Berlin Blockade

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Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone

The Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949) was one of the first major crises of the new Cold War. It began when the Soviets blocked railroad and street access by the three Western powers (the Americans, British, and French) to the Western-occupied sectors of Berlin. The crisis abated after the Western powers bypassed the blockade by establishing the Berlin Airlift, demonstrating both their dedication to the cause of supplying their zones, as well as the industrial might of the West and its air force's capabilities.

[edit] Postwar division of Germany

When World War II ended in Europe on May 8, 1945, Soviet and Western (U.S., British) troops were stretched across Germany on a line running roughly along the Elbe, although branching off in several locations. Units of the reforming French army were also present in southwest Germany.

From July 17 to August 2, 1945, the victorious Allied Powers reached the Potsdam Agreement on the fate of postwar Europe, calling for the division of the defeated Germany into four occupation zones (thus reaffirming principles laid out earlier by the Yalta Conference), roughly located around their army's current locations. Additionally, Berlin would be divided into four pieces, but because of the city's location, the French, American, and British sectors of Berlin were surrounded by the Soviet occupation zone. Administration of occupied Germany was coordinated by the Four Power Allied Control Council (ACC).

Part of the overall agreement was encoded in the Morgenthau plan, which was based on the basic concept that Germany's economy would be re-constructed at 50% of its 1938 capacity so that a militarized Germany could not arise in the future. The Soviets were very much in favor of the plans, a response to the repeated German assaults on Russia. As Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov told United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes in 1946, they wanted to see a united Germany that could be neutralized after the Soviet Union received industrial reparations. The U.S.'s JCS 1067 reflected these goals, stating that the U.S. occupation would "…take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany [or] designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy." As a part of these plans, factories in the U.S. Zone of control were disassembled and sent eastward, thereby fulfilling both the reduction in German industrial capacity and the provision of Soviet reparations.

[edit] Differing views

The effects of the Morgenthau plan were far more wide-reaching than originally predicated. The role of a strong German industrial economy in the economy of Europe as a whole was not appreciated, and with this economy being deliberately suppressed the entire European economy was suppressed along with it. Conditions became so bad that William L. Clayton, an economic adviser to President Harry S. Truman at the Potsdam Conference, reported to Washington that "millions of people are slowly starving."

At first this had no effect on U.S. policy, which continued to follow the Morgenthau plan as encoded in JCS 1067. But in view of increased concerns by General Lucius D. Clay and the Joint Chief of Staff over growing communist influence in Germany, as well as of the failure of the rest of the European economy to recover, in the summer of 1947 Secretary of State General George Marshall, citing "national security grounds" was finally able to convince Truman to rescind directive JCS 1067, and replace it with JCS 1779. JCS 1779 was completely opposed to JCS 1067, stating among other things that "An orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany.”

As part of the developing Marshall Plan, large sums of U.S. capital were freed up for use by any European nation that requested it. Stalin was highly suspect of the U.S. plans, both as it interfered with his wishes to keep Germany as a non-military "buffer", as well as feeling that the U.S. aid would "buy" Europe's re-alignment in a new sort of imperial expansion. He stated "This is a ploy by Truman. It is nothing like Lend-Lease - a different situation. They don't want to help us. What they want is to infiltrate European countries."^[1] Molotov was initially interested in the program and attended early meetings, but later described it as "dollar imperialism". Stalin eventually forbade any countries of the newly-formed Cominform from accepting the aid, which required some strong-arm tactics in the case of Czechoslovakia.^[2]

As the U.S. and USSR policies toward post-war Germany changed in light of the terrible economic conditions, the former Allies grew apart. To Joseph Stalin it remained essential to destroy Germany's capacity for another war, which conflicted with the U.S. desire to rebuild Germany as the economic center of a stable Europe. Little common ground could be found, and attempts to further clarify post-war planning for a unified Germany became moribund. In 1946 the Soviets stopped delivering agricultural goods from their zone in the east, and Clay responded by stopping the shipment of dismantled industries from the west. As a result of this, the Soviets started a public relations campaign against American policy and began to obstruct the administrative work of all four sectors.

The U.S. stance was that if it could not reunify Germany with Soviet cooperation, the West should develop the western, industrial portions of postwar Germany controlled by Britain and the United States, and integrate these areas into a new western European sphere known as the "Bizone", or when France was added, the Trizone. Led by the United States, the three major Western Allied Powers reached an agreement on this approach during a series of meetings in London from February to June 1948. As outlined in an announcement on March 7, 1948, the London Conference declared support for fusing the three Western zones of Germany into an independent, federal form of government, and bringing Western zones into the U.S.-led economic reconstruction efforts.

[edit] Focus on Berlin

Berlin quickly became the focal point of both side's efforts to re-align Europe in their respective visions. As Molotov noted, "What happens to Berlin, happens to Germany; what happens to Germany, happens to Europe."^[3] A key event took place earlier in 1946 when the Berlin public overwhelmingly elected democratic members to the city council with an 86% majority, rejecting the communist delegates in the process. It appeared that any future effort to reunite Germany would lead to the expulsion of the Soviet elements, and recent western moves demonstrated that they would be more than willing to support such an outcome.

The ACC met for the last time on March 20, 1948. After asking for details of the London meetings and failing to get them immediately, Vasily Sokolovsky stated "I see no sense in continuing this meeting, and I declare it adjourned." The entire Soviet delegation arose and walked out. Sokolovsky was the chair of the council during March and therefore in charge of calling future meetings. He simply didn't call any, and the ACC effectively ended. Truman later noted "For most of Germany, this act merely formalized what had been an obvious fact for some time, namely, that the four-power control machinery had become unworkable. For the city of Berlin, however, this was the curtain-raiser for a major crisis."^[2]

On March 31 the Soviets increased the pressure on the west by demanding that every train entering Berlin from the western zones be examined. Several U.S. and British trains "forced the issue" with varied results, so General Lucius D. Clay, commander of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, ordered all military trains to stop making the trip. Instead, he started an airlift, later to be known as the Little Lift, in order to supply the U.S. garrison with food and ammunition. The Little Lift lasted only about ten days, during which the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) flew in about 300 tons of supplies. The Soviets eased their restrictions on Allied military trains on April 10, but continued to periodically interrupt rail and road traffic during the next 75 days.

[edit] The currency crisis

In February 1948, the United States and British had proposed to the ACC that a new German currency be created, replacing the over-circulated and devalued Reichsmark. The Soviets refused to accept this proposal, hoping to continue the German recession in keeping with their policy of a weak Germany. The three Western powers continued to work on their new currency in secret, and introduced Deutsche Mark in their occupation zones on June 21, 1948. The Soviets refused to honor the currency, even in Berlin, but Allies had already smuggled two hundred and fifty million Deutschmarks into the city, and it quickly became the standard currency in the western zones.

The new currency, along with the Marshall Plan that backed it, appeared to be able to revitalize Germany against the wishes of the Soviets. Worse, by introducing the currency into western Berlin, it threatened to create a bastion of economic resurgence deep within the Soviet zone. This provocation demanded a Soviet response; Stalin wanted the west out of Berlin.

[edit] Berlin airlift

[edit] Blockade

On June 12, 1948 the Soviet Union declared that the Autobahn leading into Berlin from West Germany was "closed for repairs." Three days later road traffic between the sectors was halted, and on June 21 all barge traffic into the city was stopped. Finally, on June 24 the Soviets announced that due to "technical difficulties" there would be no more rail traffic to and from Berlin. The following day they announced that the Soviet sector would not supply food to the sectors of the city that were under Western administration. The Western powers had never negotiated a pact with the Soviets guaranteeing these passage rights. The Soviets rejected arguments that occupation rights in Berlin and the use of the routes during the previous three years had given the West legal claim to unimpeded use of the highways, tunnels, and railroads.

At the time, Berlin had thirty-five days worth of food and forty-five days worth of coal. Militarily the U.S. and British were greatly outnumbered due to the demobilization of their armies with the end of the war, something the Soviets had not matched due to a variety of factors. If a war started, the city would be lost. General Lucius D. Clay, in charge of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, summed up the reasons for staying in a cable to Washington on June 13, 1948, "There is no practicability in maintaining our position in Berlin and it must not be evaluated on that basis... We are convinced that our remaining in Berlin is essential to our prestige in Germany and in Europe. Whether for good or bad, it has become a symbol of the American intent."^[4]

Clay felt that the Soviets were bluffing, and would not start a war over Berlin. He proposed sending a large armored column driving peacefully, as a moral right, down the Autobahn from West Germany to West Berlin, but with instructions to fire if it were stopped or attacked. President Truman, however, following the consensus in Congress, stated, "It is too risky to engage in this due to the consequence of war."

[edit] Deciding on an airlift

Air corridors to Berlin.

Although the ground routes had never been negotiated, the same was not true of the air. On November 30, 1948, it was agreed, in writing, that there would be three twenty-mile wide air corridors providing free access to the city. Additionally, unlike a force of tanks, the Soviets could not claim that cargo aircraft were some sort of military threat. In the face of an unarmed aircraft refusing to turn around, the only way to enforce the blockade would be to shoot them down. An airlift would force the Soviet Union into the position of either taking military action in a morally reprehensible fashion that would break their own agreements, or backing down.

Forcing this decision would require the airlift to actually work, however. If the supplies could not be flown in fast enough, Soviet help would eventually be needed in order to prevent starvation. Clay was told to take advice from General Curtis LeMay, commander of United States Air Forces in Europe, to see if an airlift was possible. LeMay replied "We can haul anything."^[5]

When the American forces consulted the British Royal Air Force about a possible joint airlift, they learned that the RAF was already running an airlift in support of their own troops in Berlin. Clay's counterpart, Commander Sir Brian Robertson, was ready with some concrete numbers. During the Little Lift earlier that year, British Air Commodore Reginald Waite had calculated the resources required to support the entire city. His calculations indicated they would need to supply seventeen hundred calories per person per day, consisting of 646 tons of flour and wheat, 125 tons of cereal, 64 tons of fat, 109 tons of meat and fish, 180 tons of dehydrated potatoes, 180 tons of sugar, 11 tons of coffee, 19 tons of powdered milk, 5 tons of whole milk for children, 3 tons of fresh yeast for baking, 144 tons of dehydrated vegetables, 38 tons of salt and 10 tons of cheese. In total, 1,534 tons were needed daily to keep the over 2 million people alive.^[5] Additionally, the city needed to be kept heated and powered, which would require another 3,475 tons of coal and gasoline.^[6]

C-47s unloading at Tempelhof Airport during Berlin Airlift.

Carrying this out would not be easy. The post-war demobilization had left the U.S. forces in Europe with only two squadrons of C-47 Skytrains, which carried around 3.5 tons of cargo. Clay estimated they would be able to haul about 300 tons of supplies a day. The RAF was somewhat better prepared as they had already moved some aircraft into the area, and they expected to be able to supply about 400 tons a day. This was not nearly enough to move the 5,000 tons a day that would be needed, but these numbers could be increased as new aircraft arrived from England and the U.S. The RAF would be relied on to increase their numbers quickly; they could fly additional aircraft in from England in days, bringing their fleet to about 150 C-74s and 40 of the larger Avro Yorks with 10 ton payload. With this fleet the British contribution was expected to rise to 750 tons a day in the short term. For a longer-term operation the U.S. would have to add additional aircraft as soon as possible, and they would have to be as large as possible while still able to fly into the Berlin airports. Only one such aircraft was suitable, the C-54 Skymaster.

Given the feasibility assessment made by the British, the airlift concept appeared to be the best course of action. A remaining concern was the population of Berlin. Clay called in Ernst Reuter, the Mayor-elect of Berlin, who was accompanied by his aide, Willy Brandt. Clay told Reuter, "Look, I am ready to try an airlift. I can't guarantee it will work. I am sure that even at its best, people are going to be cold and people are going to be hungry. And if the people of Berlin won't stand that, it will fail. And I don't want to go into this unless I have your assurance that the people will be heavily in approval." Reuter, although skeptical, assured Clay that Berlin would make all the necessary sacrifices and that the Berliners would support his actions.^[4]

General Albert Wedemeyer, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, was in Europe on an inspection tour when the crisis occurred. He had been commander of the U.S. China Theater in 1944–45 and had an intimate knowledge of the World War II Allied airlift from India over The Hump of the Himalayas. He was in favor of the airlift option, giving it a major boost.^[4] The British and Americans agreed to start a joint operation without delay; the U.S. action retained the name "Operation Vittles," while the British one was called "Operation Plainfare."

[edit] The Airlift begins

Loading milk on a West Berlin-bound plane

On June 24, 1948, LeMay appointed Brigadier General Joseph Smith, commander of the Wiesbaden Military Post, as the Task Force Commander of the airlift. On June 25, 1948, Clay gave the order to launch Operation Vittles. The next day thirty-two C-47 cargo planes lifted off for Berlin hauling 80 tons of cargo including milk, flour, and medicine. The first British aircraft flew on June 28. At that time, the airlift was expected to last three weeks.

On the 27th, Clay cabled William Draper with an estimate of the current situation:

By July 1 the system was starting to come into action. C-54's were starting to arrive in quantity, and the Rhein-Main Air Base was made exclusive C-54 depot, while Wiesbaden retained a mix of C-54's and C-47's. Aircraft flew west-northwest into Tempelhof Airport on one of the three air corridors, then returned due west flying out on a second. After reaching the British Zone, they turned south to return to their bases.

The British ran a similar system, flying roughly south-southwest from a variety of airports in the Hamburg area into Gatow Airport in the British Sector, and then returning out on the same air corridor as the U.S., turning for home or landing at Hanover. On July 5, the Yorks and Dakotas were joined by ten Short Sunderlands and, later, by Short Hythe flying boats. Flying from Finkenwerder on the Elbe near Hamburg to the Havel river next to Gatow, their corrosion-resistant hulls lent them to the particular task of delivering table salt into the city. Alongside the British and U.S. troops were pilots from Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa running the airlift.

In order to accommodate the large number of flights, required maintenance schedules, and cargo loading times, Smith developed a complex schedule and pattern for arranging flights. Aircraft were scheduled to take off every three minutes, flying 500 feet higher than the previous flight. This pattern began at 5,000 feet and was repeated five times.^[7]

During the first week the airlift averaged only ninety tons a day, but by the second week it reached 1000 tons. This likely would have sufficed had the effort lasted only a few weeks, as originally believed. The Communist press in East Berlin, for its part, ridiculed the efforts. It derisively referred to "the futile attempts of the Americans to save face and to maintain their untenable position in Berlin."^[8]

[edit] Black Friday

As it became clear the Soviets were not going to relent any time soon, more drastic measures were called for. On July 27, 1948 Lt. General William H. Tunner of the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) took over the operation. Tunner had significant experience in commanding and organizing the airlift over The Hump.^[4] He took over command of the entire airlift operation, creating the Combined Airlift Task Force at Tempelhof.

Shortly after arriving to take command, on July 28, 1948 Tunner decided to fly into Berlin to grant an award to Lt. Paul O. Lykins, an airlift pilot who had made the most flights into Berlin up until that time. Cloud cover over Berlin descended to the height of the buildings, and heavy rain showers made radar visibility poor. A C-54 crashed and burned at the end of the runway, and a second that landed behind him blew its tires trying to stop to avoid hitting it. A third ground looped on the auxiliary runway, closing the entire airport. Tunner got on the radio and ordered all aircraft to return home immediately. This became known as "Black Friday".

As a result of this experience, Tunner instituted a number of new rules; instrument flight rules would be in effect at all times, regardless of actual visibility, and each sortie would have only one chance to land in Berlin, returning to its base if it missed its chance. Accident rates and delays dropped immediately. Another decision came about due to the realization that it took just as long to unload a 3.5 ton C-47 as it did to unload a 10 ton C-54. One of the reasons for this was the C-47's slanted floor made truck loading difficult, whereas the C-54 was level and a truck could back up to it and cargo could be unloaded quickly. Tunner decided to remove the C-47 from the Airlift.

Another change was aimed at improving efficiency. Having noticed there were long delays as the flight crews returned to their aircraft from the terminal when getting refreshments, Tunner demanded that the aircrew could not leave their aircraft for any reason while in Berlin. Instead, he equipped trucks as mobile snack bars and staffed by some of the prettiest Berlin girls, handing out refreshments to the pilots while they remained in the cockpit. As Gail Halvorsen later noted, "he put some beautiful German Frauleins in that snackbar. They knew we couldn't date them, we had no time. So they were very friendly."^[6]

The Berliners themselves solved the other problem of a lack of manpower. Crews unloading and making repairs at the Berlin airports were replaced almost entirely by locals, who were given additional rations in return. As the crews improved, the times for unloading continued to fall, with a record being set by unloading an entire 10 ton load of coal from a C-54 in ten minutes. This was later beaten when a twelve-man crew unloaded the same load in five minutes and 45 seconds.

By the end of July, after only one month, the Airlift was succeeding; daily operations flew more than fifteen hundred flights a day and delivered more than 4,500 tons of cargo, enough to keep the city supplied. All of the C-47s were withdrawn by the end of September, and 225 C-54s were devoted to the lift. Supplies improved to 5,000 tons a day.

[edit] Operation Little Vittles

U.S. Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen, who pioneered the idea of dropping candy bars and bubble gum with little handmade miniature parachutes, which later became known as "Operation Little Vittles".

Gail Halvorsen, one of the many Airlift pilots, decided to use his offtime to fly into Berlin and make movies with his handheld camera. He arrived at Tempelhof on July 17 after hitching a ride on one of the C-54s, and walked over to a crowd of children who had gathered at the end of the runway to watch the planes coming in. He introduced himself and they started to ask him questions about the aircraft and their flights. As a goodwill gesture, he handed out his only two sticks of Wrigley's Doublemint Gum, and promised that if they did not fight over them, the next time he returned he would drop off more. The children quickly divided up the pieces as best they could. Before he left them, a child asked him how they would know it was him flying over, and he replied, "I'll wiggle my wings."^[5]

The very next day, on approach to Berlin, he rocked the airplane and dropped some chocolate bars attached to a handkerchief parachute to the children waiting below. Every day after that the number of children would increase and he made several more drops. Soon there was a stack of mail in Base Ops addressed to "Uncle Wiggly Wings", "The Chocolate Uncle" and "The Chocolate Flier". His commanding officer was upset when the story appeared in the news, but when Tunner heard about it he thought it was great and immediately christened it "Operation Little Vittles". Other pilots joined the fun, and when news reached the U.S., children all over the country sent in their own candy to help out. Soon the major candy companies joined in as well. In the end, over three tons of candy was dropped over Berlin,^[5] and the "operation" became a major propaganda success.

[edit] Soviet responses

These turn of events were decidedly against the Soviets. As the tempo of the Airlift grew it became apparent that the western powers may be able to pull off the impossible, and supply an entire city by air. In response, starting August 1st, they offered free food to anyone that would cross into eastern Berlin, and sign over their ration cards. Few took them up on the offer, thinking it was a trick.

On September 6, East German communists occupied the city's civilian council house to block new elections. Three days later RIAS Radio urged west Berliners to protest the East German actions. A crowd of half a million people gathered at the Brandenburg Gate, next to the Reichstag, the ruined German Parliament. The Airlift was working so far, but many West Berliners feared the Allies would eventually abandon them to the Soviets, and needed reassuring that their sacrifice wasn't for nothing. Ernst Reuter took to the microphone and pled for his city, "You peoples of the world. You people of America, of England, of France, look on this city, and recognize that this city, this people must not be abandoned - cannot be abandoned!" The crowd surged towards the east and someone ripped down the Red Flag from the Gate. Soviet military police responded, killing one.^[6]

The elections went ahead for December 5, and once again the east Berliners attempted to disrupt them. When it became clear their efforts were not working, they boycotted them and elected an entire government of their own, under Friedrich Ebert. Reuter once again won the elections, dividing Berlin into east and west in the process. In the east, a communist system with house, street and block wardens was quickly implemented.

Political interference was not the only action on the part of the Soviets. Starting on August 10 they started harassing aircraft in the Airlift, and after one year 733 incidents had been reported. One of their favorite acts was for Soviet fighters to buzz the cargo aircraft, or to shoot into the air near them. After a Soviet fighter buzzed a British passenger plane too closely, both planes crashed with a loss of 35 lives. Balloons were released in the corridors, flak was fired randomly and searchlights were shone on the aircraft. Additionally they set up a fake radio beacon on the same frequency as Tempelhof, in an effort to draw aircraft out of the airways. None of these proved very effective. However, it must also be mentioned that it was Soviet personnel running the air traffic control towers on Tempelhof 24 hours per day.

[edit] Preparing for winter

Although the early estimates required about 4,000 to 5,000 tons would be needed to supply the city, this was made in the context of summer weather, and at the time it was not expected to last more than a few weeks. As the Airlift dragged on into the fall, the situation changed considerably. Although the food requirements would remain the same, around 1,500 tons, the need for additional coal to heat the city grew dramatically, an additional 6,000 tons a day.

In order to maintain the Airlift given these requirements, the current system would have to be greatly expanded. Aircraft were available, and the British started adding their larger Handley Page Hastings in November, but maintaining the fleet proved to be a serious problem. Tunney looked to the Germans once again, hiring ex-Luftwaffe ground crews, who were available in large numbers.

Another problem was the lack of runways in Berlin to land on, two at Tempelhof and one at Gatow, both of which were never intended to support the sorts of loads the C-54's were putting on them. All of the existing runways required hundreds of laborers who ran onto them and dumped sand into the Pierced Steel Planking in order to soften the surface and help the planking survive. Clearly this could not be expected to survive through the winter, so between July and September 1948 a 6,000 ft long asphalt runway was created. Far from ideal, with the approach over Berlin apartment blocks, the runway was nevertheless a major upgrade to the airport's capabilities. With it in place, the auxiliary runway was upgraded from PSP to asphalt between September and October 1948. A similar upgrade program was carried out by the British at Gatow during the same period, also adding a second runway.

By this time the French, initially refusing to support the effort considering it a lost cause, also became interested in supporting the airlift. The French Air Force, meanwhile, was involved in the First Indochina War, so it could only bring up some old Junkers Ju 52s to support its own troops. However, France agreed to build a new and larger airport in its sector, on the shores of Lake Tegel. French military engineers were able to complete the construction in less than 90 days. The airport was for the most part built by hand by thousands of female laborers who worked day and night.

Heavy equipment was also needed to level the ground, equipment that was too large and heavy to fly in on any existing aircraft. A solution was found in the form of a Brazilian engineer who had perfected the technique of cutting up large machines for transport and then re-assembling them. He was flown in to advise the effort, and using five larger C-82 Packet transports they were able to move the machinery in, serving the double duty of helping build the airfield as well as demonstrating that the blockade could not keep anything out of the city.

There was an obstacle in the way on the approach to Tegel, however. A Soviet controlled radio tower caused problems with its proximity to the airfield. Pleas to remove it went unheard, so on November 20, French General Jean Ganeval made the decision to simply blow it up. The mission was carried out on December 16, much to the delight of the Berliners, and to the complaints of the Soviets. The airfield evolved after the crisis into the Berlin-Tegel International Airport.

In order to improve the air traffic control, which would be critical as the number of flights grew, the newly developed Ground Controlled Approach Radar system (GCA) was shipped to Europe for installation at Tempelhof, with a second set installed at Fassberg in the British Zone in western Germany. With the installation of GCA, all-weather airlift operations were insured.

None of these efforts could fix the weather, which proved to be the largest problem. November and December 1948 proved to be the worst months of the airlift operation. One of the longest-lasting fogs ever experienced blanketed the entire Continent for weeks. All too often aircraft would make the entire flight and then be unable to land in Berlin. On November 20, 42 planes departed for Berlin but only one landed there. At one point, the whole city had only a week's supply of coal.

Weather improved, however. More than 171,000 tons were delivered in January, but the figure fell to 152,000 tons in February. In March, the tonnage rose to 196,223.^[8]

[edit] The Easter Parade

By April 1949, airlift operations were running smoothly, and Tunner wanted to break up the monotony. He liked the idea of a big event that would give everyone a morale boost. He decided that on Easter Sunday the airlift would break all records. To do this, maximum efficiency was needed. To simplify handling, the only cargo would be coal, and stockpiles were built up for the effort. Maintenance schedules were altered so that the maximum number of planes was available.

From 12:00PM April 15, to 12:00PM April 16, 1949, crews worked around the clock. When it was over, 12,941 tons of coal had been delivered as a result of 1,383 flights without a single accident. A welcome side effect of the effort was that operations in general improved, and daily tonnage increased from 6,729 tons a day before the Easter Parade, to 8,893 tons per day after. In total, the airlift delivered 234,476 tons in April.^[8]

[edit] The Blockade ends

Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin-Tempelhof, displaying the names of the 39 British and 31 U.S.-American pilots who lost their lives during the operation. Similar monuments can be found at the military airfield Wietzenbruch near the former RAF Celle and at Rhein-Main Air Base.

Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin-Tempelhof with inscription "They lost their lives for the freedom of Berlin in service for the Berlin Airlift 1948/49"

The Easter Parade humiliated the Soviets. Every day of the Airlift's success was one of failure for the Soviets. The four powers began serious negotiations, and a settlement was made on Allied terms. Stalin lifted the blockade at midnight, on May 11, 1949.

Flights continued for some time, in order to build up a comfortable surplus. The Airlift officially ended on September 30, 1949, after fifteen months. In total, the U.S. delivered 1,783,573 tons, while 541,937 tons were delivered by the RAF, totaling 2,326,406 tons of food and supplies on 278,228 total flights to Berlin. The C-47's and C-54's together flew over 92 million miles in the process, nearly the same distance as the earth is from the sun.^[9]

A total of 101 fatalities were recorded as a result of the operation, including 39 British and 31 Americans, mostly due to crashes. Seventeen American and eight British aircraft crashed during the operation.

[edit] Afterword

Operational control of the three allied airlift corridors was given to BARTCC (Berlin Air Route Traffic Control Center) air traffic control located at Tempelhof. Diplomatic approval authority was granted to a secretive four-power organization also located in the American sector. It was called the Berlin Air Safety Center (BASC).

Tegel was developed into west Berlin's principal airport, and by 2007 had been joined by a redeveloped Berlin-Schoenefeld in Brandenburg. As a result of the development of these two airports Tempelhof is being closed, whilst Gatow no longer serves as an airport and now hosts the Museum of the German Luftwaffe. During the 1970s and 1980s Schoenefeld had its own crossing points through the Berlin Wall for western citizens.

[edit] See also

• History of Germany
• West Berlin
• RAF Gatow
• East Berlin
• Gail Halvorsen (also known as "Uncle Wiggly Wings" and "The Candy Bomber")
• The Big Lift, a 1950 film about the airlift from an American point of view.
• Bob Clarke (Historian)

[edit] References

• Robert E. Griffin and D. M. Giangreco, Airbridge to Berlin : The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath, Presidio Press, 1988. ISBN 0-89141-329-4. Available online at Airbridge to Berlin
• Launius, Roger D. and Coy F. Cross II MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift. Scott Air Force Base IL: Office of History, Military Airlift Command, 1989.
• Luc De Vos and Etienne Rooms, Het Belgisch buitenlands beleid: Geschiedenis en actoren, Acco, 2006. ISBN 90-334-5973-6.

[edit] External links

• The Berlin Airlift. American Experience. Retrieved on March 5, 2007. - A PBS site on the context and history of the Berlin Airlift.
• Berlin Airlift. Retrieved on October 22, 2007. - A 1948 propaganda film about the airlift, told from the British point of view.

• Operation Plainfare
• Luftbruecke: Allied Culture in the Heart of Berlin
• Agreement to divide Berlin
• Memorandum for the President: The Situation in Germany, July 23, 1948
• Berlin Airlift: Logistics, Humanitarian Aid, and Strategic Success
• Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and the Cold War (Berlin Airlift)