, which had maybe 10 members out of 53 for all China. Other 12 members attended included Zhang Guotao, Dong Biwu, Li Hanjun, Li Da, Chen Tanqiu, Liu Renjing, Zhou Fohai, He Shuheng, Deng Enming, Chen Gongbo, Bao Huiseng (represented by Chen Duxiu sheltering in Canton at that time) and two representatives from the Comintern, one of them being Henk Sneevliet.

Flag of the Chinese Soviet Republic, or Jiangxi Soviet, which existed from 1931 to 1934 in Jiangxi Province.
Flag of the Chinese Soviet Republic, or Jiangxi Soviet, which existed from 1931 to 1934 in Jiangxi Province.

Under the guidance of the Soviet Union, the party was reorganized along Leninist lines in 1923, while party members were encouraged to join the Kuomintang(KMT) as individual members in preparation for the Northern Expedition – a policy recommended by the Dutch communist Henk Sneevliet, then Comintern representative in China (see Henk Sneevliet).

The party was small at first, but grew intermittently through the first Chinese Revolution of 1925–27 by Kuomintang and CPC. Even during that revolution, which was far before the rapid growth of the 1940s and 1950s, the party was the largest communist party in the world, larger even than the CPSU.

In 1927, just before final success of the revolution CPC and Kuomingtang were split, and the CPC was massacred with more than four in five members being killed. The only major section of the party which survived was the section built around Mao Zedong, which established Soviet Republic of China in some remote areas within China through peasant riots. After a number of military campaigns from KMT army, the CPC had to give up their bases and started Long March (1934-1935) to search a new base. During Long March, the party leadership re-examine its policy and blamed their failure to the CPC military leader Otto Braun, a German sent by Comintern. After they resettled in Yan’an, the native Communists, such as Mao Zedong and Zhu De raised into power, and CPC became less dependent of the Comintern and Soviet Union. The Western world first got a clear view of the Communist Party of China through Edgar Snow's Red Star Over China.

During the Second Sino-Japanese war(1937-1945), the CPC and KMT were temporarily in alliance to fight their common enemy. The Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army became army group belonging to the national army, and the Soviet Republic of China changed into a special administration region. However, essentially the army and the region controlled by CPC remained independent from the KMT’s government. In eight years, the CPC controlled armed forces grew from ten thousand to one million.

After 1945, the civil war resumed and despite initial gains by the Kuomintang, it was defeated and forced to flee to off-shore islands, the biggest among which is Taiwan. The Kuomintang's defeat marked the onset of the Chinese Revolution whence Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China in Beijing on October 1, 1949.

Almost all agree that without Japanese invasion, it would have been unlikely for the CPC to win over China. However, those against CPC attribute to CPC developing its force by the chance when KMT government fighting with Japanese, while those favor CPC claim that CPC gained reputation by effectively fighting Japan through its guerrilla war, thus attracted people to joint it. Neutral persons combine these two factors.

[edit] As Ruling Party

 The neutrality of this section is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page.
This section has been tagged since March 2008.

The Communist Party of China has been penetrated by those it sought to defeat, originally a party based around the Marxist-Leninism principles it has evolved into a Stalinist/Nationalist organization. The CPC is now condemned by many if not all Socialist movement around the world for its deviation from Socialism. The CPC has been criticized specifically by Marxists, Leninists and Trotskyists.The CPC's ideologies have significantly evolved since its founding. Mao's revolution that founded the PRC was nominally based on Marxism-Leninism with a rural focus based on China's social situations at the time. During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant ideological breakdown with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev and their allies. Since then Mao's peasant revolutionary vision and so-called "continued revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be complete, giving way to the disastrous Cultural Revolution. This fusion of ideas became known officially as "Mao Zedong Thought", or Maoism outside of China. It represented a powerful branch of communism that existed in opposition to the Soviet Union's "Marxist revisionism".

Following the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, however, the CCP under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping moved towards Socialism with Chinese characteristics and instituted Chinese economic reform. In reversing some of Mao's "extreme-leftist" policies, Deng argued that a socialist country and the market economy model were not mutually exclusive. While asserting the political power of the Party itself, the change in policy generated significant economic growth. The ideology itself, however, came into clash on both sides of the spectrum with Maoists as well as progressive liberals, culminating with other social factors to cause the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests. Deng's vision for economic success and a new socialist market model became entrenched in the Party constitution in 1997 as Deng Xiaoping Theory.

The "third generation" of leadership under Jiang Zemin, Zhu Rongji, and associates largely continued Deng's progressive economic vision while overseeing the re-emergence of Chinese nationalism in the 1990s. Nationalist sentiment has seemingly also evolved to become informally the part of the Party's guiding doctrine. As part of Jiang's nominal legacy, the CPC ratified the Three Represents into the 2003 revision of the Party Constitution as a "guiding ideology", encouraging the Party to represent "advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental interests of the people." There are various interpretations of the Three Represents. Most notably, the theory has legitimized the entry of private business owners and quasi-"bourgeoisie" elements into the party.

The insistent road of focusing almost exclusively on economic growth has led to a wide range of serious social problems. The CPC's "fourth generation" of leadership under Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao, after taking power in 2003, attempted reversing such a trend by bringing forth an integrated ideology that tackled both social and economic concerns. This new ideology was known as the creation of a Harmonious Society using the Scientific Development Concept.

The degree of power the Party had on the state has gradually decreased as economic liberalizations progressed. The evolution of CCP ideology has gone through a number of defining changes that it no longer bears much resemblance to its founding principles. The CCP's current policies are fiercely rejected as capitalist by most communists, especially anti-revisionists, and by adherents of the Chinese New Left from within the PRC.

The Communist Party of China comprises a single-party state form of government; although, there are parties other than the CCP within China, all of these report to the United Front Department of the Communist Party of China and do not act as opposition or independent parties. Since the 1980s, as its commitment to Marxist ideology has appeared to wane, the party has begun to increasingly invoke Chinese nationalism as a legitimizing principle olol as opposed to the socialist construction for which the party was originally created. The change from socialism to nationalism has pleased the CCP's former enemy, the Kuomintang (KMT), which has warmed its relations with the CCP since 2003.[8]

[edit] Viewpoints: criticism and support

There are a variety of opinions about the Communist Party of China, and opinions about the CPC often create unexpected political alliances and divisions. For example, many chief executive officers of Western companies tend to have favorable impressions of the CPC,[citation needed] while many revolutionary Maoists and other Marxists have strongly negative opinions. Trotskyists argue that the party was doomed to its present character, that of petty-bourgeois nationalism, because of the near-annihilation of the workers' movement in the KMT betrayal of 1927, which was made possible by Stalin's order that the Communists disarm and surrender. This slaughter forced the tiny surviving Party to switch from a workers' union- to peasant guerrilla-based organization, and seek aid of the most heterodox sources, from "patriotic capitalists" to the dreaded KMT itself, with which it openly sought a coalition government even into early 1949. Chinese Trotskyists from Chen Duxiu onward have called for a political revolution against what they see as an opportunist, capitalist leadership of the CPC. Opinions about the CPC also create very strong divisions among groups normally ideologically united such as conservatives in the United States.

Many of the unexpected opinions about the CPC result from its rare combination of attributes as a party formally based on Marxism which has overseen a dynamic market economy, yet maintains an authoritarian political system.

Supporters of the International Tibet Independence Movement, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Falun Gong, a spiritual group, Taiwan independence, neoconservatives in the United States and Japan, international human rights groups, proponents of civil liberties and freedom of expression, advocates of democracy, along with many democratic and anti-authoritarian left-wing forces in those same countries, are among the groups which have opposed the CPC government because it is said to be a repressive single-party state regime.

In addition, the extremists within the American neoconservatives sometimes argue that the Communist Party of China is a grave threat to peace because of its authoritarian nature, its military build-up of offensive capabilities, and threats made to Taiwan.

Some of the opponents of the Party within the Chinese democracy movement have tended not to argue that a strong Chinese state is inherently bad, but rather that the Communist leadership is corrupt. The Chinese New Left, meanwhile, is a current within China that seeks to "revert China to the socialist road" – i.e., to return China to the days after Mao Zedong but before the reforms of Deng Xiaoping and his successors.

Another school of thought argues that the worst of the abuses took place decades ago, and that the current leadership is not only unconnected with them, but were actually victims of that era. They have also argued that while the modern Communist Party may be flawed, it is comparatively better than previous regimes, with respect to improving the general standard of living, than any other government that has governed China in the past century and can be put in more favorable light against most governments of the developing nations. However, farmers and other rural people have been marginalized, and their standard of living and national influence have been greatly reduced,[citation needed] as a result, the CPC has recently taken sweeping measures to regain support from the countryside, to limited success.

In addition, some scholars contend that China has never operated under a decentralized democratic regime in its several thousand years of history, and therefore it can be argued that the structure present, albeit not up to western moral standards, is the best possible option when compared to its alternatives. A sudden transition to democracy, they contend, would result in the economic and political upheaval that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1990s, and that by focusing on economic growth, China is setting the stage for a more gradual but more sustainable transition to a more liberal system. This group sees Mainland China as being similar to Spain in the 1960s, and South Korea and Taiwan during the 1970s.

As with the first group, this school of thought brings together some unlikely political allies. Not only do most intellectuals within the Chinese government follow this school of thinking, but it is also the common belief held amongst pro-free trade liberals in the West.

Many observers from both within and out of China have noted the CCP's gradual but sure movement towards democracy and transparency, hence arguing that it is best to give it time and room to evolve into a better government rather than forcing an abrupt change.

Many current party officials are the sons and daughters of prominent Party officials. These young, powerful individuals are referred to as the "Crown Prince Party", or "Princelings", and their rise to power has been criticized as a form of nepotism or cronyism.

[edit] Current leadership

The Members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China are:

  1. Hu Jintao: President of the People's Republic of China, General Secretary of the CPC, Chairman of the Central Military Commission.
  2. Wu Bangguo: Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
  3. Wen Jiabao: Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
  4. Jia Qinglin: Chairman of the People's Political Consultative Conference
  5. Li Changchun: "Propaganda Chief"
  6. Xi Jinping: Vice President of the People's Republic of China, top-ranked member of CPC Secretariat
  7. Li Keqiang: Executive Vice Premier
  8. He Guoqiang: Head of Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
  9. Zhou Yongkang: Head of Political and Legislative Affairs Committee

Members of the Politburo of the CPC Central committee:

Wang Lequan, Wang Zhaoguo, Hui Liangyu, Liu Qi, Liu Yunshan, Li Changchun, Wu Yi, Wu Bangguo, Wu Guanzheng, Zhang Lichang, Zhang Dejiang, Luo Gan, Zhou Yongkang, Hu Jintao, Yu Zhengsheng, He Guoqiang, Jia Qinglin, Guo Boxiong, Cao Gangchuan, Zeng Qinghong, Zeng Peiyan, Wen Jiabao.

Alternate member of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee: Wang Gang

Members of Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee: Zeng Qinghong, Liu Yunshan, Zhou Yongkang, He Guoqiang, Wang Gang, Xu Caihou, He Yong.

[edit] List of leaders of the Communist Party of China

Main article: List of leaders of the Communist Party of China

Between 1921 and 1943 the Communist Party of China was headed by the General Secretary:

  • Chen Duxiu, General Secretary 1921–1922 and 1925–1927
  • Qu Qiubai, General Secretary 1927–1928
  • Xiang Zhongfa, General Secretary 1928–1931
  • Li Lisan, acting General Secretary 1929–1930
  • Wang Ming, acting General Secretary 1931
  • Bo Gu, a.k.a. Qin Bangxian, acting General Secretary 1932–1935
  • Zhang Wentian a.k.a. Luo Fu, acting General Secretary 1935–1943

In 1943 the position of Chairman of the Communist Party of China was created.

In 1982, the post of Chairman was abolished, and the General Secretary, at this time held by the same man as the post of Chairman, once again became the supreme office of the Party.

[edit] See also

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Middle East
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[edit] Notes

  1. ^ [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China
  2. ^ CPC holds grand rally to celebrate 85th founding anniversary, Xinhua News Agency, June 30, 2006
  3. ^ Richard C. Bush. [2005] (2005). Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 081571288X.
  4. ^ Horlemann, Ralf. [2002] (2002). Hong Kong's Transition to Chinese Rule. Routledge. ISBN 0415296811.
  5. ^ http://chicagosociety.uchicago.edu/china/coverage/PoliticsPanel.pdf
  6. ^ http://chinavitae.com/reference/conferencepapers/Li_Cheng.pdf
  7. ^ The Jamestown Foundation
  8. ^ See 2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China.

[edit] External links

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