Smiley

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The smiley has gone through many incarnations over the years, but it consistently retains the same features.("Kolobok" type)

The smiley, smiley face, or happy face, is a stylized representation of a smiling human face, commonly represented as a yellow button with two dots representing eyes and a half circle representing the mouth. “Smiley” is also sometimes used as a generic term for any emoticon.

[edit] Origin

The very earliest known examples of the graphic are attributed to Harvey Ball, who devised the face in 1963 for a Worcester, Massachusetts, USA-based insurance firm, State Mutual Life Assurance. Ball never attempted to use, promote or trademark the image; it fell into the public domain in the United States before that could be accomplished.^[1] As a result, Ball never made any profit for the iconic image he allegedly created beyond his initial $45 fee. Around the same time a convenience store in El Paso, Texas named Good Times used the happy face also.

David Stern of David Stern Inc., a Seattle-based advertising agency also claimed to have invented the smiley. Stern reportedly developed his version in 1967 as part of an ad campaign for Washington Mutual, but says he did not think to trademark it.^[2]

[edit] Popularization

The graphic was popularized in the early 1970s by a pair of brothers, Murray and Bernard Spain, who seized upon it in a campaign to sell novelty items. The two produced buttons as well as coffee mugs, t-shirts, bumper stickers and many other items emblazoned with the symbol and the phrase "Have a happy day" (devised by Gyula Bogar).

The smiley is largely associated in the UK with the acid house dance music culture that emerged in during the second summer of love in the late 1980s, often used as engraving famous logos on ecstasy tablets at the time.^[3]

[edit] Smileyworld Ltd

Smiley is a brand developed by Franklin Loufrani since 1971. He controls Smileyworld Ltd, a company whose mission is to make the world a happier place to live. Its brand Smiley is sold all over the world in several lifestyle industries, its designers are constantly developing very creative and edgy products, and they can be seen on Smiley Collection and Smiley Beauty.

The brand is using organic cotton in order to help protect the environment and the lives of people involved in its production. 10% of the royalties collected are donated to a charity called the Smiley World Association, active with social actions in several countries. Its baseline is Share your smile with those in need.

In 1997 Franklin's son Nicolas Loufrani has started to create a new world with icons based on the original Smiley logo. Today over 1200 icons are used as part of a brand called Smileyworld. This brand is based on a communication concept aimed at helping people to communicate better through various social expression products (greeting cards, gifts...). It is also an educative project with books, toys, interactive products as well as a very fun lifestyle brand for kids (fashion, accessories...)

[edit] Legal

Smiley has been a registered trademark since 1971. The Smiley name and logo now registered and used in over 100 countries for 25 classes of goods and services. More than 1200 Smiley emoticons are registered with the Washington Library of Congress and protected by the Universal Copyrights Convention. In the past 10 years, Smileyworld Ltd has signed more than 800 licensing contracts worldwide and has been using its rights in most classes of goods and services in all important countries on the 5 continents. Smileyworld Ltd works with over 60 law firms to protect its IP.

[edit] Internet use

The smiley has become an essential of Internet culture, with animated GIF and other image representations, as well as the ubiquitous text-based emoticon, " :- ) ". The smiley has been used for the printable version of characters 1 and 2 (one "black", the other "white") on the default font on the IBM PC and successor compatible machines, though modern fonts for graphical user interfaces often do not include those characters.

The Wingdings font also includes a smiley:

Smileys and emoticons are often used on Internet forums. Although smileys are only intended as an extra feature, some users often reply to threads with a single smiley, which is often considered to be spam on many forums. However, the use of smileys, can sometimes distinguish a message between a flame and a joke. For example, "You're a bit slow, aren't you? :)" is less likely to be interpreted as an insult than without the smiley.

[edit] Typographical smileys

The satrirical U.S. magazine Puck presented these typographical emoticons on March 30, 1881.

Main article: Emoticon

Many typographical representations of smiley faces have been developed over the years. Some feature non-smiling expressions or other elaborations. They come in two main varieties, those meant to be viewed sideways, and those meant to be seen upright.

The two original text smileys, :-) to indicate a joke and :-( to mark things that are not a joke were invented on September 19, 1982 by Scott E. Fahlman, a research professor at Carnegie Mellon University's Department of Computer Science. His original post at the CMU CS general board, where he suggested the use of the smileys, was retrieved on September 10, 2002 by Jeff Baird from an October 1982 backup tape of the spice vax (cmu-750x) as proof to support the claim.^[4]

More recently, small, in-line graphical images of smileys and other faces have become popular, especially on forums:

The reverse, or left-handed, smileys (-: have also gained popularity for being a way to avoid having text smileys converted to graphical representations in certain settings such as instant messaging programs.

[edit] Unusual appearances of smileys

In May 2002, Luke Helder, a midwestern pipe-bomber, tried to replicate a smiley face in his pattern of pipe bombs. His first 16 bombs formed circles, the first in Nebraska and the second on the border between Illinois and Iowa. Those bombs completed the eyes. Two other bombs in Texas and Colorado were apparently the beginnings of the smile. However, he was captured before being able to complete it.

A certain species of Hawaiian spider, Theridion grallator, a.k.a. the Happyface Spider, has some morphs which display an uncanny smiley-face pattern on its yellow body.

The smallest incarnation of the smiley was created by Paul Rothemund of the California Institute of Technology. He used strands of DNA in a method he calls DNA origami to construct a complex two-dimensional nanostructure in the shape of a smiley face.

The 230km (143 mile) wide Martian crater Galle (on the Argyre Planitia) very strongly resembles a smiley face.

A smiley face can be seen within a properly placed dental implant in a dental radiograph.^{[citation needed]}

In the computer game, Unreal Tournament, there is a smiley face on the front of the flak cannon's arcing contact grenade (secondary fire). This is obviously very hard to sight because of the grenade's high velocity, but a time pausing cheat can be used to stop the grenade in mid-air enabling the player to observe the smiley face on its front.

[edit] Smileys in popular culture

A smiley face adorns the north side of the Hammond, Illinois water tower.

[edit] Advertising

• ASDA & Wal-Mart use the smiley in their "Rolling Back Prices" campaign. In 2006 Wal-Mart sought to trademark the smiley face in the US, coming into legal conflict with Franklin Loufrani and SmileyWorld over the matter.^[5][6] In 2006 Wal-mart began to phase out the smiley face on its vests^[7] and its website as part of a "no smiling" campaign.^[8]
• In 1986, Eat'n Park first introduced the "Smiley" cookie.
• The Sonar Music Festival is actively using the "Smiley" logo in its campaigns.

[edit] Art and literature

• The yellow smiley is a recurring theme in the comic book series Watchmen (Alan Moore & David Gibbons, 1986). The smiley is used as an insignia by the character named "The Comedian." An image of a smiley face with a streak of red (originally blood) across it both begins and closes the series, and appears on the cover of the graphic novel reprint.
• In Wolverine, the minor shape-changing villain Dirt Nap is recognizable by his smiley face symbol, which is retained between forms.
• In the comic book series Transmetropolitan the smiley with three eyes logo features as the symbol of the Transient Movement, a group of humans in the process of morphing their DNA with that of aliens, and was later used as a symbol of the series itself. The 2001 movie Evolution used a similar smiley in promotions a number of years later under license from Smileyworld Ltd.
• In the comic book series The Tick, the Chainsaw Vigilante wears a yellow smiley face button on the lapel of his leather jacket, oriented upside-down in an apparent expression of irony. His mask is also a significantly stylized version of the smiley and the classical comedy/tragedy masks.
• The Chaos! Comics character Evil Ernie has a sidekick called Smiley the Psychotic Button, a sentient smiley button with a sinister face and backed by crossbones.
• In the 2003 comic Solus a fragment of Danik is named Polla and looks like a talking smiley.
• The popular graffiti artist Banksy has used smileys in several of his works, including one that shows a man in full riot-police gear with a smiley for a head.
• The Banksy riot-police version of the smiley was used in the graphic novel The Smoke.
• Stephen King's reoccurring villain Randall Flagg often wears a smiley badge.
• Gahan Wilson has drawn several cartoons with smiley faces: among them, one shows a group of cops wearing smiley-face masks in an interrogation to break down the resistance of the person being interrogated.
• The DC comic four-issue mini-series Prez featured a shady political boss named Mr. Smiley. This short series was referenced in Issue #53 of Neil Gaiman's seminal comic book series The Sandman. In the Sandman story, "Boss Smiley" controlled all of Prez Rickard's reality.
• In the webcomic Misfile, Rumisiel wears a T-shirt with a non-smiling smiley and the caption "Have a day"
• A frowning, menacing looking version of a smiley face, dubbed "Mr. Personality", is the logo for the webcomic Something Positive.
• The US KC HiLiTES company uses a smiley design for its spot light cover in its range, the smiley uses the "K" and "C" as eyes and "Daylighter" as the mouthpiece.^[9] This cover design was a common feature on Tamiya radio-controlled buggies in the 1980s.

[edit] Movies and television

USS Reeves (CG-24) placed smiley face covers on its AN/SPG-55 missile fire control radars when visiting China in 1986. The radar was designed to guide a Terrier missile so that it can shootdown an aircraft or missile.

• The film Forrest Gump (Robert Zemeckis, 1994) comically featured the smiley being "invented" when the main character wipes his mud-covered face off with a yellow t-shirt, and says "Have a nice day", inspiring a struggling businessman with the makeshift design. This scene is not in the original book.
• The film Fight Club (David Fincher, 1999) has a brief "smiley bombing" scene on the side of an office building. A similar face previously appeared in the Fight Club novel.
• In Timescape, an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, Captain Jean-Luc Picard drew a smiley face in the cloud created by a warp core breach in progress that was frozen in time and laughed hysterically for a moment before becoming extremely panicked, all as a result of "temporal narcosis".
• In the 1995 film Virtuosity a smiley is used to mark a restaurant where the virtual serial killer "Sid 6.7" was hiding.
• In the 2001 film Evolution a three eyed smiley is used as a symbol for aliens.
• A smiley can be vaguely seen on the bloodstained medical gurney in the crash scene of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.
• In Lost, one character landed on the island in a balloon with a smiley face on it.
• WWE wrestler Mick Foley's most common logo is a smiley with his trademark Mankind mask over it. Also in his Mankind persona his catchphrase was "Have a nice day!", used ironically as a sinister heel and more literally as a comic face.
• In the 2007 film Smiley Face.
• In Blazing Saddles, when Hedley Lamar is enlisting his criminal army, the KKK members wear smiley faces and have a nice day on the back of their sheets.
• In The Howling, a 1981 tongue in cheek horror film, smiley face stickers were left by the werewolf, creating a sinister reaction to the banal greeting.

[edit] Music

• Everclear's Songs from an American Movie, Vol. 1: Learning How to Smile has a print of an unhappy face (yellow background color, black eyes and mouth) on the CD, and Songs from an American Movie, Vol. 2: Good Time for a Bad Attitude has a print of a happy face (black background color, orange eyes and mouth) on the CD.
• The band Blink-182 also used an altered smiley face with arrows (similar to Nirvana's) for the cover of their self-titled album in 2003.
• Bon Jovi's Have a Nice Day uses an altered smiley.
• The smiley face is widely used to represent acid house music.
• When Rhino Records issued a series of 70s music CDs called "Have A Nice Day" , they used a smiley with a crooked smile on the CDs.

[edit] Software

• The email program, IncrediMail widely encourages people to use animated smileys in their email message. The company designed its own style calling them "Chubbycons".
• The Microsoft Windows gamelet Tetravex changes all tiles to a smiley if the player solves the puzzle without hints.
• Clouds with smileys are a common element in the universe of the Super Mario Bros. game. Most prominently, the enemy Lakitu is usually seen riding a smiling cloud.
• A bespectacled smiley was used as part of the logo of the Microsoft Bob software

Minesweeper implementation that uses a smiley to reflect the status of the current game.

• The first-person shooter game MIDI Maze, 1987 and its follow up Faceball 2000 (for various handhelds and consoles) exclusively used 3D-rendered smileys of various shapes, expressions, and colors as its players and enemies.
• In the video game Toonstruck, King Hugh has a smiley for head; ball-shaped and yellow with the classic eyes and mouth of a smiley. Also, smileys appear several places in the country of Cutopia, where most of the beginning takes place.
• UNET2 Corporation implemented text to graphic smileys in their KeepTalking chat system in 1995.
• "Smileys" is also the name of a gang in the Rockstar video game Manhunt.
• In the video game Black & White, the player can tattoo and choose the smiley face as a symbol of their god.
• In the game Halo 2 on Xbox, the player's character can have a smiley on its armour.
• In the video game System Shock, a bullet-ridden smiley can be seen on the hacker protagonist's t-shirt in the opening cinematic.
• In the game The Last Smiley on Neopets, the player plays a 3D smiley collecting 2D smiley icons.
• In the video game Smiley COMMANDOS, smileys are playing to outsmart each other.
• In the FPS series Unreal Tournament, each flak shell is decorated with a smiley face on the front.
• In the arcade game Berzerk (1980) and its sequel, Frenzy (1982), the menacing "Evil Otto" was a bouncing yellow smiley face.
• The iCab web browser uses a smiling or frowning face to indicate whether the code of the web page being viewed is compliant with specifications.
• The video game character Pac-man is considered by many to be a sideways smiley, and on some box-art it has been rendered as a 3-dimensional smiley with arms and legs.
• Recent versions of Microsoft Word often automatically replace common smileys (such as :), :( and :|) with graphical representations

[edit] See also

• Emoticon
• Kaoani
• ASCII art (text/ASCII smileys)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Smileyworld Ltd. The UK-based trademark owner of the Smiley name and original logo in more than 100 countries.
• Smiley Central Free animated and talking smileys for use in e-mail, IMs, and social networking
• Smiley Lore  :-) Scott E. Fahlman's webpage about smilies
• "Joke" Conversation Thread Copy of the original Bboard Thread by Scott Fahlman, in which :-) was proposed.
• A Short History of the Smiley Face with picture of original Harvey Ball pin
• Google Directory - Arts > Visual Arts > ASCII Art > Smileys
• Smilies Unlimited Smiley search engine
• Smiley evolution image
• Emoticon (Smiley) Origin at snopes.com
• Instant Smileys Smiley archives