Laudabiliter
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Laudabiliter was a papal bull issued in 1155 by the English Pope Adrian IV purporting to give the Norman King Henry II of England lordship over Ireland.
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[edit] Terms
The bull granted Henry, who requested it, the right to invade Ireland in order to reform Church practices in Ireland, which up until that point, while being Christian, had been outside the direct control of the Catholic Church. The title of the bull, Laudabiliter, means literally "laudably', "in a praiseworthy manner"; it refers to Henry's laudable intention "to extend the borders of the Church, to teach the truths of the Christian faith to a rude and unlettered people, and to root out the weeds of vice from the field of the Lord; ..." It is often remarked that Adrian was the only Englishman to be Pope.
The actual wording which gave authority to Henry to take possession of Ireland is as follows:
| “ | You have signified to us, our well-beloved son in Christ, that you propose to enter the island of Ireland in order to subdue the people and make them obedient to laws, and to root out from among them the weeds of sin; and that you are willing to yield and pay yearly from every house the pension of one penny to St Peter, and to keep and preserve the rights of the churches in that land whole and inviolate.
We, therefore, regarding your pious and laudable design with due favour, and graciously assenting to your petition, do hereby declare our will and pleasure, that, for the purpose of enlarging the borders of the Church, setting bounds to the progress of wickedness, reforming evil manners, planting virtue, and increasing the Christian religion, you do enter and take possession of that island, and execute therein whatsoever shall be for God's honour and the welfare of the same. And, further, we do also strictly charge and require that the people of that land shall accept you with all honour, and dutifully obey you, as their liege lord, saving only the rights of the churches, which we will have inviolably preserved; ... |
” |
[edit] Norman invasion 1167-72
A Norman invasion of Ireland took place in 1167 with the main body of nobles arriving in 1169. This invasion, as it happened, was at the request of an Irish provincial king, Diarmait Mac Murchada, the King of Leinster, and led by Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (Strongbow), a Cambro-Norman knight assisted by Welsh and Flemish forces.
Henry II followed in 1171, fearing that the Cambro-Norman warlords would seize control in his absence and, using the papal bull, claimed sovereignty over the island. He arrived with a large army, took Dublin by storm, and then gave hospitality to and accepted fealty from the Gaelic kings in the feudal manner. The Treaty of Windsor followed in 1175, with the Irish High King, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, keeping lands outside of Leinster, which had passed through Strongbow to Henry on the unexpected death of both Diarmait and Strongbow, Waterford, the beachhead for the invasion, and Meath, the mediaeval seat of Ireland, and lordship over all Gaelic Irish. Leinster and Meath then comprised two of Ireland's five provinces.
Anarchy quickly followed, with Ruaidrí losing authority in his three provinces by 1186, and the old title of High King of Ireland had become ineffective. Wanting to avoid anarchy, Henry awarded all of Ireland to his younger son John with the title Dominus Hiberniae (Lord of Ireland) in 1185. When John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as King of England, the Lordship of Ireland fell directly under the English Crown, the title of Lord of Ireland and King of England fell into personal union.
Henry's invasion was met with jubilation in Rome, and Pope Alexander III declared that when he heard that Henry, "instigated by divine inspiration," had successfully brought the Irish people within the control of the Roman Church, he had "returned thanks to [God] who had conferred so great a victory." Alexander's legate, Vivianus, at the synod of Dublin in 1172 "made a public declaration of the right of the king of England to Ireland" and threatened excommunication against all "who presumed to forfeit their allegiance."
[edit] Papal letter of 1311 and the Bruce kingship 1315-1318
However within a century-and-a-half, English misrule in Ireland became so apparent that Laudabiliter was to be invoked again in the aid of Irish liberation. At the turn of the 14th century, the Irish, in alliance with the Scottish (and the Welsh), who were also fighting the English, invited Edward Bruce to take the Irish throne in "a grand Gaelic alliance against England". Pope John XXII writing to Edward II of England in 1311 reminded him of the responsibility that Laudabiliter put upon England to execute government in Ireland for the welfare of the Irish. He warned Edward II that:
| “ | ... the kings of England ... have in direct violation of [Laudabiliter], for a long period past kept down that people [of Ireland] in a state of intolerable bondage, accompanied with unheard-of hardships and grievances. Nor was there found during all that time, any person to redress the grievances they endured or be moved with a pitiful compassion for their distress; although recourse was had to you ... and the loud cry of the oppressed fell, at times at least, upon your own ear. In consequence whereof, unable to support such a state of things any longer, they have been compelled to withdraw themselves from your jurisdiction and to invite another to come and be ruler over them ... | ” |
[edit] Requirement for Crown of Ireland Act 1542
The Bruce invasion failed, and Ireland remained in English control under the authority granted by Laudabiliter until 1542, when Henry VIII's split from the Catholic Church put England's authority in Ireland, based on Laudabiliter, in legal jeopardy. In answer to this, Henry passed the Crown of Ireland Act, which declared that the proper title of Lord of Ireland should really be that of King of Ireland, owing to the authority it commanded in Ireland being as great as that of a king:
| “ | Forasmuch as the ... Kings of England, have bin Lords of this land of Ireland, having all manner kingly jurisdiction, power, pre-eminences, and authoritie royall, belonging or appertayning to the royall estate and majestie of a King, by the name of Lords of Ireland, where the King's majestie and his most noble progenitors justly and rightfully were, and of right ought to be, Kings of Ireland according to their said true and just title, stile, and name therein, ... | ” |
Although this declaration was not recognised by the Papacy or the Catholic countries of Europe, it transpired that Henry's Catholic daughter, Mary, would become Queen of England in 1553, thus becoming Queen of Ireland in Irish law. In response to this development, at Mary's request, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull in 1555 declaring Mary and her consort, King Philip II of Spain, to be the joint monarchs of Ireland.[1] When Philip made no claim to the Crown of Ireland on Mary's death in 1558, the 1555 bull had the effect of establishing the principle that the Crown of Ireland was in personal union with the Crown of England in both Anglo-Irish and Papal law.[citation needed] Thus Laudabiliter was no longer necessary to justify English involvement in Ireland.
[edit] Authenticity debate
Evidence for the bull came from John of Salisbury, who was sent to Rome as an envoy to request it[2] and by Geraldus Cambrensis[3], a Cambro-Norman chronicler, and the authenticity of its text became the subject of academic dispute in the nineteenth century.[4] As with many Church documents whose authenticity was never questioned, the original document is no longer in existence.[5] When Cardinal Baronius published it as ex codice Vaticano the codex in question was a transcription of the chronicle of Matthew Paris,[6] an English chronicler, and it is noted that "in form and wording it differs from other papal bulls of the time."[7]
However, its authenticity was never questioned at the time. Adrian's successor, Pope Alexander III, reconfirmed the grant of Ireland to Henry in 1172, and the Irish bishops at the Synod of Cashel, in the same year, accepted the bull.
In 1317 the remaining Gaelic kings were driven to remonstrate to Pope John XXII that Laudabiliter should be revoked, following decades of English misrule[8].
[edit] Notes
- ^ Documents on Ireland, Heraldica website
- ^ ad preces mea writes John in Metalogicus, noted by Kate Norgate, "The Bull Laudabiliter", The English Historical Review 8.29 (January 1893, pp. 18-52) p. 29.
- ^ Expugnatio Hibernica (1188), also noted by Norgate 1898:18.
- ^ With the publication in 1849 of an Apologia pro Hibernia adversus Cambri calumnias written about 1615 by an otherwise unknown Jesuit, Steven White. John Lynch, writing as "Gratianus Lucius", followed up the argument with Cambrensis Eversus. The nineteenth-century scholars who followed these leads were refuted in detail by Norgate.
- ^ Compare Unam sanctam.
- ^ Augustin Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum Historiae, noted in Norgate 1898:20.
- ^ Henderson, 1896
- ^ Text of 1317 Remonstrance
[edit] References
- Selected Documents in Irish History, edited by Josef Lewis Altholz, M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 2000
- Lyttleton, Life of Henry II., vol. v p. 371: text of Laudabiliter asa reprinted in Ernest F. Henderson, Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages (London : George Bell and Sons) 1896 with Henderson's note: "That a papal bull was dispatched to England about this time and concerning this matter is certain. That this was the actual bull sent is doubted by many".
- "Pope Adrians's bull Laudabiliter and note upon it" from Eleanor Hull, 1931, A History of Ireland, Volume One, Appendix I
