Bedřich Smetana
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Bedřich Smetana (pronounced [ˈbɛdr̝ɪx ˈsmɛtana] ; 2 March 1824 - 12 May 1884) was a Czech composer. He is best known for his symphonic poem Vltava (better known as The Moldau from the German), the second in a cycle of six which he entitled Má vlast ("My Country"), and for his opera The Bartered Bride.
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[edit] Biography
Smetana was the son of a brewer in Litomyšl in Bohemia, then part of the Austrian Empire. He studied piano and violin from an early age, and played in an amateur string quartet with other members of his family. Smetana attended a high school in Pilsen from 1840-1843. He studied music in Prague, despite initial resistance from his father. He secured a post as music master to a noble family, and in 1848 received funds from Franz Liszt to establish his own music school.
September 1855 marked the death of his second child, his beloved four-year-old daughter Bedřiska. When his third child died nine months later, he committed himself to composition, producing the Piano Trio in G minor. This piece is full of sadness and despair, making use of phrases that are cut short, possibly in resemblance to his daughter's own life.
In 1856, Smetana moved to Gothenburg, Sweden, where he taught, conducted and gave chamber music recitals. In 1863, back in Prague, he opened a new school of music dedicated to promoting specifically Czech music. By 1874 he had become deaf from syphilis, but he continued to compose; Má vlast was written after his deafness had developed. Smetana also suffered from tinnitus, which caused him to hear a continuous, maddening high note which he described as the "shrill whistle of a first inversion chord of A-flat in the highest register of the piccolo."
From 1875 he lived in small village of Jabkenice.
His string quartet in E minor, Z mého života (From My Life, composed in 1876), the first of only two quartets, is an autobiographical work. Each movement tells a different story about Smetana's life. The first movement is expressive, demonstrative of Smetana's youthful love of art and his search for something undefinable. The second movement, carefree and somewhat raucous, takes the listener back to the days of Smetana's youth. The third movement is reminiscent of the happiness Smetana felt when in love with the girl who later became his wife. The final movement begins with Smetana's joy over the recognition which was given to the national music of Bohemia. However, as the movement progresses, the music is punctuated by a piercing high E in the first violin which, Smetana explained, represents the devastating effects of his tinnitus. He may also be hinting at this personal misfortune with the piccolo scoring in Má vlast.
Smetana was the first composer to write music that was specifically Czech in character. Many of his operas are based on Czech themes and myths, the best known being the comedy The Bartered Bride (1866). He used many Czech dance rhythms and his melodies sometimes resemble folk songs. Smetana believed that in music was the life of Czechs. He believed that music should be very patriotic. However Smetana clashed with a former friend of his, Frantisek Pivoda, who believed that "art knows no boundaries." Pivoda wanted to see fair interchange of artistic ideas between countries.
In 1882 Smetana suffered further effects of his progressive neurological effects illness. After he suffered a stroke-like seizure, doctors forbade him to compose in the fear that the increased mental activity of composition would result in further seizures. However, Smetana rebelled against these orders and composed his final, incomplete, opera, Viola. In 1884 he was taken to the Prague Lunatic Asylum, where he died the following year. He is interred in the Vyšehrad cemetery in Prague.
He was a great influence on Antonín Dvořák, who similarly used Czech themes in his works. His work influenced many Czech composers who came after him, and continues to inspire musicians today.
[edit] Works
[edit] Operas
- Braniboři v Čechách, "Brandenburgers in Bohemia" - Interim Theatre, Prague, 1866.
- Prodaná nevěsta, "The Bartered Bride" - Interim Theatre, Prague, 1866 (original version in 2 act).
- Prodaná nevěsta, "The Bartered Bride" - Interim Theatre, Prague, 1870 (final revision in 3 act).
- Dalibor - Czech Theater, Prague, 1868.
- Libuše - National Theatre, Prague, 1881. [1]
- Dvě vdovy, "The Two Widows" - Czech Theater, Prague, 1874.
- Hubička, "The Kiss" - Czech Theater, Prague, 1876.
- Tajemství, "The Secret" - Premiere in 1878.
- Čertova stěna, "The Devil's Wall" - Premiere in 1882.
- Viola – Not completed (1872–1884).[2]
[edit] Other works
- Chamber music; string quartets, a piano trio, and numerous violin and piano duos
- Solo piano works; polkas, waltzes, etudes, preludes, sketches, impromtus, Czech dances
- Symphonic poems; the famous Má vlast ("My Country") including "Moldau"
- Choir works
- Orchestral works
- Songs
[edit] Media
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ma vlast. I. Vltava 'The Moldau' Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra. Courtesy of Musopen Ma Vlast - III. Šárka Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra. Courtesy of Musopen - Problems playing the files? See media help.
[edit] References
- ^ http://bva.cz/list_catalogue.php?lang=en&page=catalogue&name=O2&sub=opera
- ^ http://www.praha.cz/berich-smetana.html
[edit] External links
- The Composers of Bohemia
- Smetana was listed in the International Music Score Library Project
- Free scores by Bedřich Smetana in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
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[edit] Sources
- Jiří Ramba: Slavné české lebky, antropologicko-lékařské nálezy jako pomocníci historie (Famous Czech Skulls, anthropological-medical findings as helpers of history), Galén, 2005, Prague, ISBN 80-7262-325-7
- John Clapham [1]
- Derek Katz [2]
- [3]
- Fairley, E. Lee. Quartet “From My Life”.
