List of members of the Swiss Federal Council

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For a chronological list of Councillors serving together, see List of members of the Swiss Federal Council by date.
The Swiss Federal Council and the Federal Chancellor as of February 2008. From left to right: Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, Moritz Leuenberger, Micheline Calmy-Rey, Pascal Couchepin, Samuel Schmid, Doris Leuthard, Hans-Rudolf Merz, Federal Chancellor Corina Casanova.
The Swiss Federal Council and the Federal Chancellor as of February 2008. From left to right: Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, Moritz Leuenberger, Micheline Calmy-Rey, Pascal Couchepin, Samuel Schmid, Doris Leuthard, Hans-Rudolf Merz, Federal Chancellor Corina Casanova.

This is a list of members of the Swiss Federal Council (German: Schweizerischer Bundesrat, French: Conseil fédéral suisse, Italian: Consiglio federale svizzero, Romansh: Cussegl federal svizzer). The Council's seven members constitute the federal government of Switzerland and serve as the country's head of state. Each of the seven Councillors heads a department of the Swiss federal administration.[1]

The members of the Federal Council are elected for a term of four years by both chambers of the federal parliament sitting together as the Federal Assembly. Each Councillor is elected individually by secret ballot by an absolute majority of votes. A person elected to the Council by the Federal Assembly is considered a Federal Councillor even if he or she declines the election.[2] Accordingly, the five persons who did so and never assumed office are listed in a separate table below. For the same reason, the principal table only records the date of election, and not the date on which the Councillors assumed their office.

Once elected for a four-year-term, Federal Councillors can neither be voted out of office by a motion of no confidence nor can they be impeached. Re-election is possible for an indefinite number of terms. Parliament has decided not to re-elect a sitting Councillor only four times, and only twice (in 2003 and 2007) since the beginning of the 20th century. In practice, therefore, Councillors serve until they decide to resign and retire to private life, usually after three to five terms of office.[3]

Contents

[edit] List of members

# Name Canton[4] Election Left office Department headed[5] Party Notes Seq[6]
1 Furrer, JonasJonas Furrer Jonas Furrer ZH 01848-11-16 16 November 1848 01861-07-25 25 July 1861 Foreign affairs,[7] Justice FDP/PRD Died in office A01
2 Ochsenbein, UlrichUlrich Ochsenbein BE 01848-11-16 16 November 1848 01854-12-06 6 December 1854 Defence FDP/PRD Not re-elected[8] B01
3 Druey, HenriHenri Druey VD 01848-11-16 16 November 1848 01855-03-29 29 March 1855 Justice, Foreign affairs,[7] Finance FDP/PRD Died in office C01
4 Munzinger, JosefJosef Munzinger SO 01848-11-16 16 November 1848 01855-02-06 6 February 1855 Finance, Foreign affairs,[7]
Posts and Construction,
Trade and Customs		 FDP/PRD Died in office D01
5 Franscini, StefanoStefano Franscini TI 01848-11-16 16 November 1848 01857-07-19 19 July 1857 Home affairs FDP/PRD Died in office E01
6 Frey-Herosé, FriedrichFriedrich Frey-Herosé AG 01848-11-16 16 November 1848 01866-12-31 31 December 1866 Trade and Customs, Foreign affairs,[7]
Defence		 FDP/PRD F01
7 Naeff, Wilhelm MatthiasWilhelm Matthias Naeff SG 01848-11-16 16 November 1848 01875-12-31 31 December 1875 Posts and Construction, Foreign affairs,[7]
Trade and Customs, Posts,
Finance, Railway and Trade		 FDP/PRD G01
8 Stampfli, JakobJakob Stämpfli BE 01854-12-06 6 December 1854 01863-12-31 31 December 1863 Justice, Foreign affairs,[7]
Finance, Defence		 FDP/PRD B02
9 Fornerod, ConstantConstant Fornerod VD 01855-07-11 11 July 1855 01867-10-31 31 October 1867 Trade and Customs, Foreign affairs,[7]
Finance, Defence		 FDP/PRD C02
10 Knüsel, Melchior Josef MartinMelchior Josef Martin Knüsel LU 01855-07-14 14 July 1855 01875-12-31 31 December 1875 Finance, Trade and Customs, Justice,
Foreign affairs,[7] Home affairs		 FDP/PRD Elected after Johann Jakob Stehlin declined the election D02
11 Pioda, Giovanni BattistaGiovanni Battista Pioda TI 01857-07-30 30 July 1857 01864-01-26 26 January 1864 Home affairs FDP/PRD E02
12 Dubs, JakobJakob Dubs ZH 01861-07-30 30 July 1861 01872-05-28 28 May 1872 Justice, Foreign affairs,[7]
Home affairs, Posts		 FDP/PRD A02
13 Schenk, KarlKarl Schenk BE 01863-12-12 12 December 1863 01895-07-18 18 July 1895 Home affairs, Finance,
Railway and Trade		 FDP/PRD Died in office B03
14 Challet-Venel, Jean-JacquesJean-Jacques Challet-Venel GE 01864-07-12 12 July 1864 01872-12-07 7 December 1872 Finance, Posts FDP/PRD Not re-elected[9] E03
15 Welti, EmilEmil Welti AG 01866-12-08 8 December 1866 01891-12-31 31 December 1891 Defence, Trade and Customs,
Posts and Telegraph,
Posts and Railways, Justice		 FDP/PRD F02
16 Ruffy, VictorVictor Ruffy VD 01867-12-06 6 December 1867 01869-12-29 29 December 1869 Finance, Defence FDP/PRD Died in office C03
17 Ceresole, PaulPaul Cérésole VD 01870-02-01 1 February 1870 01875-12-31 31 December 1875 Finance, Defence,
Foreign affairs,[7] Justice		 FDP/PRD C04
18 Scherer, Johann JakobJohann Jakob Scherer ZH 01872-07-12 12 July 1872 01878-12-23 23 December 1878 Finance, Railway and Trade,
Foreign affairs,[7] Defence		 FDP/PRD Died in office A03
19 Borel, EugèneEugène Borel NE 01872-12-07 7 December 1872 01875-12-31 31 December 1875 Posts and Telegraph FDP/PRD E04
20 Heer, JoachimJoachim Heer GL 01875-12-10 10 December 1875 01878-12-31 31 December 1878 Posts and Telegraph, Foreign affairs,[7]
Railway and Trade		 FDP/PRD D03
21 Anderwert, FridolinFridolin Anderwert TG 01875-12-10 10 December 1875 01880-12-25 25 December 1880 Justice FDP/PRD Died in office
(committed suicide)[10]		 G02
22 Hammer, BernhardBernhard Hammer SO 01875-12-10 10 December 1875 01890-12-31 31 December 1890 Finance, Defence FDP/PRD E05
23 Droz, NumaNuma Droz NE 01875-12-18 18 December 1875 01892-12-18 18 December 1892 Home affairs, Trade and Agriculture,
Foreign affairs		 FDP/PRD Elected after Antoine Louis John Ruchonnet and Charles Estoppey declined the election. C05
24 Bavier, SimeonSimeon Bavier GR 01878-12-10 10 December 1878 01883-01-05 5 January 1883 Finance, Posts and Railways, Foreign affairs[7] FDP/PRD D04
25 Hertenstein, WilhelmWilhelm Hertenstein ZH 01879-03-21 21 March 1879 01888-11-27 27 November 1888 Defence FDP/PRD Died in office A04
26 Ruchonnet, LouisLouis Ruchonnet VD 01881-03-03 3 March 1881 01893-09-14 14 September 1893 Economic affairs, Justice, Foreign affairs[7] FDP/PRD Elected after Karl Hoffmann declined his election. Died in office G03
27 Deucher, AdolfAdolf Deucher TG 01883-04-10 10 April 1883 01912-07-10 10 July 1912 Justice, Posts and Railways, Economic affairs, Foreign affairs[7] FDP/PRD Died in office D05
28 Hauser, WalterWalter Hauser ZH 01888-12-13 13 December 1888 01902-10-22 22 October 1902 Defence, Finance, Foreign affairs[7] FDP/PRD Died in office A05
29 Frey, EmilEmil Frey BL 01890-12-11 11 December 1890 01897-03-11 11 March 1897 Defence FDP/PRD E06
30 Zemp, JosephJoseph Zemp LU 01891-12-17 17 December 1891 01908-06-17 17 June 1908 Posts and Railways, Foreign affairs[7] CVP/PDC F03
31 Lachenal, AdrienAdrien Lachenal GE 01892-12-15 15 December 1892 01899-12-31 31 December 1899 Foreign affairs, Economic affairs, Home affairs FDP/PRD C06
32 Ruffy, EugèneEugène Ruffy VD 01893-12-14 14 December 1893 01899-10-31 31 October 1899 Justice, Home affairs,
Foreign affairs,[7] Defence		 FDP/PRD G04
33 Muller, EduardEduard Müller BE 01895-08-16 16 August 1895 01919-11-09 9 November 1919 Justice, Defence,
Foreign affairs[7]		 FDP/PRD Died in office B04
34 Brenner, ErnstErnst Brenner BS 01897-03-25 25 March 1897 01911-03-11 11 March 1911 Justice, Foreign affairs[7] FDP/PRD Died in office E07
35 Comtesse, RobertRobert Comtesse NE 01899-12-14 14 December 1899 01912-03-04 4 March 1912 Finance, Justice,
Posts and Railways, Foreign affairs[7]		 FDP/PRD C07
36 Ruchet, Marc-EmileMarc-Emile Ruchet VD 01899-12-14 14 December 1899 01912-07-09 9 July 1912 Home affairs, Finance,
Foreign affairs[7]		 FDP/PRD G05
37 Forrer, LudwigLudwig Forrer ZH 01902-12-11 11 December 1902 01917-12-07 7 December 1917 Economic affairs, Home affairs, Foreign affairs,[7] Defence, Justice, Posts and Railways FDP/PRD A06
38 Schobinger, Josef AntonJosef Anton Schobinger LU 01908-06-17 17 June 1908 01911-11-27 27 November 1911 Justice, Economic affairs, Finance, Home affairs CVP/PDC F04
39 Hoffmann, ArthurArthur Hoffmann SG 01911-04-04 4 April 1911 01917-06-19 19 June 1917 Justice, Defence,
Foreign affairs		 FDP/PRD E08
40 Motta, GiuseppeGiuseppe Motta TI 01911-12-14 14 December 1911 01940-01-23 23 January 1940 Finance, Foreign affairs CVP/PDC F05
41 Perrier, LouisLouis Perrier NE 01912-03-12 12 March 1912 01913-05-16 16 May 1913 Posts and Railways, Home affairs FDP/PRD C08
42 Decoppet, CamilleCamille Decoppet VD 01912-07-17 17 July 1912 01919-11-07 7 November 1919 Home affairs, Justice, Defence FDP/PRD G06
43 Schulthess, EdmundEdmund Schulthess AG 01912-07-17 17 July 1912 01935-04-15 15 April 1935 Economic affairs, Economic affairs FDP/PRD D06
44 Calonder, FelixFelix Calonder GR 01913-06-12 12 June 1913 01920-02-12 12 February 1920 Home affairs, Foreign affairs[7] FDP/PRD C09
45 Ador, GustaveGustave Ador GE 01917-06-26 26 June 1917 01919-12-31 31 December 1919 Foreign affairs, Home affairs LPS/PLS E09
46 Haab, RobertRobert Haab ZH 01917-12-13 13 December 1917 01929-12-31 31 December 1929 Posts and Railways FDP/PRD A07
47 Scheurer, KarlKarl Scheurer BE 01919-12-11 11 December 1919 01929-11-14 14 November 1929 Defence FDP/PRD Died in office B05
48 Chuard, ErnestErnest Chuard VD 01919-12-11 11 December 1919 01928-12-31 31 December 1928 Home affairs FDP/PRD G07
49 Musy, Jean-MarieJean-Marie Musy FR 01919-12-11 11 December 1919 01934-04-30 30 April 1934 Finance CVP/PDC E10
50 Haberlin, HeinrichHeinrich Häberlin TG 01920-02-12 12 February 1920 01934-03-12 12 March 1934 Justice FDP/PRD C10
51 Pilet-Golaz, MarcelMarcel Pilet-Golaz VD 01928-12-13 13 December 1928 01944-11-07 7 November 1944 Home affairs, Posts and Railways,
Foreign affairs		 FDP/PRD G08
52 Minger, RudolfRudolf Minger BE 01929-12-12 12 December 1929 01940-12-31 31 December 1940 Defence SVP/UDC B06
53 Meyer, AlbertAlbert Meyer ZH 01929-12-12 12 December 1929 01938-12-31 31 December 1938 Home affairs, Finance FDP/PRD A08
54 Baumann, JohannesJohannes Baumann AR 01934-03-22 22 March 1934 01940-12-31 31 December 1940 Justice FDP/PRD C11
55 Etter, PhilippPhilipp Etter ZG 01934-03-28 28 March 1934 01959-11-19 19 November 1959 Home affairs CVP/PDC E11
56 Obrecht, HermannHermann Obrecht SO 01935-04-04 4 April 1935 01940-06-20 20 June 1940 Economic affairs FDP/PRD D07
57 Wetter, ErnstErnst Wetter ZH 01938-12-15 15 December 1938 01943-12-31 31 December 1943 Finance FDP/PRD A09
58 Celio, EnricoEnrico Celio TI 01940-02-22 22 February 1940 01950-06-23 23 June 1950 Posts and Railways CVP/PDC F06
59 Stampfli, WaltherWalther Stampfli SO 01940-07-18 18 July 1940 01947-11-18 18 November 1947 Economic affairs FDP/PRD D08
60 Steiger, Eduard vonEduard von Steiger BE 01940-12-10 10 December 1940 01951-11-09 9 November 1951 Justice SVP/UDC B07
61 Kobelt, KarlKarl Kobelt SG 01940-12-10 10 December 1940 01954-11-05 5 November 1954 Defence FDP/PRD C12
62 Nobs, ErnstErnst Nobs ZH 01943-12-15 15 December 1943 01951-11-13 13 November 1951 Finance SPS/PSS A10
63 Petitpierre, MaxMax Petitpierre NE 01944-12-14 14 December 1944 01961-06-30 30 June 1961 Foreign affairs FDP/PRD G09
64 Rubattel, RodolpheRodolphe Rubattel VD 01947-12-11 11 December 1947 01954-11-01 1 November 1954 Economic affairs FDP/PRD D09
65 Escher, JosefJosef Escher VS 01950-09-14 14 September 1950 01954-11-26 26 November 1954 Posts and Railways CVP/PDC F07
66 Feldmann, MarkusMarkus Feldmann BE 01951-12-13 13 December 1951 01958-11-03 3 November 1958 Justice SVP/UDC B08
67 Weber, MaxMax Weber ZH 01951-12-13 13 December 1951 01953-12-08 8 December 1953 Finance SPS/PSS A11
68 Streuli, HansHans Streuli ZH 01953-12-22 22 December 1953 01959-11-19 19 November 1959 Finance FDP/PRD A12
69 Holenstein, ThomasThomas Holenstein SG 01954-12-16 16 December 1954 01959-11-20 20 November 1959 Economic affairs CVP/PDC F08
70 Chaudet, PaulPaul Chaudet VD 01954-12-16 16 December 1954 01966-11-28 28 November 1966 Defence FDP/PRD D10
71 Lepori, GiuseppeGiuseppe Lepori TI 01954-12-16 16 December 1954 01959-11-24 24 November 1959 Posts and Railways CVP/PDC C13
72 Wahlen, Friedrich TraugottFriedrich Traugott Wahlen BE 01958-12-11 11 December 1958 01965-12-31 31 December 1965 Justice, Economic affairs,
Foreign affairs		 SVP/UDC B09
73 Bourgknecht, JeanJean Bourgknecht FR 01959-12-17 17 December 1959 01962-09-03 3 September 1962 Finance CVP/PDC E12
74 Spuhler, WillyWilly Spühler ZH 01959-12-17 17 December 1959 01970-01-31 31 January 1970 Posts and Railways,
Transport, Energy, Communications,
Foreign affairs		 SPS/PSS A13
75 Moos, Ludwig vonLudwig von Moos OW 01959-12-17 17 December 1959 01971-12-31 31 December 1971 Justice CVP/PDC F09
76 Tschudi, Hans-PeterHans-Peter Tschudi BS 01959-12-17 17 December 1959 01973-12-31 31 December 1973 Home affairs SPS/PSS C14
77 Schaffner, HansHans Schaffner AG 01961-06-15 15 June 1961 01969-12-31 31 December 1969 Economic affairs FDP/PRD G10
78 Bonvin, RogerRoger Bonvin VS 01962-09-27 27 September 1962 01973-12-31 31 December 1973 Finance,
Transport, Energy, Communications		 CVP/PDC E13
79 Gnägi, RudolfRudolf Gnägi BE 01965-12-08 8 December 1965 01979-12-31 31 December 1979 Transport, Energy, Communications,
Defence		 SVP/UDC B10
80 Celio, NelloNello Celio TI 01966-12-15 15 December 1966 01973-12-31 31 December 1973 Defence, Finance FDP/PRD D11
81 Graber, PierrePierre Graber NE 01969-12-10 10 December 1969 01978-01-31 31 January 1978 Foreign affairs SPS/PSS A14
82 Brugger, ErnstErnst Brugger ZH 01969-12-10 10 December 1969 01978-01-31 31 January 1978 Economic affairs FDP/PRD G11
83 Furgler, KurtKurt Furgler SG 01971-12-08 8 December 1971 01986-12-31 31 December 1986 Justice, Economic affairs CVP/PDC F10
84 Ritschard, WilliWilli Ritschard SO 01973-12-05 5 December 1973 01983-10-03 3 October 1983 Transport, Energy, Communications,
Finance		 SPS/PSS Died in office C15
85 Hurlimann, HansHans Hürlimann ZG 01973-12-05 5 December 1973 01982-12-31 31 December 1982 Home affairs CVP/PDC E14
86 Chevallaz, Georges-AndréGeorges-André Chevallaz VD 01973-12-05 5 December 1973 01983-12-31 31 December 1983 Finance, Defence FDP/PRD D12
87 Honegger, FritzFritz Honegger ZH 01977-12-07 7 December 1977 01982-12-31 31 December 1982 Economic affairs FDP/PRD G12
88 Aubert, PierrePierre Aubert NE 01977-12-07 7 December 1977 01987-12-31 31 December 1987 Foreign affairs SPS/PSS A15
89 Schlumpf, LeonLeon Schlumpf GR 01979-12-05 5 December 1979 01987-12-31 31 December 1987 Transport, Energy, Communications SVP/UDC B11
90 Egli, AlphonsAlphons Egli LU 01982-12-08 8 December 1982 01986-12-31 31 December 1986 Home affairs CVP/PDC E15
91 Friedrich, RudolfRudolf Friedrich ZH 01982-12-08 8 December 1982 01984-10-20 20 October 1984 Justice FDP/PRD G13
92 Stich, OttoOtto Stich SO 01983-12-07 7 December 1983 01995-10-31 31 October 1995 Finance SPS/PSS C16
93 Delamuraz, Jean-PascalJean-Pascal Delamuraz VD 01983-12-07 7 December 1983 01998-03-30 30 March 1998 Defence, Economic affairs FDP/PRD D12
94 Kopp, ElisabethElisabeth Kopp ZH 01984-10-02 2 October 1984 01989-01-12 12 January 1989 Justice FDP/PRD G14
95 Koller, ArnoldArnold Koller AI 01986-12-10 10 December 1986 01999-01-13 13 January 1999 Justice, Defence CVP/PDC F11
96 Cotti, FlavioFlavio Cotti TI 01986-12-10 10 December 1986 01999-01-13 13 January 1999 Home affairs, Foreign affairs CVP/PDC E16
97 Felber, RenéRené Felber NE 01987-12-09 9 December 1987 01993-03-31 31 March 1993 Foreign affairs SPS/PSS A16
98 Ogi, AdolfAdolf Ogi BE 01987-12-09 9 December 1987 02000-12-31 31 December 2000 Transport, Energy, Communications,
Defence		 SVP/UDC B12
99 Villiger, KasparKaspar Villiger LU 01989-02-01 1 February 1989 02003-12-31 31 December 2003 Defence, Finance FDP/PRD G15
100 Dreifuss, RuthRuth Dreifuss GE 01993-03-10 10 March 1993 02002-12-31 31 December 2002 Home affairs SPS/PSS Elected after Francis Matthey declined the election. A17
101 Leuenberger, MoritzMoritz Leuenberger ZH 01995-09-27 27 September 1995 — Transport, Energy, Communications SPS/PSS C17
102 Couchepin, PascalPascal Couchepin VS 01998-03-11 11 March 1998 — Economic affairs, Home affairs FDP/PRD D14
103 Metzler-Arnold, RuthRuth Metzler-Arnold AI 01999-03-11 11 March 1999 02003-12-31 31 December 2003 Justice CVP/PDC Not re-elected[11] F12
104 Deiss, JosephJoseph Deiss FR 01999-03-11 11 March 1999 02006-07-31 31 July 2006 Foreign affairs, Economic affairs CVP/PDC E17
105 Schmid, SamuelSamuel Schmid BE 02000-12-06 6 December 2000 — Defence SVP/UDC B13
106 Calmy-Rey, MichelineMicheline Calmy-Rey GE 02002-12-04 4 December 2002 — Foreign affairs SPS/PSS A18
107 Blocher, ChristophChristoph Blocher ZH 02003-12-10 10 December 2003 02007-12-31 31 December 2007 Justice SVP/UDC Not re-elected.[12] F13
108 Merz, Hans-RudolfHans-Rudolf Merz AR 02003-12-10 10 December 2003 — Finance FDP/PRD G16
109 Leuthard, DorisDoris Leuthard AG 02006-06-14 14 June 2006 — Economic affairs CVP/PDC E18
110 Widmer-Schlumpf, EvelineEveline Widmer-Schlumpf GR 02007-12-12 12 December 2007 — Justice SVP/UDC F14

Legend:      Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD) after 1894; previously a more or less coherent group of Liberals, Radicals and Democrats[13]      Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC)      Liberal Party (LPS/PLS)      Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) after 1971; previously Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents (BGB/PAI) and associated minor parties      Social Democratic Party (SPS/PSS) The Councillors currently serving are indicated with bold type.

[edit] Members who declined their election

Five people have declined their election to the Federal Council by the Federal Assembly. Their number here is that of the Federal Councillor in the list above who was later elected in their place.

# Name Canton Election Party Notes
10 Stehlin, Johann JakobJohann Jakob Stehlin BS 01855-07-11 11 July 1855 FDP/PRD
23 Ruchonnet, Antoine Louis JohnAntoine Louis John Ruchonnet VD 01875-12-10 10 December 1875 FDP/PRD Later elected as
26th member.
23 Estoppey, CharlesCharles Estoppey VD 01875-12-18 18 December 1875 FDP/PRD
26 Hoffmann, KarlKarl Hoffmann SG 01881-02-22 22 February 1881 FDP/PRD
100 Matthey, FrancisFrancis Matthey NE 01993-03-03 3 March 1993 SPS/PSS

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Swiss Federal Constitution / Bundesverfassung (BV) / Constitution fédérale (Cst.) / Costituzione federale (Cost.) of 1999-02-07, SR/RS 101 (D·F·I), art. 177 (D·F·I).
  2. ^ This is the prevailing reading of the relevant constitutional provision: Swiss Federal Constitution / Bundesverfassung (BV) / Constitution fédérale (Cst.) / Costituzione federale (Cost.) of 1999-02-07, SR/RS 101 (D·F·I), art. 175 (D·F·I).
  3. ^ Federal Council in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  4. ^ For the abbreviations, see Data codes for Switzerland: Cantons. Up until 1987, the Federal Chancellery recorded the Councillors' legal place of origin. From 1987 on, the canton in which the Councillors live has been recorded, or, for councillors who were members of the Federal Assembly, the canton whose population they represented.
  5. ^ The names of the federal departments have changed over the years. Generic names have been used as much as possible.
  6. ^ The sequence number indicates to which of the seven seats (denoted by the letters A to G) the Councillor was elected.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x As President of the Confederation. The department used to be held by councillors during the annually changing office of President of the Confederation.
  8. ^ Ulrich Ochsenbein in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  9. ^ Philippe Chenaux: Jean-Jacques Challet (-Venel) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Version of 2003-09-16.
  10. ^ Fridolin Anderwert in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  11. ^ Franz Xaver Bischof: Ruth Metzler (-Arnold) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Version of 2007-11-27.
  12. ^ "Blocher ousted by Swiss parliament", Swissinfo, December 12, 2007. 
  13. ^ Beginnings of the Free Democratic Party in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.

[edit] References

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Swiss Federal Council
Current members Moritz Leuenberger  · Pascal Couchepin (President 2008) · Samuel Schmid  · Micheline Calmy-Rey  · Hans-Rudolf Merz (VP 2008) · Doris Leuthard  · Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf Coat of Arms of Switzerland
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