Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama

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Tenzin Gyatso
14th Dalai Lama of Tibet
Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama
Reign 17 November 1950–Present
Coronation 17 November 1950
Full name Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso
Tibetan བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
Wylie translit. bstan ’dzin rgya mtsho
Pronunciation tɛ̃tsĩ catsʰo (IPA)
transcription (PRC) Dainzin Gyaco
THDL Tenzin Gyatso
Traditional Chinese 丹增嘉措
Simplified Chinese 丹增嘉措
Pinyin Chinese Dānzēng Jiācuò
Born 6 July 1935 (1935-07-06) (age 72)
Taktser, Amdo
Predecessor Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama
Royal House Dalai Lama
Father Choekyong Tsering
Mother Diki Tsering

Tenzin Gyatso (born 6 July 1935) is the fourteenth and current Dalai Lama.[1] He is often referred to simply as the Dalai Lama. He is a practising member of the Gelug School of Tibetan Buddhism and is influential as a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, as the world's most famous Buddhist monk, and is leader of the exiled Tibetan government in India.

Tenzin Gyatso was the fifth of sixteen children born to a farming family in the village of Taktser, or Tengtser, of the Tibetan province of Amdo: he was originally named Lhamo Döndrub (Tibetan: ལ; Wylie: Lha-mo Don-'grub).[2] His first language was the Amdo dialect of Tibetan.[3] He was proclaimed the tulku (rebirth) of the thirteenth Dalai Lama at the age of two.

On 17 November 1950, at the age of fifteen, he was enthroned as Tibet's Head of State. Thus he became Tibet's most important political ruler just one month after the People's Republic of China's invasion of Tibet on 7 October 1950.

In 1954, he went to Beijing to talk with Mao Zedong and other leaders of the PRC.[4]

After a failed uprising and the collapse of the Tibetan resistance movement in 1959, the Dalai Lama left for India, where he was active in establishing the Central Tibetan Administration (the Tibetan Government in Exile) and in seeking to preserve Tibetan culture and education among the thousands of refugees who accompanied him.[5]

Tenzin Gyatso is a charismatic figure[2][6] and noted public speaker. This Dalai Lama is the first to travel to the West. There, he has helped to spread Buddhism and to promote the concepts of universal responsibility, secular ethics, and religious harmony.

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989,[2][7] honorary Canadian citizenship in 2006, and the United States Congressional Gold Medal on 17 October 2007.[8]

Laird (2006: p.23) in a published transcription of a conversation with Tenzin Gyatso, the Dalai Lama identifies the karmic "connections" or mindstream affinities he has:

"If someone asks me whether I am the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama," he said, "then I answer, without hesitation, yes. This does not mean that I am the same being as the previous Dalai Lama. Some Dalai Lamas are a manifestation of Manjushri. Some are a manifestation of Chenrizi. Chenrizi is the manifestation of compassion. Manjushri is the manifestation of wisdom. I have a special connection with the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and the Fifth Dalai Lama. I have felt some kind of karmic relations or connections even with the Buddha. I feel I can say I have some kind of connection with the previous Dalai Lamas, some of the previous masters, with Chenrizi, even with the Buddha."[9]

Contents

[edit] Early life and background

Birthplace in Taktser, Amdo
Birthplace in Taktser, Amdo
Tenzin Gyatso as a boy
Tenzin Gyatso as a boy

Tenzin Gyatso was born to a farming family as Lhamo Döndrub or Lhamo Thondup in the far northeastern Amdo province—now part of Qinghai province—in the village of Taktser, a small and poor settlement that stands on a hill overlooking a broad valley. His parents, Choekyong and Diki Tsering, were relatively wealthy farmers among about twenty other families, all making a precarious living growing barley, buckwheat and potatoes.

His parents had sixteen children, and Tenzin Gyatso is the fifth eldest of the nine who survived childhood. The eldest child was his sister Tsering Dolma, who was eighteen years older than him. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, has been recognised as the rebirth of the high lama, Taktser Rinpoche. His sister Jetsun Pema went on to depict their mother in the 1997 film Seven Years in Tibet. His other elder brothers are Gyalo Thondup and Lobsang Samden.

When Tenzin Gyatso was about two years old a search party was sent out to find the new incarnation of the Dalai Lama.[2] Among other omens, the head on the embalmed body of the thirteenth Dalai Lama (originally facing south) had mysteriously turned to face the northeast, indicating the direction in which the next Dalai Lama would be found. Shortly afterwards, the Regent Reting Rinpoche had a vision at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-tso indicating Amdo (as the place to search) and a one-story house with distinctive guttering and tiling. After extensive searching, they found that Thondup's house resembled that in Reting's vision. They presented Thondup with various relics and toys—some had belonged to the previous Dalai Lama while others had not. It was reported that Thondup correctly identified all items owned by the previous Dalai Lama, exclaiming "That's mine! That's mine!"[10][11]

Thondup was recognised as the reborn Dalai Lama and renamed Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso ("Holy Lord, Gentle Glory, Compassionate, Defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom"). Tibetan Buddhists normally refer to him as Yeshe Norbu ("Wish-Fulfilling Gem"), Kyabgon ("Savior"), or just Kundun ("Presence"). In the West, his followers often call him "His Holiness the Dalai Lama," which is the style that he uses himself on his website.

The Dalai Lama began his monastic education at the age of six. At age eleven he met Heinrich Harrer after spying him in Lhasa through his telescope. Harrer effectively became the young Dalai Lama's tutor, teaching him about the outside world. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006. In 1959, at age 25 he sat for his final examination in Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam (prayer) Festival. He passed with honors and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level geshe degree (roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy).[2][12]

[edit] Life as the Dalai Lama

As well as being one of the most influential spiritual leaders of Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lama by tradition is also Tibet's Head of State and most important political ruler. In 1939 at the age of four he was taken by lamas in a procession to Lhasa, where an official ceremony recognized him as the reborn spiritual leader of Tibet. His childhood was spent between the Potala and Norbulingka, his summer residence.

The Dalai Lama's former quarters at the Potala, Lhasa
The Dalai Lama's former quarters at the Potala, Lhasa

On 17 November 1950, at the age of fifteen, with the country facing possible conflict with the People's Republic of China, Tenzin Gyatso was enthroned as the temporal leader of Tibet. His governorship, however, was short. In October of that year the army of the People's Republic of China entered the territory controlled by the Tibetan administration, easily breaking through the Tibetan defenders.

The People's Liberation Army stopped short of the old border between Tibet and Xikang and demanded negotiations. The Dalai Lama sent a delegation to Beijing, and, although he rejected[citation needed] the subsequent Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, he did try to work with the Chinese government. In September 1954, the Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first National People's Congress, meeting Mao Zedong.[13] However, during 1959, there was a major uprising among the Tibetan population. In the tense political environment that ensued, the Dalai Lama and his entourage began to suspect that China was planning to kill him. Consequently, he fled to Dharamsala, India, on 17 March of that year, entering India on 31 March during the Tibetan uprising.

[edit] Exile to India

The Dalai Lama met with the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, to urge India to pressure China into giving Tibet an autonomous government, as relations with China were not proving successful. Nehru did not want to increase tensions between China and India, so he encouraged the Dalai Lama to work on the Seventeen Point Agreement Tibet had with China. Eventually, after the failed uprising in 1959, the Dalai Lama fled Tibet and set up the Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamsala, India, which is often referred to as "Little Lhasa".

After the founding of the exiled government he reestablished the ~80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements.[2] He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children what he believed to be traditional language, history, religion, and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established[2] in 1959 and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies[2] became the primary university for Tibetans in India. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.

Tibetan Parliament in Exile in Dharamsala.
Tibetan Parliament in Exile in Dharamsala.

The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the question of Tibet. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965.[2] These resolutions required China to respect the human rights of Tibetans and their desire for self-determination. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A Tibetan parliament-in-exile is elected by the Tibetan refugees scattered all over the world, and the Tibetan Government-in-Exile is likewise elected by the Tibetan parliament.

At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington, D.C., he proposed a Five-Point Peace Plan regarding the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a "zone of peace" and for the end of movement by ethnic Han Chinese into Tibet. It also called for "respect for fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms" and "the end of China's use of Tibet for nuclear weapons production, testing, and disposal." Finally, it urged "earnest negotiations" on the future of Tibet.

The main teaching room of the Dalai Lama in Dharamsala, India.
The main teaching room of the Dalai Lama in Dharamsala, India.

He proposed a similar plan at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. He expanded on the Five-Point Peace Plan and proposed the creation of a self-governing democratic Tibet, "in association with the People's Republic of China." This plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. In October 1991, he expressed his wish to return to Tibet to try to make a mutual assessment on the situation with the Chinese local government. At this time he feared that a violent uprising would take place and wished to avoid it. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China sets no preconditions for his return, which they have so far refused to do.[14][15]

Tenzin Gyatso celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church said, "I confess that the Russian Orthodox Church highly appreciates the good relations it has with the followers of Buddhism and hopes for their further development." President Chen Shui-bian of the Republic of China on Taiwan attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday that was entitled "Traveling with Love and Wisdom for 70 Years" at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei. The President invited him to return to Taiwan for a third trip in 2005. His previous trips were in 2001, and 1997.[16]

[edit] Teaching activity

The Dalai Lama is a Dzogchen practitioner and he gives teachings on this issue, and has expounded many teachings in his numerous publications. He has also given many public initiations in the Kalachakra.

In February 2007, the Dalai Lama was named Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, United States,[17] the first time that the leader of the Tibetan exile community has accepted a university appointment. The appointment is in part an expansion of a program begun in 1998 called the Emory–Tibet Partnership. As Presidential Distinguished Professor, he will:[17]

  • provide opportunities for university community members to attend his annual teachings,
  • make periodic visits to Emory to participate in programs, and
  • continue the Emory–Tibet Partnership practice of providing private teaching sessions with students and faculty during Emory's study-abroad program in Dharamsala.

The Dalai Lama has strong ties with University of Wisconsin-Madison in Madison, Wisconsin, United States, and is a frequent visitor there. He visited the university in 1981 and again in 1989, the year in which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. In May 1998, he addressed a large audience at the Kohl Center and received an honorary degree from the university. In May 2001, he met with a group of neuroscientists who conduct research on the effects of meditation on brain function, emotions and physical health. His most recent visit was in May 2007, when he gave a lecture on sustaining happiness.

[edit] Foreign relations

The Dalai Lama & Archbishop Desmond Tutu, 2004. Photo by Carey Linde.
The Dalai Lama & Archbishop Desmond Tutu, 2004. Photo by Carey Linde.
The Dalai Lama at an interfaith gathering in Berlin, 2003
The Dalai Lama at an interfaith gathering in Berlin, 2003
Tenzin Gyatso in Dharamsala, 1993
Tenzin Gyatso in Dharamsala, 1993

Since 1967, the Dalai Lama has initiated a series of tours in 46 nations. He has frequently engaged on religious dialogue. He met with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. He met with Pope John Paul II in 1980 and also later in 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met in Dharamsala with a delegation of Jewish teachers for an extensive interfaith dialogue.[18] He has since visited Israel three times and met in 2006 with the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met privately with Pope Benedict XVI. He has also met the Archbishop of Canterbury, the late Dr. Robert Runcie, and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, as well as senior Eastern Orthodox Church, Muslim, Hindu, Jewish, and Sikh officials.

The Dalai Lama has visited Pope John Paul II eight times, more than any other single dignitary. The Pope and the Dalai Lama often shared similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from peoples affected by communism and both being heads of religious bodies.[citation needed]

[edit] Social and political stances

[edit] Tibetan independence movement

Following the invasion, the Dalai Lama had little choice but to work with the 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the People's Republic of China. His brothers moved to Kalimpong in India and, with the help of the Indian and American governments, organized pro-independence literature and the smuggling of weapons into Tibet. Armed struggles broke out in Amdo and Kham in 1956 and later spread to Central Tibet. However, the movement was a failure and was forced to retreat to Nepal or go underground. Following normalisation of relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China, American support was cut off in the early 1970s. The Dalai Lama then began to formulate his policy towards a peaceful solution in which a democratic autonomous Tibet would be established.

[edit] Social stances

The Dalai Lama endorsed the founding of the Dalai Lama Foundation in order to promote peace and ethics worldwide. The Dalai Lama is not operationally involved with this foundation, though he suggests some overall direction and his office is routinely briefed on its activities.[19] He has also stated his belief that modern scientific findings take precedence over ancient religions.[20][21]

[edit] Homosexuality

He is reported to have said regarding homosexuality, "If the two people have taken no vows [of chastity], and neither is harmed, why should it not be acceptable?"[citation needed] He has repeatedly affirmed his belief that gays and lesbians should be accepted by society, although he has also stated that for Buddhists homosexual behaviour is considered sexual misconduct, meaning that homosexual sex is acceptable for society in general but not in Buddhism or for Buddhists.[22] As he explains in his book Beyond Dogma: "homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact." However, more recently (1997) he has said that the basis of this teaching was unknown to him and that he has "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context."

There have been criticisms of his comments in regards to "sexual misconduct" from gay rights activists.[23] This generally reduces to the assertion that "Sexual misconduct for men and women consists of oral and anal sex."[24]

[edit] Abortion

The Dalai Lama is generally opposed to abortion,[25] although he has taken a nuanced position, as he explained to the New York Times:

“ Of course, abortion, from a Buddhist viewpoint, is an act of killing and is negative, generally speaking. But it depends on the circumstances. If the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent, these are cases where there can be an exception. I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance. ”

[edit] Environment

He has also expressed his concern for environmental problems:

“ On the global level, I think the ecology problem is very serious. I hear about some states taking it very seriously. That's wonderful! So this blue planet is our only home, if something goes wrong at the present generation, then the future generations really face a lot of problems, and those problems will be beyond human control; so that's very serious. Ecology should be part of our daily life. ”

In recent years, he has been campaigning for wildlife conservation, including a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments.[26][27]

[edit] Economics

In 1996, he described himself as half-Marxist, half-Buddhist:

“ Of all the modern economic theories, the economic system of Marxism is founded on moral principles, while capitalism is concerned only with gain and profitability. Marxism is concerned with the distribution of wealth on an equal basis and the equitable utilization of the means of production. It is also concerned with the fate of the working classes—that is the majority—as well as with the fate of those who are underprivileged and in need, and Marxism cares about the victims of minority-imposed exploitation. For those reasons the system appeals to me, and it seems fair ... The failure of the regime in the Soviet Union was, for me not the failure of Marxism but the failure of totalitarianism. For this reason I think of myself as half-Marxist, half-Buddhist. ”

[edit] Firearms

In 2001, he offered a simple message regarding firearms and self-defense:

“ If someone has a gun and is trying to kill you, it would be reasonable to shoot back with your own gun. ”

But has elsewhere stated that any kind of violence should only be considered a last resort for the preservation of Buddhism:

“ ...if the situation was such that there was only one learned lama or genuine practitioner alive, a person whose death would cause the whole of Tibet to lose all hope of keeping its Buddhist way of life, then it is conceivable that in order to protect that one person it might be justified for one or 10 enemies to be eliminated—if there was no other way. I could justify violence only in this extreme case, to save the last living knowledge of Buddhism itself. ”

[edit] International influence

The Dalai Lama receiving a Congressional Gold Medal in 2007. George W. Bush, Robert Byrd, and Nancy Pelosi are on his left.
The Dalai Lama receiving a Congressional Gold Medal in 2007. George W. Bush, Robert Byrd, and Nancy Pelosi are on his left.

The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western sympathy for Tibetan self-determination, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors Richard Gere and Steven Seagal, as well as lawmakers from several major countries.[28]

In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received US$1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. Government through the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and had also trained a resistance movement in Colorado, (USA).[29][30][31][32]

The Dalai Lama has on occasion been denounced by the Chinese government as a supporter of Tibetan independence. Over time, he has developed a public position stating that he is not in favour of Tibetan independence[33] and would not object to a status in which Tibet has internal autonomy while the PRC manages some aspects of Tibet's defence and foreign affairs.[34] In his 'Middle Way Approach', he laid down that the Chinese government can take care of foreign affairs and defence, and that Tibet should be managed by an elected body.[35]

On 18 April 2005, TIME Magazine placed the Dalai Lama on its list of the world's 100 most influential people.[36]

On 22 June 2006, the Parliament of Canada voted unanimously to make The Dalai Lama an honorary citizen of Canada.[37][38] This marks the third time in history that the Government of Canada has bestowed this honour, the others being Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985 and Nelson Mandela in 2001.

In September 2006, the United States Congress voted to award the Dalai Lama the Congressional Gold Medal,[39] the highest award which may be bestowed by the Legislative Branch of the United States government. The actual ceremony and awarding of the medal took place on 17 October 2007. The Chinese Government has reacted angrily to the award, which it merely refers to as "the extremely wrong arrangements." Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi said: "It seriously violates the norm of international relations and seriously wounded the feelings of the Chinese people and interfered with China's internal affairs."[40] The Dalai Lama brushed off China's criticism, telling news reporters that such things "always happen".

In June 2007, the Dalai Lama made an Australian tour, delivering public talks in Perth, Bendigo, Melbourne, Geelong, Sydney, Canberra and Brisbane.

On 25 September 2007, German Chancellor Angela Merkel met, for "private and informal talks", with the Dalai Lama in the Berlin Chancellery amid protest from China (as it could cut trade ties with Beijing). China cancelled separate talks with German officials (including Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries).[41]

[edit] Retirement

Tenzin Gyatso during his visit to Italy in 2007.
Tenzin Gyatso during his visit to Italy in 2007.

In May 2007, Chhime Rigzing, a senior spokesman for the Tibetan spiritual leader's office, stated that the Dalai Lama wants to reduce his political burden as he moves into "retirement".[42]

Rigzing stated "The political leadership will be transferred over a period of time but he will inevitably continue to be the spiritual leader because as the Dalai Lama, the issue of relinquishing the post does not arise."

The Dalai Lama announced he would like the elected Tibetan parliament-in-exile to have more responsibility over administration.

On 1 September 2007, China issued new rules controlling the selection of the next Dalai Lama which will virtually prevent his followers from choosing his reincarnation, since any reincarnation must bear the seal of approval by China's cabinet. These regulations could potentially result in one Dalai Lama approved by the Chinese government, and another chosen outside of Tibet.[43] This would be similar to the present situation with the Panchen Lamas and Karmapas. In November 2007, Tashi Wangdi, said the new rules mean nothing. "It will have no effect" said Wangdi. You can’t impose a Pope. You can’t impose an Imam, an Archbishop, saints, any religion...you can’t politically impose these things on people. It has to be a decision of the followers of that tradition. The Chinese can use their political power: force. Again, it’s meaningless."[44]

[edit] Bibliography

ISBN 0-7434-5336-0

[edit] Awards and honors

The Congressional Gold Medal awarded to Tenzin Gyatso in 2006.
The Congressional Gold Medal awarded to Tenzin Gyatso in 2006.

The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards over his spiritual and political career.[45] On 22 June 2006 he became one of only four people ever to be recognized with an Honorary Citizenship by the Canadian House of Commons. On 28 May 2005, he received the Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom. Perhaps his most notable award was the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo on 10 December 1989 (see below). Some other notable awards and honors he has received:

[edit] Nobel Peace Prize

On 10 December 1989 the Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize,[47] the chairman of the Nobel committee said that the award was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi." The committee recognized his efforts in "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution instead of using violence."[48] In his acceptance speech he criticised China for using force against student protesters during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. He stated however that their effort was not in vain. His speech focused on the importance of the continued use of non-violence and his desire to maintain a dialogue with China to try to resolve the situation.[49]

[edit] Filmography

Examples of films recently made about the 14th Dalai Lama:

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "The Institution of the Dalai Lama" by R. N. Rahul Sheel in The Tibet Journal, Vol. XIV No. 3. Autumn 1989, pp. 19-32 says on pp. 31-32, n. 1: "The word Dalai is Mongolian for "ocean", used mainly by the Chinese, the Mongols, and foreigners. Rgya mtsho, the corresponding Tibetan word, always has formed the last part of the religious name of the Dalai Lama since Dalai Lama II [sic – should read Dalai Lama III]. The expression Lama (Bla ma) means the "superior one". Western usage has taken it to mean the "priest" of the Buddhism of Tibet. The term Dalai Lama, therefore, means the lama whose wisdom is as deep, as vast and as embracing as the ocean."
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Profile: The Dalai Lama from a BBC News website
  3. ^ Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer, pp. 103, 171. First published in German in 1960. English translation by Edward Fitzgerald, published 1960. Reprint, with updated new chapter (1986): Wisdom Publications, London. ISBN 0-86171-045-2.
  4. ^ The Dalai Lama's biography
  5. ^ Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama (1990). Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama. HarperCollins. 
  6. ^ Humanity, Not Nationalism from The Tech website
  7. ^ Craig, Mary (1997). Kundun: A Biography of the Family of the Dalai Lama. Counterpoint. 
  8. ^ Dalai Lama Receives Congressional Gold Medal
  9. ^ Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. Grove Press. Source: [1] (accessed: January 31, 2008)
  10. ^ Dalai Lama - Speech to the U.N and Images of Tibet. Retrieved on 2006-08-06.
  11. ^ Cosmic Harmony. Dalai Lama Address to the United Nations.
  12. ^ Marcello, Patricia Cronin (2003). The Dalai Lama: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313322074. 
  13. ^ Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR, Ngapoi Ngawang Jigmei, China View, 30 August 2005.
  14. ^ Global Village News. Dalai Lama Considers Ending Exile & Return To Tibet.
  15. ^ Interview with The Guardian, September 5, 2003
  16. ^ CNN.com. China keeps up attacks on Dalai Lama.
  17. ^ a b Dalai Lama named Emory distinguished professor
  18. ^ Kamenetz,Rodger (1994)The Jew in the Lotus Harper Collins: 1994.
  19. ^ The Dalai Lama Foundation. Missions and Programs.
  20. ^ Boston.com. The Buddha of suburbia.
  21. ^ The Dalai Lama's views on science and religion in an op-ed for The New York Times
  22. ^ The Buddhist religion and homosexuality at Religioustolerance.org
  23. ^ "According to Buddhist Tradition": Gays, Lesbians and the Definition of Sexual Misconduct, Steve Peskind
  24. ^ Beyond Dogma: Dialogues and Discourses, The Dalai Lama, North Atlantic Books 1996
  25. ^ Dalai Lama meets Idaho’s religious leaders by Gary Stivers, www.sunvalleyonline.com, 15 September 2005
  26. ^ "Dalai Lama Campaigns to End Wildlife Trade", ENS, 8 April 2005. 
  27. ^ Justin Huggler. "Reports Fur Flies Over Tiger Plight", New Zealand Herald, 18 February 2006. 
  28. ^ Interview with CBC News, 16 April 2004
  29. ^ NY Times article
  30. ^ Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth
  31. ^ New York Times Article, October 2, 1998 [2]
  32. ^ NY Times article
  33. ^ Dalai Lama speaks "middle way" approach for Tibet's future
  34. ^ Johann Hari. "Dalai Lama interview", The Independent, 7 June, 2004. 
  35. ^ Introduction to the Middle-Way Policy and its History
  36. ^ Gere, Richard. "The 2005 TIME 100: The Dalai Lama", TIME Magazine, 18 April 2005. Retrieved on 2007-02-11. 
  37. ^ "Dalai Lama becomes honorary citizen", Victoria Times-Colonist, 10 September 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-11. 
  38. ^ Grudnikov, Karina. Dalai Lama joins Wallenberg as Honorary citizen of Canada. International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
  39. ^ "Highest US civilian honour for Dalai Lama", The Times of India, 14 September 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-11. 
  40. ^ Associated Press, China warns that Dalai Lama's congressional award, Bush meeting could damage U.S.-Chinese ties, International Herald Tribune, 16 October 2007
  41. ^ Euronews.net, Merkel meets with the Dalai Lama
  42. ^ "Dalai Lama: political retirement", Google (yahoo). Retrieved on 2007-05-13. 
  43. ^ BBC NEWS, New Chinese rules on Dalai Lama
  44. ^ Dalai Lama's representative talks about China, Tibet, Shugden and the next Dalai Lama, David Shankbone, Wikinews, November 14, 2007.
  45. ^ List of awards
  46. ^ Public Law 109-287
  47. ^ Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
  48. ^ The Nobel Prize. Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso).
  49. ^ The Government of Tibet in Exile. His Holiness the Dalai Lama's Nobel Prize acceptance speech University Aula, Oslo, 10 December 1989.

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Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
Born: 6 July 1935
Buddhist titles
Preceded by
Thubten Gyatso		 Reincarnation of the Dalai Lama
1950 – present		 Incumbent
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Thubten Gyatso		 — TITULAR —
Monarch of Tibet
1950 – present
Reason for succession failure:
Chinese occupation since 1950		 Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by
Zhang Jingwu		 Chief of Tibet Autonomous Region
1956 – 1959		 Succeeded by
Choekyi Gyaltsen
v • d • e
Reincarnations of the Dalai Lama
Gendun Drup | Gendun Gyatso | Sonam Gyatso | Yonten Gyatso | Lozang Gyatso | Tsangyang Gyatso | Kelzang Gyatso | Jamphel Gyatso | Lungtok Gyatso | Tsultrim Gyatso | Khedrup Gyatso | Trinley Gyatso | Thubten Gyatso | Tenzin Gyatso
Flag of the Tibet Government in Exile
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Nobel Peace Prize Laureates

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NAME Gyatso, Tenzin
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Dalai Lama (honorific); བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ (Tibetan); Rgya-mtsho, Bstan-'dzin (Wylie)
SHORT DESCRIPTION Dalai Lama
DATE OF BIRTH July 6, 1935
PLACE OF BIRTH Takster, Amdo, Tibet
DATE OF DEATH living
PLACE OF DEATH

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso%2C_14th_Dalai_Lama"
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