John Birch Society

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The John Birch Society is a conservative American political organization.^[1] It was founded in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1958 to fight what it saw as growing threats to the Constitution of the United States, especially a suspected Communist infiltration of the United States government, and to support capitalist property relations. It promotes a conspiracist view of history and current events, linking political and social events to the globalist agendas of secret cabals working behind the scenes. The Society had been greatly marginalized within the conservative movement since the 1960s.^[2]

It was named after John Birch, a United States military intelligence officer and Baptist missionary in World War II who was killed in 1945 by armed supporters of the Communist Party of China, and whom the JBS describes as "the first American victim of the Cold War." His parents joined the society as life members.

Based in Appleton, Wisconsin, the society describes itself as "a membership-based organization dedicated to restoring and preserving freedom under the United States Constitution." It says that members come from all walks of life and are active in all 50 states via local chapters. Its mission is to achieve "Less Government, More Responsibility, and — With God's Help — a Better World." The JBS was formed as an educational organization and does not endorse candidates but has often come out against political figures seen as un-American.

Contents 1 Core values 2 Origins 3 1960s 4 Robert Welch and The Politician 5 1970s 6 After Welch 7 In popular culture 8 Leaders and Notable Members 8.1 Presidents 8.2 CEOs 8.3 Notable Members in History 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Further reading 10.2.1 Supporting the John Birch Society 10.2.2 Criticizing the John Birch Society 10.2.3 Regarding heroin trade in Southeast Asia 11 External links

[edit] Core values

The John Birch Society is anti-totalitarian, particularly anti-Socialist, anti-Communist, and leans libertarian. It strenuously defends what it sees as the original intention of the U.S. Constitution, rooted in Judeo-Christian principles. It idealizes the Founding Fathers as patriotic anti-Communists. The John Birch Society opposes collectivism, including wealth redistribution, economic interventionism, Socialism, Communism, and Fascism. The John Birch Society believes that cabals and conspiracies throughout the world have significantly shaped history, and it seeks to expose and eliminate their claimed control in government in the modern era.

During the 1960s, The John Birch Society opposed aspects of the Civil Rights Movement because of concerns that the movement had a number of Communists in important positions and because they suspected that it was backed and supported by the American Communist Party. The John Birch Society opposed the 1964 Civil Rights Act in the belief that it was in violation of the 10th Amendment to the United States Constitution and overstepped the rights of individual states to make laws regarding Civil Rights.

The John Birch Society is against a unified "one world government", and has an illegal immigration reduction view on immigration reform. It has opposed the United Nations, NAFTA, CAFTA, and the FTAA, and other free-trade agreements with other nations, believing them to be destructive to American principles, the economy, freedom and national sovereignty.

[edit] Origins

The John Birch Society was established in Indianapolis, Indiana on December 9, 1958 by a group of twelve "patriotic and public-spirited" men led by Robert Welch, Jr., a retired candy manufacturer from Belmont, Massachusetts. A noted founding member was Fred Koch, founder of Koch Industries, one of the largest private corporations in America. A transcript of Welch's two-day presentation at the founding meeting was published as The Blue Book of the John Birch Society and became a cornerstone of its beliefs, with each new JBS member receiving a copy. ^[3]

"According to Welch," writes the leftist watchdog group Political Research Associates, "both the U.S. and Soviet governments are controlled by the same furtive conspiratorial cabal of internationalists, greedy bankers, and corrupt politicians. If left unexposed, the traitors inside the U.S. government would betray the country's sovereignty to the United Nations for a collectivist New World Order managed by a 'one-world socialist government.'

Welch only saw "collectivism" as the main threat to Western Civilization, and far-left liberals as "secret Communist traitors" who provide the cover for the gradual process of collectivism, with the ultimate goal of replacing the nations of western civilization with one-world socialist government. "There are many stages of welfarism, socialism, and collectivism in general," he wrote, "but Communism is the ultimate state of them all, and they all lead inevitably in that direction." ^[4]

The John Birch Society's objective has been to fight Communism and totalitarianism using some of Communism's own techniques--organization of front groups, infiltration of other groups, and letter-writing campaigns. They have organized grassroots chapters in every state and are the only Americanist organization to have full-time paid field staff assisting those chapters. Their activities include distribution of literature, pamphlets, magazines, videos and other educational material while sponsoring a Speaker's Bureau and encouraging members to conduct letter-writing campaigns especially to elected officials.

One of the first public activities of the JBS was a "Get US Out!" (of membership in the UN) campaign, which claimed in 1959 that the "Real nature of [the] UN is to build a One World Government." In 1960, Welch advised JBS members to "join your local PTA at the beginning of the school year, get your conservative friends to do likewise, and go to work to take it over."

One Man's Opinion, a magazine launched by Welch in 1956, was renamed American Opinion and became the Birch Society's official publication. It has since been replaced by the bi-weekly magazine, The New American.

[edit] 1960s

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By March 1961, the Society had an estimated 60,000 to 100,000 members and, according to Welch, "a staff of 28 people in the Home Office; about 30 Coordinators (or Major Coordinators) in the field, who are fully paid as to salary and expenses; and about 100 Coordinators (or Section Leaders as they are called in some areas), who work on a volunteer basis as to all or part of their salary, or expenses, or both." According to its profile by the left wing group Political Research Associates, an organization that tracks conspiracists on the Right, JBS "pioneered grassroots lobbying, combining educational meetings, petition drives and letter-writing campaigns. One early campaign against the second summit between the United States and the Soviet Union generated over 600,000 postcards and letters, according to the Society. A June 1964 Birch campaign to oppose Xerox corporate sponsorship of TV programs favorable to the UN produced 51,279 letters from 12,785 individuals." ^[5] The Birchers' ad-hoc special issues committees have been effective in creating awareness about issues which they believe to be affecting the American way of life.

Much of the Society's early views, according to Political Research Associates, "reflects an ultra-conservative business nationalist critique of business internationalists networked through groups such as the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)." Birchers elaborated on an earlier Illuminati/Freemason conspiracy theory, imagining "an unbroken ideologically driven conspiracy linking the Illuminati, the French Revolution, the rise of Marxism and Communism, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the United Nations". ^[6] Unlike most advocates of the Illuminati-Freemason conspiracy theory, however, the Birch Society strenuously denies harboring any anti-Semitic or anti-masonic ideas, and indeed claims many Jews among its membership. At one point a key leader in the JBS, Revilo P. Oliver, resigned after a dispute over his veering off into antisemitic conspiracy theories in public.^{[citation needed]}

Anti-Jewish, racist, anti-Mormon, anti-Masonic, and religious groups criticized the group's acceptance of Jews, nonwhites, Masons, the large number of Mormons in the Society (Ezra Taft Benson, a leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, encouraged people to join it), and Welch's alleged feminist, ecumenical, and evolutionary ideas. ^[7]

Ironically, John Birch had tried to convict a teacher at his Baptist seminary of heresy because of belief in evolution. The teacher was acquitted but soon afterward resigned from the seminary.^{[citation needed]}

The Objectivist Ayn Rand said in a Playboy interview that "I consider the Birch Society futile, because they are not for Capitalism but merely against Communism." ^[8]

In October 1964, the Idaho Statesman newspaper expressed concern about what it called an "ominous" increase in JBS-led "ultra-right" radio and television broadcasts, which it said then numbered 7,000 weekly and cost an estimated $10 million annually. "By virtue of saturation tactics used, radical, reactionary propaganda is producing an impact even on large numbers of people who, themselves, are in no sense extremists or sympathetic to extremist views," declared a Statesman editorial. "When day after day they hear distortions of fact and sinister charges against persons or groups, often emanating from organizations with conspicuously respectable sounding names, it is no wonder that the result is confusion on some important public issues; stimulation of latent prejudices; creation of suspicion, fear and mistrust in relation not only to their representatives in government, but even in relation to their neighbors."

In their early days, the JBS shared a common ideology and some overlapping membership with Fred Schwarz and his California-based Christian Anti-Communism Crusade. John Birch Society influence on U.S. politics hit its high point in the years around the failed 1964 presidential campaign of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater, who lost to incumbent President Lyndon Baines Johnson. Welch had supported Goldwater over Richard Nixon for the Republican nomination, but the membership split, with two-thirds supporting Goldwater and one-third supporting Nixon. A number of Birch members and their allies were Goldwater supporters in 1964^{[citation needed]} and some were delegates at the 1964 Republican National Convention. The Goldwater campaign in turn brought together the nucleus of what later became known as the New Right, many of whom had been groomed by the Birch Society but whose more pragmatic members realized that the group's views were an impediment to electoral success.^{[citation needed]}

John Birch Society members and other opponents of Communism also authored several widely-distributed books that promoted conspiracy theories and mobilized support for the Goldwater campaign:

• A Choice, Not an Echo by Phyllis Schlafly, which suggested that the Republican Party was secretly controlled by elitist intellectuals dominated by members of the Bilderberger banking conference, and whose policies were designed to usher in global Communist conquest. "A Choice, Not an Echo" became one of Goldwater's campaign slogans.
• The Gravediggers, co-authored by Schlafly and retired Rear Admiral Chester Ward of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, claimed that U.S. military strategy and tactics were actually designed to pave the way for global Communist conquest.
• None Dare Call It Treason, by John A. Stormer, sold over seven million copies, making it one of the largest-selling paperback books of the day. It decried "the concurrent decay in America's schools, churches, and press which has conditioned the American people to accept 20 years of retreat in the face of the Communist enemy." Mr. Stormer also added, in his 1998 preface to the paperback edition: "Communism, which some believe (or hope) died in the Soviet Union, is alive and on the march in Asia, the Middle East, Central and Southern Africa and through guerrilla groups in Central and South America."
• A Texan Looks at Lyndon by J. Evetts Haley, a book containing a number of allegations of political corruption throughout the career of Lyndon Johnson.

In April 1966, a New York Times article opined about "the increasing tempo of radical right attacks on local government, libraries, school boards, parent-teacher associations, mental health programs, the Republican Party and, most recently, the ecumenical movement."^{[citation needed]} It went on to characterize the Society as, "by far the most successful and 'respectable' radical right organization in the country. It operates alone or in support of other extremist organizations whose major preoccupation, like that of the Birchers, is the internal Communist conspiracy in the United States." By then, a committee called the Movement to Restore Decency (MOTOREDE) was established to promote opinions about child-rearing; in particular, MOTOREDE pushed for a ban on sex education.^[9]

[edit] Robert Welch and The Politician

Republican mainstream unhappiness with the Birch Society intensified after Welch circulated a letter calling President Dwight D. Eisenhower a possible “conscious, dedicated agent of the Communist Conspiracy.” Welch went further in a book titled The Politician, written in 1956 and published by the JBS in 1963. He said also that President Franklin D. Roosevelt knew about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in advance, but said nothing because he wanted to get his country in the war.

The book spawned much debate in the 1960s over whether the author really intended to call Eisenhower a Communist. G. Edward Griffin, one of his friends, thinks that he meant collectivist. The charge's sensationalism led many conservatives and Republicans to shy away from the group. The book was slightly toned down in the published version with respect to the unpublished version. Welch later tried to distance himself with the work by saying that it was not originally meant to be published because it was just a confidential letter among friends.^{[citation needed]}

In the published edition that excises the section just quoted above, there is a footnote on page 278 (footnote 2) and its text appears on pages cxxxviii–cxxxix at the back of the book.^[10] That text is as follows:

• "At this point in the original manuscript, there was one paragraph in which I expressed my own personal belief as to the most likely explanation of the events and actions with this document had tried to bring into focus. In a confidential letter, neither published nor offered for sale and restricted to friends who were expected to respect the confidence but offer me in exchange their own points of view, this seemed entirely permissible and proper. It does not seem so for an edition of the letter that is now to be published and given, probably, fairly wide distribution. So that paragraph, and two explanatory paragraphs, connected with it, have been omitted here. And the reader is left entirely free to draw his own conclusions." ^[11]

• On page 278 of The Politician, Welch summarized, from his perspective, the only two possible interpretations of President Eisenhower's motives: "The role he has played, as described in all the pages above, would fit just as well into one theory as the other; that he is a mere stooge or that he is a Communist assigned the specific job of being a political front man."

• On page 279, Welch discusses the 3 stages by which Communists came to control the U.S. Presidency. In stages 1 and 2, FDR and Truman were "used" by Communists. In Truman's case, according to Welch, he was used "with his knowledge and acquiescence as the price he consciously paid for their making him President."

• Then, with respect to Eisenhower, from page 279 of the 1963 published edition of The Politician: "In the third stage the Communists have installed in the Presidency a man who, for whatever reasons, appears intentionally to be carrying forward Communist aims... With regard to this third man, Eisenhower, it is difficult to avoid raising the question of deliberate treason."

The original formulation of this comment from the 1958 unpublished version of The Politician is as follows:

• "In the third stage, in my own firm opinion, the Communists have one of their own actually in the Presidency. For this third man, Eisenhower, there is only one possible word to describe his purposes and his actions. That word is treason." ^[12]

There are many other passages in both the 1963 published edition and the 1958 unpublished version of The Politician wherein Welch makes clear that he considered Eisenhower to be a Communist and a traitor. Below are a few examples from the unpublished version (aka "private letter") which was mailed by Welch to friends and acquaintances in the summer of 1958.^{[citation needed]}

• "In my opinion the chances are very strong that Milton Eisenhower is actually Dwight Eisenhower's superior and boss within the Communist Party." ^[13]

• "We think that an objective survey of Eisenhower's associates and appointments shows clever Communist brains, aided by willing Communist hands, always at work to give the Communists more power, and to weaken the anti-Communist resistance." ^[14]

• In discussing Eisenhower's appointment of Philip C. Jessup, Robert Welch refers to Eisenhower as "he and his fellow Communists." ^[15]

• In discussing Eisenhower's appointment of James B. Conant, Robert Welch refers to "the appointment of Conant...made by a Communist President..." ^[16]

• "For Eisenhower and his Communist bosses and their pro-Communist appointees are gradually taking over our whole government right under the noses of the American people." ^[17]

• Welch refers to Eisenhower's actions in Europe which "show his sympathies with the Communist cause and friendship for the Kremlin tyrants..." ^[18]

• "For the sake of honesty, however, I want to confess here my own conviction that Eisenhower's motivation is more ideological than opportunistic. Or, to put it bluntly, I personally think that he has been sympathetic to ultimate Communist aims, realistically willing to use Communist means to help them achieve their goals, knowingly accepting and abiding by Communist orders, and consciously serving the Communist conspiracy for all of his adult life." ^[19]

• "But my firm belief that Dwight Eisenhower is a dedicated, conscious agent of the Communist conspiracy is based on an accumulation of detailed evidence so extensive and so palpable that it seems to me to put this conviction beyond any reasonable doubt." ^[20]

• "To paraphrase Elizabeth Churchill Brown, 'the only enemies the American people have to fear are the enemies in their midst.' The most conspicuous and injurious of these enemies today, I believe, is named Dwight David Eisenhower. He is either a willing agent or an integral and important part of a conspiracy of gangsters determined to rule the world at any cost." ^[21]

Conservative writer William F. Buckley, Jr., an early friend and admirer of Welch, regarded his accusations against Eisenhower as "paranoid and idiotic libels" and attempted unsuccessfully to purge Welch from the JBS. Welch responded by attempting to take over Young Americans for Freedom, a conservative youth organization founded with assistance from Buckley. The JBS now maintains summer camps which operate across the country and teach youth the ideas of its members. ^[22]

[edit] 1970s

The Society wound up at the center of an important free-speech law case in the 1970s, after American Opinion accused a Chicago lawyer representing the family of a young man killed by a police officer of being part of a Communist conspiracy to merge all police agencies in the country into one large force. The resulting libel suit, Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., reached the United States Supreme Court, which said opinions cannot be false under the First Amendment (while nevertheless finding for the plaintiff, who prevailed upon retrial).^{[citation needed]}

Key Birch Society causes of the 1970s included opposition to OSHA and the establishment of diplomatic ties with the People's Republic of China. The organization claimed in 1973 that the regime of Mao Zedong had murdered 64 million Chinese as of that year and that it was the primary supplier of illicit heroin into the United States. This led to bumper stickers showing a pair of scissors cutting a hypodermic needle in half accompanied by the slogan "Cut The Red China Connection." The society also was vehemently opposed to transferring control of the Panama Canal from American to Panamanian sovereignty, resulting in another slogan: "Don't Give Panama Our Canal — Give Them Kissinger Instead."^{[citation needed]}

The John Birch Society was organized into local chapters. Ernest Brosang, a New Jersey regional coordinator, contended that it was virtually impossible for opponents of the society to penetrate its policy-making levels, thereby protecting it from anti-Americanist takeover attempts. Its activities included distribution of literature critical of civil rights legislation, warning of the influence of the United Nations, and distributing petitions to impeach U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren. To spread their message, members held showings of documentary films and operated initiatives such as "Let Freedom Ring", a nation-wide network of recorded telephone messages. Some members also helped organize the "Minutemen", a paramilitary group training to lead guerrilla warfare in case of a Communist takeover which later left the Society, saying it did little but talk.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] After Welch

By the time of Welch's death in 1985, the Birch Society's membership and influence had dramatically declined, but the UN's role in the Gulf War and President George H. W. Bush's call for a 'New World Order' appeared to many JBS members to validate their claims about a "One World Government" conspiracy. Growing right-wing populism in the United States helped The John Birch Society position itself for a comeback, and by 1995, its membership had grown somewhat to more than 55,000,^{[attribution needed]} though that number is unofficial as the Society does not disclose its membership statistics.^{[citation needed]}

In the late 1990s, the John Birch Society started a campaign to impeach President Bill Clinton for alleged connections with Chinese interests and on charges of treason and bribery^[23]. Within months of the Society's call for impeachment, news of the Monica Lewinsky affair broke, and the Society's charges were overshadowed by media coverage of Lewinsky and Clinton. The President was eventually indicted on impeachment charges, but the charges were different than the Society had hoped to bring. Nevertheless, the impeachment campaign's relative success bolstered the Society and its public knowledge, membership, publication circulation, and finances.^{[citation needed]}

In recent years, The John Birch Society has been just as critical of President George W. Bush as it had been of Democratic presidents, accusing the Bush administration of advocating and carrying out acts of torture against suspected terrorist leaders during the War on Terror. In a 2005 online poll, the organization's membership voted for President Bush's impeachment^[24], citing issues such as the USA PATRIOT Act, the proposed sellout of U.S. Seaports to Dubai Ports World^[25], and recent allegations against the Bush administration concerning domestic telephone surveillance of suspected terrorists operating within the United States. These were cited as evidence of Bush's lack of regard for the Constitution.^{[citation needed]}

The JBS continues to press for an end to U.S. membership in the United Nations. As evidence of the effectiveness of JBS efforts, the Society points to the Utah State Legislature's resolution calling for U.S. withdrawal, as well as the actions of several other states where the Society's membership has been active. The Birch Society repeatedly opposed overseas war-making, although it is strongly supportive of the American military. It has issued calls to "Bring Our Troops Home" in every conflict since its founding, including Vietnam (it wanted a quick win and exit after the conflict had already started rather than a simple losing pullout).^{[citation needed]} The Society also has a national speakers' committee called American Opinion Speakers Bureau (AOSB) and an anti-tax committee called TRIM (Tax Reform IMmediately).^{[citation needed]}

[edit] In popular culture

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The JBS has sometimes been made a target of political satire. For example:

• In his novel, The Crying of Lot 49, Thomas Pynchon satirized the famously conservative society with his "Peter Pinguid Society", an organization that opposed Capitalism, in part because it led inevitably to Communism.
• The Bob Dylan song, "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961-1991, is a fictitious satire about a man joining the society.
• The Chad Mitchell Trio's 'break-out' song hit was their comic parody, "The John Birch Society," which contained the lyrics, "If Mommy is a commie then you've got to turn her in."
• The Charlie Daniels song "Uneasy Rider" satirizes rural white southern conservatism with the line, "I'm a faithful follower of Brother John Birch, and I belong to the Antioch Baptist Church."
• The Beat Farmers' song, "Gun Sale at the Church", contains the line, "My two main men are Jesus and ol' John Birch. So, I'm going on down to the gun sale at the church."
• Robert Anton Wilson and Robert Shea's novel, Illuminatus!, contains several references to the John Birch Society in a subplot.
• Robert Anton Wilson's subsequent novel/sequel, Schrödinger's Cat trilogy, incorporates the Warren Belch Society.
• David Byrne's 1986 movie, True Stories, had John Ingle playing the part of "the preacher". At the beginning of his sermon, he notes that he is not a member of the John Birch Society.
• Steve Jackson Games included a mythical "Fred Birch Society" as one of hundreds of groups in the collectible card game, Illuminati: New World Order. The F.B.S. is also mentioned in their GURPS Supers — International Super Teams universe.
• Walt Kelly's comic strip, Pogo, featured references to a rather muddled political group called the "Jack Acid Society" (more than likely a play on the insult, "jackass").
• The 1971 film Cold Turkey, written and directed by Norman Lear and starring Dick Van Dyke, featured a reactionary "Christopher Mott Society", opposed to plans to have an entire small town quit smoking, until offered "policing function" at a parade.
• Among the many pins seen pricking an Alfred E. Neuman voodoo doll on the cover of the Mad magazine collection, The Voodoo Mad, is one labeled "The John Birch Society." Another collection includes a visit to a Birch chapter made up of law enforcement officials, whose talk topic is "Better Policemen for a Better Police State".
• Billy Pilgrim, the protagonist of Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five, drives a Cadillac with John Birch Society bumper stickers given to him by his father-in-law.
• In Girl, Interrupted, Susanna Kaysen describes the John Birch Society building as a sort of counterpart to the mental asylum she lived in for two years, saying, "The John Birch Society lay as far to the east of Belmont as the hospital lay to the west. We saw the two institutes as variations on each other. Doubtless, the Birchers did not see it this way, but between us, we had Belmont surrounded."
• On the track, Laredo, from Sibling Revelry - The Best Of The Smothers Brothers, Tommy Smothers, introducing "the entire ensemble", begins "on my far right is John Birch..."
• In his short novel, "Travels With Charley", John Steinbeck describes the people of Montana thusly: "Its people did not seem afraid of shadows in a John Birch Society sense. The calm of the mountains and the rolling grasslands had got into the inhabitants."
• In the Gilmore Girls, Lorelai describes Luke's un-altruistic charging of elderly woman to carry their groceries as "John-Birch-Societyee of you," as opposed to "boy-scoutee," when she thought that he did it for free.

[edit] Leaders and Notable Members

[edit] Presidents

• Robert W. Welch Jr. (1958–1983)
• Larry McDonald (1983)
• Charles R. Armour
• John F. McManus (1991–2004, 2005–present)
• G. Vance Smith (2004–2005)

The second John Birch Society chairman, U.S. Representative Dr. Larry McDonald, was killed in the 1983 KAL-007 shootdown incident. Many Society members suggested that McDonald had been the principal target of the Soviets in the attack upon the airplane.

[edit] CEOs

• G. Allen Bubolz (1988–1991)
• G. Vance Smith (1991-2005)
• Arthur R. Thompson (2005-present)

[edit] Notable Members in History

• Anderson, Tom (syndicated journalist)
• Brennan, Walter ("Grandpa" on the "Real McCoys")
• Caldwell, Taylor (author)
• Dennis, Delmar, Minister, deceased (infiltrator of Ku Klux Klan for FBI)
• Evans, Medford, Dr. (author of The Secret War for the A-Bomb)
• Foster, Ezola
• Gatsis, Andrew, General
• Grede, William J.
• Griffin, G. Edward (author)
• Hiestand, Edgar W., Congressman, deceased
• Hunt, Nelson Bunker (businessman)
• James, Rollye (syndicated radio talk show host)
• LaHaye, Tim (evangelical Christian co-author of the popular Left Behind novel series)
• McDonald, Larry, Congressman, deceased (shot down by Soviets)
• Paxton, Floyd, deceased 1975 (Inventor of the bread clip called the Kwik Lok)
• Rarick, John, Former Congressman
• Reagan, Ronald (member of the Beverly Hills branch)
• Roosevelt, Archibald
• Root, E. Merrill, Professor (poet and essayist)
• Rousselot, John, Congressman, deceased
• Schmitt, Andy (1980's Christian pop artist)
• Schmitz, John G., Congressman, deceased
• Scott, Robert Lee, General (author of "God is my Co-pilot")
• Show, Eric (pitcher for the San Diego Padres)
• Shull, Edwin, General
• Stoddard, Robert Waring (former president of Wyman-Gordon and chairman of the Worcester Telegram & Gazette)
• Thomson, Meldrim, Jr., Former Governor (of New Hampshire)
• Walker, Edwin Anderson, Major General, deceased (targeted by Oswald before Kennedy)
• Walker, John Anthony (spy to the Soviet Union from 1968 to 1985)
• Wayne, John (actor)
• Welch, Robert (president of Welch's Candy company)

[edit] See also

• Anti-Communism
• United States isolationism
• Paleoconservatism
• Christian Patriot movement
• Withdrawal from the United Nations
• William P. Hoar
• Wise Use Movement
• Separation of church and state

[edit] References

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

• John Birch Society website
• The New American, JBS biweekly publication
• "John Birch Society," Political Research Associates
• Report of the California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities on the John Birch Society