Pinkerton National Detective Agency
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- "We Never Sleep", the famous motto of the Pinkerton Agency, redirects here. For the 1917 film starring Harold Lloyd, see We Never Sleep (film).
The Pinkerton National Detective Agency, usually shortened to the Pinkertons, was a private U.S. security guard and detective agency established by Allan Pinkerton in 1850. Pinkerton had become famous when he foiled a plot to assassinate president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who later hired Pinkerton agents for his personal security during the Civil War. (At the time of Lincoln's assassination, his security was no longer handled by Pinkerton, but by U.S. Army personnel.) Pinkerton's agents performed services ranging from security guards to private military contracting work. During its height, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency employed more agents than the standing army of the United States of America, causing the state of Ohio to outlaw the agency due to fears it could be hired out as a private army or militia.
During the labor unrest of the late 19th century, businessmen hired Pinkerton agents to infiltrate unions, and guards to keep strikers and suspected unionists out of factories. The most notorious example was the Homestead Strike of 1892, in which Pinkerton agents were called in to enforce the strikebreaking measures of Henry Clay Frick, acting on behalf of Andrew Carnegie, who was abroad; the ensuing conflicts between Pinkerton agents and striking workers led to several deaths on both sides. The Pinkertons were also used as guards in coal, iron and lumber disputes in Illinois, Michigan, New York and Pennsylvania, as well as the railroad strikes of 1877.
The company now operates as Securitas Security Services USA, a division of the Swedish security company Securitas AB, although its government division is still known as Pinkerton Government Services. They were referred to as the "Pinks" by their opponents, particularly the outlaws.
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[edit] Origins
In the 1850s, Allan Pinkerton partnered with Chicago attorney Edward Rucker, in forming the North-Western Police Agency, later known as the Pinkerton Agency.[1][2][3]
Historian Frank Morn writes: "By the mid-1850s a few businessmen saw the need for greater control over their employees; their solution was to sponsor a private detective system. In February 1855, Allan Pinkerton, after consulting with six midwestern railroads, created such an agency in Chicago."[4]
[edit] Government work
In 1871, Congress appropriated $50,000 to the new Department of Justice (DOJ) to form a suborganization devoted to "the detection and prosecution of those guilty of violating federal law." The amount was insufficient for the DOJ to fashion an integral investigating unit, so the DOJ contracted out the services to the Pinkerton National Detective Agency.[5]
However, since passage of the Anti-Pinkerton Act in 1893, federal law has stated that an "individual employed by the Pinkerton Detective Agency, or similar organization, may not be employed by the Government of the United States or the government of the District of Columbia."[6]
[edit] Molly Maguires
In the 1870s, Franklin B. Gowen, then president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad hired the agency to investigate the labor unions in the company's mines. A Pinkerton agent, James McParlan, infiltrated the Molly Maguires using the alias James McKenna, leading to the downfall of this secret organization. The incident was the inspiration for Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes novel The Valley of Fear. A Pinkerton agent also appears in a small role in The Adventure of the Red Circle, another Holmes story.
[edit] Homestead Strike
During the Homestead Strike, the arrival, on July 6, 1892, of a force of 300 Pinkerton detectives from New York and Chicago, who were called in by Henry Clay Frick to protect the mill and replacement workers ("scabs"), resulted in a fight in which about 11 men were killed, and to restore order two brigades of the state militia were called out.
[edit] Steunenberg murder and trial
Harry Orchard was arrested by the Idaho police and confessed to Pinkerton agent James McParland that he assassinated Governor Frank Steunenberg of Idaho and received a sentence of life imprisonment in a nationally publicized trial.
[edit] Outlaws and competition
Pinkerton agents were hired to track western outlaws Jesse James, the Reno brothers, and the Wild Bunch (including Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid).
G.H. Thiel, a former Pinkerton employee, established the Thiel Detective Service Company in St. Louis, Missouri, a competitor to the Pinkerton agency. The Thiel company operated in the U.S., Canada and Mexico.
Due to its conflicts with labor unions, the word Pinkerton continues to be associated by labor organizers and union members with strikebreaking.[7] Pinkerton's, however, moved away from labour spying following revelations publicized by the La Follette Committee hearings in 1937.[8] Pinkerton's criminal detection work also suffered from the police modernization movement, which saw the rise of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the bolstering of detective branches and resources of the public police. Without the industrial espionage against labor and criminal investigation work on which Pinkerton's thrived for decades, the company became increasingly involved in protection services, and in the 1960s, even the word "Detective" disappeared from the agency's letterhead.[9] In July 2003, Pinkerton's was acquired along with longtime rival, the William J. Burns Detective Agency (founded in 1910), by Securitas AB to create Securitas Security Services USA, Inc., one of the largest security companies in the world.
[edit] In popular culture
- In 1892 there was a popular song about the Pinkertons: "Hear the poor orphans tell their sad story/Father was killed by the Pinkerton men."[10]
- Dashiell Hammett, pioneer of the hard-boiled detective novel, was an ex-detective for Pinkerton and adapted some of the experiences he had while employed there in his stories and novels.
- The Pinkertons were mentioned in the song "Ballad of a Well-Known Gun" on the Elton John album, Tumbleweed Connection.
- In the 2005 movie The Legend of Zorro, Pinkerton agents goad Zorro's wife to divorce him and become one of their agents in order to investigate a secret society threatening to derail California's 1850 admission to the Union.
- The Pinkerton Agency and several agents are featured in the HBO series Deadwood. Pinkertons are often referred to ominously or with contempt by several of the show's characters. In season 1, episode 3, Brom Garrett threatens action by the Pinkertons towards Swearengen, set in 1876. In season 2, the tutor for Alma Garrett's ward is discovered to be an undercover operative for the agency. In season 3, originally aired in 2006, the Pinkertons were hired by the character of George Hearst.
- Corporate-hired Pinkerton personnel assault early 20th century union organizers in an early scene of the 1992 movie Hoffa.
- Pinkerton toughs occasionally appear as secondary characters throughout Harry Turtledove's series of Great War and American Empire fictional novels.
- In Sergio Sollima's Faccia a faccia (1967), William Berger portrays a real-life Pinkerton agent Charlie Siringo.
- Pinkerton agents appear on the trail of four heroines in the 1994 movie Bad Girls.
- Pinkertons appear a few times in the TV show The Adventures of Brisco County Jr.
- Pinkerton men are frequently referred to in the 1980 film about Jesse James and his gang, The Long Riders.
- Pinkertons also appear in the early Ian Fleming James Bond novels. Felix Leiter joins Pinkertons after leaving the CIA and teams up with Bond in his capacity as a Pinkerton in Diamonds are Forever.
- In Mean Streets 1997 by Terrance Dicks, Roz Forrester and Chris Cwej pose as agents of the "Interplanetary Pinkerton Bureau" in order to investigate Megacity.
- In the 2001 movie American Outlaws, Allan Pinkerton is portrayed by actor Timothy Dalton. The Pinkerton Agency is shown trying to capture outlaw Jesse James (portrayed by Colin Farrell).
- The Valley of Fear, a fictional story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, features a Pinkerton Detective among a gang of terrorist 'Scowrers', a sect of Freemasons, living in the imaginary Gilmerton Mountains set in the west of the United States.
- The Pinkerton Detective agency also features in another one of Sir Conan Doyle's story The Adventure of the Red Circle.
- In The Dante Club a Pinkerton Detective is hired to investigate people's feelings about Dante's literature.
- New England punk band The Pinkerton Thugs took their name from the agency.
- The Pinkerton Detective Agency feature in Malcolm Pryce's "Don't cry for me Aberystwyth."
- Elijah Wood claims that friends sometimes call him "Pinkerton" in private.
- Rock band Weezer has released an album named "Pinkerton," although the album is named for the character in Madama Butterfly. However, Pinkerton's Inc. unsuccessfully sued to stop the album's release because of the name similarity. This limited the album's promotion and is blamed in part for the album's initial flop.
- The Hollywood western 3:10 to Yuma and its 2007 remake feature Pinkerton agents escorting an armed stagecoach filled with bank notes through Arizona. Pinkerton agents are seen throughout the 2007 version.
- In The Adventures of Tintin: Breaking Free the term "bloody pinkerton" is used for cops beating down a strike.
- In Warren Ellis' 2007 novel "Crooked Little Vein", protagonist Michael McGill is a former Pinkerton detective.
- In High Moon, a werewolf western webcomic series by David Gallaher and Steve Ellis, the protagonist Matthew 'Mac' Macgreor is a Pinkerton detective.
- In the Our Gang series (aka The Little Rascals) Alfalfa sets himself up as a private detective. On the door of his office is the Never Sleeping Eye of the Pinkertons.
[edit] See also
- Historian J. Bernard Hogg, Public Reaction to Pinkertonism and the Labor Question
- Morris Friedman, author of Pinkerton Labor Spy
- Labor spies
- Baldwin-Felts detective agency
- Coal and Iron Police, a Pinkerton-supervised private police force in Pennsylvania
- Industrial Workers of the World
- Frank Little, American labor leader; lynched in 1917, probably by Pinkerton agents.
[edit] References
- ^ Foner, Eric; John Arthur Garraty, eds. (Oct 21, 1991). The Reader's Companion to American History. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-395-51372-3. p. 842
- ^ Robinson, Charles M (2005). American Frontier Lawmen 1850-1930. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-575-9. p. 63
- ^ Horan, James David; Howard Swiggett (1951). The Pinkerton Story. Putnam. p. 202
- ^ Morn, Frank (1982). The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32086-0. p. 18
- ^ Churchill, Ward (Spring 2004). "From the Pinkertons to the PATRIOT Act: The Trajectory of Political Policing in the United States, 1870 to the Present". The New Centennial Review 4 (1): 1-72.
- ^ 5 U.S. Code 3108; Public Law 89-554, 80 Stat. 416 (1966); ch. 208 (5th par. under "Public Buildings"), 27 Stat. 591 (1893). The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, in U.S. ex rel. Weinberger v. Equifax, 557 F.2d 456 (5th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1035 (1978), held that "The purpose of the Act and the legislative history reveal that an organization was 'similar' to the Pinkerton Detective Agency only if it offered for hire mercenary, quasi-military forces as strikebreakers and armed guards. It had the secondary effect of deterring any other organization from providing such services lest it be branded a 'similar organization.'" 557 F.2d at 462; see also GAO Decision B-298370; B-298490, Brian X. Scott (Aug. 18, 2006)..
- ^ Williams, David Ricardo (1998). Call in Pinkerton's: American Detectives at Work for Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 1-550023-06-3.
- ^ Morn, Frank (1982). The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32086-0. p. 188-189
- ^ Morn, Frank (1982). The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32086-0. p. 192.
- ^ Powers, Richard Gid (Oct 19, 2004). Broken: The Troubled Past and Uncertain Future of the FBI. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83371-9. p. 44
[edit] External links
- Pinkerton Consulting & Investigations Inc.. Retrieved on 2006-05-11.
- (Spring 2004) "From the Pinkertons to the PATRIOT Act: The Trajectory of Political Policing in the United States, 1870 to the Present". The New Centennial Review 4 (1): 1-72.
[edit] Further reading
- Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri (Oct 1, 2003). Cloak and Dollar: A History of American Secret Intelligence. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10159-7.
