South African Airways

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South African Airways

IATA SA	ICAO SAA	Callsign SPRINGBOK
Founded		1934
Hubs		OR Tambo Int'l Airport Cape Town International Airport
Frequent flyer program		Voyager
Member lounge		Cycad/Baobab Lounge
Alliance		Star Alliance
Fleet size		49
Destinations		35
Parent company		Transnet
Headquarters		Johannesburg, South Africa
Key people		Khaya Ngqula (CEO), Kaushik Patel (CFO)
Website: http://www.flysaa.com

South African Airways (SAA) is South Africa's largest domestic and international airline company, with hubs in Cape Town and Johannesburg. It is also known in Afrikaans as Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (SAL), although this version of the name no longer appears on the airline's livery.

1 History
2 Alliance
3 Destinations
4 Cargo
5 Fleet
- 5.1 Passenger
- 5.2 Cargo
6 Accidents and Incidents
- 6.1 Accidents
- 6.2 Incidents
7 Anti-competitive practices
8 References
9 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Formation

In 1934, Union Airways was bought by South Africa's government, and renamed South African Airways on 1 February. The first cities served were Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg. The following year, also on 1 February, South African Airways took over South-West African Airways which had since 1932 been providing a weekly air-mail service between Windhoek and Kimberley.

In the 1930s SAA entered the international market with flights to Kenya and Uganda at British East Africa. The slow growth continued during the 1940s.

In 1945 SAA achieved a longtime company goal by operating a route to Europe when an Avro York landed in Bournemouth, England, after the long flight from Palmietfontein near Johannesburg.

South African Airways Boeing 747-400 at London Heathrow Airport

A South African Airways Airbus A340-600.

A South African Airways Boeing 747 in the old livery.

South African Airways "new" Business Class on display in 2006

[edit] The jet age

The 1950s saw the advent of the jet age with the addition of the Boeing 707 to the airline's fleet. In 1953 SAA made aviation history when it became the first airline outside UK to operate the world's first pure jetliner, the De Havilland Comet, on lease from BOAC. In November of 1957 the "Wallaby" service to Perth, Australia was added. SAA's first 707 landed in Europe in October 1960 with a nine-hour flight to Athens. Two years later, SAA's jets would allow the airline to fly nonstop from South Africa into the UK and SAA's other European destinations. Johannesburg-New York route, via Rio de Janeiro, opened on February of 1969. Later in 1971, SAA added the Boeing 747-200 'Jumbo Jet' to its fleet, followed in 1976 by the long range 747-SP and the Airbus A300, and in 1983 by the 747-300 SUD, which provided first non-stop flights between Johannesburg and London that same year.

[edit] Effect of apartheid

The next few years would be marked by steady but slower growth. Many countries refused to trade economically with South Africa, and this affected the airline. While many airlines were growing fast on the international market, SAA's growth rate was far behind most. Many African countries, except South Africa's neighbours, refused to let SAA use their airspace, but by then SAA had acquired a fleet of 'Special Performance' Boeing 747 SPs, reducing the need for stopovers.

A major development for the airline during the 1970s was the opening of a route to Asia, with Boeing 747 flights to Hong Kong being launched. In 1980, when SAA began flights to Taipei, South Africa became one of the few countries in the world at that time to recognize the government of Republic of China in Taiwan.

[edit] Fiftieth anniversary

SAA celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1984. In this year the South African government made a controversial decision when it signed a treaty with Somalia to give extensive military aid to the repressive regime of Siad Barre in exchange for an exclusive contract to service Somali air travel. This turned out to be economically nonviable since few Somalis could afford airline tickets, and due to the incessant civil disorder in the country, few people wanted to go to Somalia.

SAA's services to South America were cut back in 1985 because of lack of demand, with services to Buenos Aires stopped, but those to Rio de Janeiro continued.

Due to international condemnation of the apartheid regime in the late 1980s, SAA itself faced hostility, with its offices being attacked. Its London office was daubed with red paint, while in Harare, Zimbabwe its offices were badly damaged after protesters went on the rampage. In 1987, SAA's services to Perth and Sydney in Australia were ended, in light of Australia's opposition to apartheid. On November 28 of that year, disaster struck the airline, when a 747, the Helderberg (South African Airways flight 295) flying from Taipei to Johannesburg crashed into the Indian Ocean, near Mauritius, killing all passengers and crew.

During that year, the South African Airways Museum opened its doors to the public at OR Tambo International Airport, which was then known as Jan Smuts International Airport (Johannesburg International Airport was renamed the OR Tambo International Airport in 2006.)

[edit] End of the 'pariah airline'

With the demise of apartheid, beginning in 1990, SAA was able to shake off its pariah image, restoring services to old destinations, introducing services to new ones and expanding into the rest of Africa, and into Asia. June 1 of 1990 was also an important day for SAA, as South African companies signed a domestic air travel deregulation act. Later that year, SAA was chosen as the Best Airline to Africa by London magazine Executive Travel.

1991 saw the arrival of SAA's first Airbus A320 jet, and its first Boeing 747-400 jet, named Durban. The airline resumed flights to New York City's JFK International Airport for the first time since the United States imposed economic sanctions on South Africa in 1986, and South African's planes were able to fly for the first time over Egypt and Sudan.

1992 saw South African enter the Miami market (from Cape Town) by flying into Miami International Airport, and re-enter Australia. This year also saw code sharing agreements with American Airlines and Air Tanzania. That year also saw direct flights to Southeast Asia including Bangkok and Singapore.

In 1993 the airline began services to Manchester and Hamburg, and a code sharing agreement was reached with Brazil's Varig.

In 1994, a feeder service (SA Express) began flying domestically. This year saw the birth of the airline Alliance, which was a partnership between SAA, Uganda Airlines and Air Tanzania. Also South African greeted its passengers in four different languages during domestic flights: English, Zulu, Afrikaans and Sotho, while passengers on international flights were also greeted in the destination's local language. Nevertheless, this "Alliance" withered against intense competition from Kenya Airways (& affiliated Precision Air). The Tanzanian government is subsidising Air Tanzania while it disentagles the relationship with SAA.

In 1995, Lufthansa started a code sharing agreement with SAA, and SAA commissioned Herdbuoys Diefenbach Elkins to lead South African's change of image. This year, South African's Voyager and American Airlines' AAdvantage frequent flier clubs joined together.

1996 saw flights to Singapore discontinued, with Bangkok becoming an Asian hub for the airline, and South African Olympic athletes were carried to Atlanta aboard 747 Ndizani. SAA won Executive Travel's best airline to Africa award for the third time.

[edit] Rebranding

In 1997, SAA introduced its new image and livery, dropping the springbok emblem, and the old national colours of orange, white and blue. The new livery was based upon the new national flag, with a sun. The airline's name on its aircraft was changed to simply 'South African', with the Afrikaans name Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens being dropped. The airline started online ticket sales and formed an alliance with SA Airlink and SA Express.

In 1998 services to Buenos Aires and São Paulo's Guarulhos Airport restored, services to Copenhagen Airport stopped, and a new airline President in the figure of Coleman Andrews.

In 1999 South African and Delta Air Lines started code sharing on flights from Atlanta to South Africa. Those flights took place on South African Airways planes.

2000 saw South African arrive at Ft. Lauderdale's Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport and order 21 more Boeing 737s for its domestic routes.

In 2001, South African won the Best Cargo Airline to Africa award from Air Cargo News - (even though South African is mostly a passenger airline) - and South African Airways signed a code sharing agreement with Nigeria Airways, to provide service from the United States to Lagos, using South African 747s. (This code share agreement is no longer in effect, and SAA's flights to/from the United States no longer stop in Nigeria.) The airline earned a spot on the Zagat Survey's top ten international airlines list, opened a new website and named Andre Viljoen as Chief Executive Officer (CEO).

In March 2002, under CEO Andre Viljoen, South African Airways asked Airbus Industrie to overhaul its fleet at a cost of $3.5 billion. SAA ordered nine A340-600 widebodies, six A340-300s, 11 A319s and 15 A320 aircraft. Three of the A340-600 aircraft came from International Lease Finance Corp. The new Airbus A319s replaced the aging Boeing 737-200 fleet, but the Boeing 737-800's continue in service, because SAA canceled the A320 order before any aircraft were delivered.

In late 2002, South African Airways made a successful bid for a 49 per cent stake in Air Tanzania. This was SAA's first acquisition of a foreign airline. The merger failed in 2006 when new SAA management felt that the arrangement was an unprofitable mistake made by previous SAA managers.^[1]

In March 2004 South African Airways announced its application to join Star Alliance. The alliance accepted the application in June, with SAA joining as a full member in April 2006.

In July 2004, Andre Viljoen resigned as CEO of SAA, the media speculated he resigned due to the heavy losses SAA suffered in a R6-billion hedging loss.

In 2005, it became the first non-Saudi airline to fly a direct Hadj service to Medina in Saudi Arabia.

In July 2005, SAA started 4 times weekly Johannesburg-Accra-Washington, D.C. service with a Boeing 747-400. Service was increased to a daily service in July 2006, and the 747-400 was replaced by an Airbus A340-600. Also, because SAA could not obtain rights to fly passengers between Ghana and the US, the stop in Accra was replaced with a stop in Dakar. Accra will remain an SAA destination, however.

On June 6th, 2006, South African Airways' codeshare alliance with the US Airline, Delta Air Lines, was terminated. South African's participation in the Star Alliance caused tension between the airlines as it is a major competitor of Delta's SkyTeam Alliance.

[edit] Alliance

On April 10, 2006, SAA formally joined Star Alliance. SAA began code-share service with United Airlines.

South African Airways is an airline partner of Skywards, the frequent flyer program for Emirates Airline and Sri Lankan Airlines. Skywards members can earn miles for flying South African and can redeem miles for free flights. The airline also has a partnership with El Al Israel Airlines.

[edit] Destinations

Main article: South African Airways destinations

SAA operates routes to São Paulo, New York City, Washington, D.C., London, Frankfurt, Mumbai, Hong Kong and Perth, linking itself with partners. Most international flights operate from Johannesburg, the only international routes from Cape Town are to London and Frankfurt. It also operates numerous local and regional routes.

[edit] Cargo

South African Cargo is the airlines freight branch they operate cargo services with a 737-200F to domestic and regional destinations.

[edit] Fleet

[edit] Passenger

The South African Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft as of November 2007:

**South African Airways Fleet**
Aircraft	Total	Passengers (Business/Economy)	Routes	Notes
Airbus A319-100	11	120 (25/95)	Short-medium haul Domestic and Regional
Airbus A340-200	6	250 (24/226)	Long haul Australia, Europe, India and South America	Largest operator of the model.^{[citation needed]}
Airbus A340-300	6	253 (38/215)	Long haul Australia, Europe, North America and South America
Airbus A340-600	9	317 (42/275)	Ultra long haul North America and South East Asia, and Europe
Boeing 737-800	17	157 (32/125)	Short-medium haul Domestic and Regional

[edit] Cargo

**South African Airways Cargo Fleet**
Aircraft	Total	Capacity (Weight)	Routes	Notes
Boeing 737-200F	1	20 tons	Short haul Domestic and Regional
Boeing 737-300QC	2		Short haul Domestic and Regional	Planned to add

SAA used to name its aircraft (such as the Boeing 707, Boeing 727, Boeing 737-200 and Boeing 747) after geographical features in South Africa, such as rivers, cities, towns and mountain ranges. However, SAA aircraft are no longer named.

In 2006, two 747-400s, delivered in 1990 and 1991 (ZS-SAV "Durban" and ZS-SAW "Bloemfontein"), were sold to Cathay Pacific Airways and converted to B747-400BCF or Boeing Converted Freighters. Cathay values these B747-444 as they have the same Rolls-Royce RB211 engines as Cathay's passenger fleet, making maintenance much faster and cheaper than if the freighter used General Electric or Pratt & Whitney engines.

In June 2007, SAA confirmed earlier speculation that the airline's restructuring plan means there will be no new aircraft purchased for an unspecified time period.^[2] Additionally, the airline announced that SAA's six remaining Boeing 747-400s will be pulled from the fleet^[2], meaning that the airline will no longer operate any variant of the 747. SAA's final 747 flight took place on 1 November 2007.

The average age of South African Airways fleet is 7.0 years in March 2008.

[edit] Accidents and Incidents

[edit] Accidents

Junkers Ju 52, ZS-AKY, 16 June 1937. Aircraft crashed on take-off at Port Elizabeth Airport following engine failure in two engines. Aircraft consumed by fire but all aboard escaped. This was the airline's first accident in which passengers were injured.^[3]

Lockheed L-18 Lodestar, ZS-AST 28 March 1941, Elands Bay, South Africa. All aboard killed on impact and/or post crash fire.^[3]^[4]

Lockheed L-18 Lodestar, ZS-ASW, 5 th January 1948. Aircraft overran runway at Palmietfontein after landing deep. Undercarriage ripped-off and hull damaged beyond repair. Light injuries to passengers but no fatalities.^[3]

Douglas DC-3, 15 October 1951, Vicinity East Griqualand, South Africa.^[4]

de Havilland Comet, SA201, 8 April 1954 Flight 201 departed Rome for Cairo and Johannesburg. The flight was a leased British Overseas Airways Corporation De Havilland Comet. The aircraft crashed off the coast of Italy killing all 21 people onboard. Along with BOAC Flight 781, it was one of two Comet crashes caused by a flaw in the design.

Douglas DC-3, ZS-DJC flight SA512 6 March 1962, Vicinity Seymour, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Aircraft crashed into mountainside after pilot insisted on conducting flight as visual flight rules (VFR) while flying below low cloud above rising ground. Pilot and First Officer killed, passengers and cabin staff survived. ^[3]^[4]

Vickers Viscount 818, SA406, 13 March 1967, Vicinity East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Aircraft crashed into sea 1.5 miles offshore while approaching to land during bad weather. No cause found by investigators due to inability to retrieve or photo map wreckage. All aboard killed.^[3]^[4]

Boeing 707-344C, SA228, 20 April 1968, Near Windhoek, South West Africa (Now Namibia). Aircraft was 6 weeks old. Crew used flap retraction sequence from 707-B series which removed flaps in larger increments than desirable for that stage of the flight, leading to loss of lift at 600 ft above ground level. Subsequent descent went undetected by crew, leading to impact with ground. Casualties totalled 119 dead.^[3]^[4]

Boeing 747-244B Combi, SA295, 28 November 1987 The Helderberg crashed over the Indian Ocean en-route from Taipei, Taiwan to Johannesburg via Mauritius. This followed after a fire in the main cargo hold; all 159 people on board were killed.^[4]

[edit] Incidents

South African Airways Flight 322, 17 June 2006 South African Flight 322, a Boeing 737-800 underwent an attempted hijacking by a 21-year-old Zimbabwean, who took a flight attendant hostage in attempt to enter the aircraft's cockpit and divert the plane to Maputo, Mozambique. He was subdued before entering the cockpit on the flight en-route from Cape Town to Johannesburg. The pilots of SAA Flight 322 had been monitoring the incident via CCTV and the plane was turned back to Cape Town where a police task force stormed the aircraft and arrested the suspect.^[5] ^[6]

[edit] Anti-competitive practices

On 5 June 2007, it was announced that SAA paid ZAR 55 million to the South African government's Competition Commission. The penalty was imposed because of anticompetitive behaviour such as price-fixing. This fine was in addition to a ZAR 45 million fine paid by SAA on 31 May 2006 as a penalty for SAA's attempts to prevent travel agents from dealing with rival air carriers. ^[7]