Turkish Air Force

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Turkish Air Force Türk Hava Kuvvetleri
TuAF KC-135R refueling F-16 fighter jets
Founded	1909 - 1911
Country	Turkey
Part of	Turkish Armed Forces
HQ	Ankara
Engagements	Balkan Wars First World War Turkish War of Independence Korean War Cyprus War Operation Provide Comfort Operation Deliberate Force Operation Northern Watch Operation Allied Force Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Northern Iraq Operation Sun
Commanders
Commander	General Aydoğan Babaoğlu
Chief of the General Staff	General Yaşar Büyükanıt
Insignia
Roundel
Seal
Aircraft flown
Attack	- F-16 Fighting Falcon - F-4E 2020 Terminator - F-4E Phantom II - F-5 2000
Electronic warfare	- Boeing 737 AEW&C - CN-235 EW
Fighter	- F-16 Fighting Falcon
Interceptor	- F-16 Fighting Falcon
Reconnaissance	- RF-4E Phantom II - Heron
Trainer	- T-38 - SF-260 - T-37 - T-41
Transport	- C-130 - C-160 - CN-235 - Cougar - UH-1H Aerial refueling: - KC-135R

The Turkish Air Force (Turkish: Türk Hava Kuvvetleri) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. It is one of the oldest air forces in the world and operates one of the largest combat aircraft fleets of NATO. In its relatively long history, numerous air aces and aviation pioneers have served in the Turkish Air Force, including Sabiha Gökçen, the world's first female combat pilot. Supported by the TuAF's long-range in-flight refueling capability, the fighter jets of the Turkish Air Force can participate in international operations and exercises throughout the globe.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Founding years 1.2 1911-1918 1.3 1918-1923 1.4 1923-1940 1.5 1940 - Present 2 Operational experience 2.1 Notabilities 3 Structure 4 Main equipment 5 See also 6 External links 7 References

[edit] History

Main article: Ottoman Air Force

[edit] Founding years

The TuAF was founded in June 1909, making it one of the oldest combat aviation organizations in the world. Its formation came about after the Ottoman Empire sent two Turkish pilots to the International Aviation Conference in Paris. After witnessing the growing importance of an air combat support branch, the Turkish government decided to organize its own military aviation program. For this purpose, officers were sent to Europe by the end of 1910 to participate in the study of combat flight. However, because of bad living conditions, the student program was aborted and the trainees returned to Turkey in the spring of 1911.

Although left without any governmental guidelines for establishing an air force, the Turkish Minister of Defence of the time, Mahmut Şevket, continued to encourage the idea of a military aviation program and sent officers Fesa and Yusuf Kenan, who achieved the highest maneuvering points in a piloting test conducted in 1911, to France for receiving a more satisfactory flight education.

In late 1911 Süreyya Ilmen was instructed with founding the Havacılık Komisyonu (Aviation Commission) bound to the Harbiye Bakanlığı Fen Kıtaları Müstahkem Genel Müfettişliği (War Ministry Science Detachment General Inspectorship).

[edit] 1911-1918

On February 21, 1912, Fesa and Yusuf Kenan completed their flight education and returned home with the 780th and 797th French aviation diplomas. In the same year, eight more Turkish officers were sent to France for flight education.

The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Hava Okulu (Air Academy) in Istanbul on July 3, 1912, the empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of the Air Academy quickened advancement in the military aviation program, increased the number of enlisted persons within it, and gave the new pilots an active role in the Armed Forces. In May 1913 the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was activated by the Air Academy and the first separate Reconnaissance division was established by the Air Force.

Because of the lack of experience of the Turkish pilots, the first stage (1912) of the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) ended with the loss of several aircraft. However, the second stage (1913) was marked with great success since the pilots had become more battle-hardened. Many recruits joined the Air Academy following a surge of Turkish nationalism during the war.

With the end of the Balkan Wars a modernization process started and new planes were purchased. In June 1914 a new military academy, Deniz Hava Okulu (Naval Aviation Academy) was founded, also in Istanbul. With the outbreak of the First World War, the modernization process stopped aprubtly, but in 1915 some German officers came to the Ottoman Empire and some Turkish officers went to Germany for flight education.

The Ottoman Air Force fought on many fronts during the First World War, from Galicia in the west to the Caucasus in the east and Yemen in the south. Efforts were made to reorganize the Ottoman Air Force, but this ended in 1918 with the end of the First World War and the occupation of Istanbul.

[edit] 1918-1923

With the end of the First World War and the occupation of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Air Force was nothing more than a department. All personnel, including pilots and teachers, were either relieved of duty or disbanded, and all Air Force governmental buildings were closed. Some optimistic Turks tried to build new units in Istanbul, İzmir, Konya, Elazığ and Diyarbakır with planes left over from the First World War and tried to bring together flight personnel, but were unsuccessful.

During this period, the Turks in Anatolia were roused and ready to fight for their independence and motherland under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Turkish pilots were ready to do this, too, and subsequently joined the Konya Hava Istasyonu (Konya Air Station). Parallel to this, however, the Ottoman Air Force was closed by the Ottoman Ministry of War and all personnel were formally discharged. The Ottoman pilots were thus left without planes and proper assistance and the period of Ottoman Aviation ended. But with the opening of the Grand National Assembly in 1920 in Ankara, the reorganization of an ordered Army, the Kuva-yı Havaiye (Air Force) bound to the Harbiye Dairesi (Ministry of War bound to the TBMM) was found. A few damaged aircraft belonging to the Grand National Assembly were repaired, and afterwards used in combat.

In 1921, the Hava Kuvvetleri (Kuva-yı Havaiye) Şubesi air force section was renamed as Hava Kuvvetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, or the Air Force General Command.

[edit] 1923-1940

After the proclamation of independence and sovereignty with the Treaty of Lausanne and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1923, approaches were made to form a modern Air Force. Originally consisting of 3 normal and 1 naval aviation units, and an Air Force Academy, the number of units was increased to 10 normal and 3 naval aviation units. Starting in 1924, personnel were sent abroad for flight education. In 1925 the Air Force Academy was reestablished in Eskişehir and its first students graduated in that same year. The Air Force was reorganized in 1928 and new schools were found for non-pilot personnel. Additional to the personnel sent to England and France, other personnel were sent to the USA and Italy in 1930.

In 1933 the Air Force became independent and trained its own personnel. The blue uniforms worn by the Air Force were established in 1933. In 1934 the first Turkish airplanes were produced in Kayseri. Still in 1934 the Türkkuşu (Turkishbird) aviation and parachute society was established, and in 1936 Sabiha Gökçen joined the Turkish Air Force - she became the world's first female combat pilot in 1937. Throughout her career in the Turkish Air Force, Gökçen flew 22 different types of aircraft for more than 8000 hours, 32 hours of which were active combat and bombardment missions.^[1] She was selected as the only female pilot for the poster of "The 20 Greatest Aviators in History" prepared by the USAF in 1996.^[1] Another key event in 1937 was the establishment of the Hava Harp Akademisi (Air War Academy).

[edit] 1940 - Present

By 1940, Turkish Air Force had more than 500 combat aircraft in its inventory, becoming the largest Air Force on the Balkans and the Middle East. The growing inventory of the Air Force required another structural change, which was made in 1940. The Air Force under the Milli Savunma Bakanlığı (Ministry of National Defense) for logistical affairs and the General Staff for educational affairs were united to form the Hava Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı (Air Force Command). Thus, the Air Force became a separate branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The first commander-in-chief was General Zeki Doğan.

Even though Turkey did not enter the Second World War on the side of the Allies until February 1945 (in accordance with the agreements made during the Second Cairo Conference), the Turkish Armed Forces went on full alert and was prepared for war following the military alliance between neighbouring Bulgaria and the Axis Powers which was in essence established with the Treaty of Craiova in September 1940 and formalized in March 1941, and the occupation of neighbouring Greece by the Axis Powers in April 1941. Within a year, Turkey's borders were surrounded by German forces in the northwest and west, and Italian forces in the southwest. Turkish Air Force made daily reconnaissance flights over Bulgaria, Greece, the Greek Islands in the Aegean Sea, and the Dodecanese Islands which then belonged to Italy, for controlling the positions of the Axis forces. The large cities in western Turkey were darkened at nights, and anti-aircraft guns, aided by spot lights, controlled the skies for possible enemy planes. A war economy was imposed, and basic commodities including food and bread were rationed in preparation for the worst-case scenario. Almost all available money in the Turkish Government Treasury was used to purchase new weapons from any available provider in the world. Turkish Air Force received large numbers of new aircraft in this period, including Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I/V/IX/XIX, Curtiss Falcon CW-22R/B, Fairey Battle-I, Avro Anson-I, Hawker Hurricane I/II, Morane Saulnier MS-406, Curtiss P-40 Tomahawk, Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk, Westland Lysander-I, Consolidated Liberator 3B-24D, Bristol Blenheim IV/V, Bristol Beaufort, Bristol Beaufighter Mk.I/X, Focke Wulf FW-190-A3, Martin Baltimore-187, De Havilland DH-98 Mk.III/IV, B-26B/C Invader, P-47D Thunderbolt and C-47A/B Dakota.

The Hava Teknik Okullar Komutanlığı (Air Force Technical School Command) was founded in 1950 to unite schools responsible for training non-pilot Air Force personnel. In 1950 it also was decided to upgrade the Air Force fleet through the inclusion of jets. Eight pilots were sent to the USA to receive flight education. They graduated in 1951 and started training jet-pilots in the Turkish Air Force. In the same year, the 9th Fighter Wing (9uncu Ana Jet Üssü) was founded in Balıkesir as Turkey's first fighter wing; the 191st, 192nd, and 193rd squadrons being the first ones which were established. Further training in the United States followed, usually involving jet manufacturers.

In the Korean War, Turkish pilots were assigned with reconnaissance missions.

Upon Turkey's inclusion in NATO in 1952, the process of modernization was accelerated.

In 1956 the Hava Eğitim Kolordu Komutanlığı (Air Education Corps Command) was founded and all education was united under this command. The command was renamed as Hava Eğitim Komutanlığı (Air Education Command) in 1957.

In 1962 the Taktik Hava Kuvveti (Tactical Air Force) was founded by upgrading the Hava Tümens (an air unit) to a corps-level organization.

In 1974 the Air Force was employed in the Cyprus War.

With the arrival of 3rd generation fighter jets in 1980, the Air Force was reorganized. In 1984 the Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) was established and Turkey started to locally produce fighter aircraft under license; including a total of 232 F-16 Fighting Falcon (Block 30/40/50) aircraft for the Turkish Air Force. The TuAF had previously received 8 F-16s that were directly purchased from the United States, bringing the number of total F-16s received by the Turkish Air Force to 240.^[2] TAI is currently building 30 new F-16 Block 50+ aircraft for the TuAF^[3][4] and is applying a CCIP upgrade on the existing fleet of Block 30/40/50 F-16s, which will bring all of them to the Block 50+ standard.^[5][6][7][2] Dozens of TAI-built F-16s were also exported to other countries, particularly in the Middle East. A total of 46 TAI-built F-16s have been exported to the Egyptian Air Force under the Peace Vector IV Program (1993-1995), making it TAI's second-largest F-16 customer after the Turkish Air Force.^[8] Turkey is one of only five countries in the world which locally produce the F-16 Fighting Falcon.^[2]

The Turkish Air Force took part in the Operation Deliberate Force of 1995 and Operation Allied Force of 1999, and later participated in the UN peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina, employing two squadrons (one in the Ghedi fighter wing, and after 2000 one in the Aviano fighter wing). They returned to Turkey in 2001. In 2006, 4 Turkish F-16 fighter jets were deployed for NATO's Baltic Air Policing operation.

On July 11, 2002 Turkey became a Level 3 partner of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) development program, and on January 25, 2007, Turkey officially joined the production phase of the JSF program, agreeing to initially purchase at least 100 F-35A Lightning II aircraft.^[9]

[edit] Operational experience

The Turkish Air Force has taken part in numerous battles and operations, including:

• The Balkan Wars (1912-1913)
• First World War (1914-1918)
• Turkish War of Independence (1919-1922)
• Korean War (1950-1953)
• Cyprus War (1974)
• Operation Provide Comfort (1991-1996)
• Operation Deliberate Force (1995)
• Operation Northern Watch (1997-2003)
• Operation Allied Force (1999)
• Operation Enduring Freedom (2001-present)
• Operation Northern Iraq (2007-2008)
• Operation Sun (2008)

[edit] Notabilities

• Sabiha Gökçen was the first Turkish female aviator and combat pilot. She joined the Turkish Air Force in 1936 and in 1937 took part in the military operation to put down the Dersim Revolt, thus becoming the world's first female air force pilot with battle experience. Throughout her career in the Turkish Air Force, which lasted until 1964, Gökçen flew 22 different types of aircraft for more than 8000 hours, 32 of which were active combat and bombardment missions.^[10] She was selected as the only female pilot for the poster of "The 20 Greatest Aviators in History" published by the United States Air Force in 1996.^[10]

• Turkey provided 18 F-16s for the NATO campaign against Serbia during Operation Allied Force in 1999. Of these, 11 TAI-built F-16s were stationed at the NATO base in Aviano, Italy, while the other 7 were based in Ankara, Turkey. All were equipped with laser-guided bombs using the LANTIRN night vision system. Turkish jets had previously patrolled Balkan airspace, providing protection for attacking aircraft. During this allied air campaign, TAI-built F-16s set a world CAP record by patrolling for 9 hours and 22 minutes above the Balkan theatre. Normally, CAP missions last between 3 to 4 hours.

• In December 2007, the Turkish Air Force initiated Operation Northern Iraq, which continued until the end of February 2008, eventually becoming a part of Operation Sun. According to the Turkish General Staff, an estimated 300 PKK terrorists have been killed during the aerial bombardments prior to the ground offensive.^[11] At the initial phase of this operation, on December 16, 2007, the TuAF used the AGM-65 Maverick and AGM-142 Popeye/Have Nap during a night bombardment for the first time.

[edit] Structure

• Headquarters, Ankara

Chief of the Turkish General Staff: General Yaşar Büyükanıt

Commander of the Turkish Air Force: General Aydoğan Babaoğlu

• • Air Force Staff Division Command
    • 10th Tanker Base Command, İncirlik, Adana
      • KC-135 Stratotanker tanker aircraft
    • 11th Air Transportation Main Base Command, Etimesgut, Ankara
      • CASA CN-235(T),
      • Cessna Citation VII,
      • Cessna Citation II (CE-550),
      • Gulfstream IV-SP,
      • 3 CASA CN-235 (T) ambulance aircraft
    • 12th Air Transportation Main Base Command, Erkilet, Kayseri
      • C-130 Hercules,
      • C-160 Transall and
      • CASA CN-235 (T) aircraft
• 1st Tactical Air Force Command, Eskişehir
  • 1st Main Jet Base Group Command
  • 4th Main Jet Base Group Command
  • 6th Main Jet Base Group Command
  • 9th Main Jet Base Group Command
  • 15th Missile Base Group Command
  • 1st Air Control Group Command
• 2nd Tactical Air Force Commands, Diyarbakır
  • 5th Main Jet Base Group Command
  • 7th Main Jet Base Group Command
  • 8th Main Jet Base Group Command
  • 2nd Air Control Group. Command
• Air Training Command, Gaziemir, İzmir
  • 2nd Main Jet Base Group Command
  • 3rd Main Jet Base Group Command
  • Air Force Academy Command
  • Air Corps Schools and Technical Training Center Command
  • Air Language School and Airmen Training Brigade Command
• Air Logistics Command, Etimesgut, Ankara
  • 1st Air Supply and Maintenance Center Command
  • 2nd Air Supply and Maintenance Center Command
  • 3rd Air Supply and Maintenance Center Command
  • Air Museum Command

These commands consist of:

• 19 Combat squadrons
• 1 Reconnaissance squadron
• 6 Training squadrons
• 6 Transportation squadrons
• 1 Tanker squadron
• 8 Surface-to-air missile (SAM) squadrons

[edit] Main equipment

TURKISH AIR FORCE[12][13]
Fighter aircraft
0	F-35A Lightning II (order for 100 F-35A approved 12/12/2006, signed 25/1/2007)[9]
0	F-16C/D Block 50+ (30 new F-16 aircraft will be built by TAI)[3][4]
218	F-16C/D[14] Block 30/40/50 (all of them will reach the Block 50+ standard with the CCIP upgrade program)[5][6][7]
52	F-4E 2020 Terminator (upgraded by IAI with enhanced air-to-ground capabilities)
71	F-4E Phantom II (48 will be upgraded by TAI for optimization in air-to-air capabilities)
32	RF-4E Phantom II
44	F-5 2000 (upgraded by IAI with enhanced capabilities)
22	F-5A/F-5B/NF-5A/NF-5B Freedom Fighter
14	NF-5A/B Freedom Fighter (Turkish Stars Aerobatics Team)
Air-to-air missiles
314	AIM-120A/B AMRAAM (176 AIM-120A + 138 AIM-120B)
367	AIM-7E Sparrow
0	AIM-9X Sidewinder (+457 (225[15] + 127[16] + 105[17]) ordered)
210	AIM-9B Sidewinder
500	AIM-9M Sidewinder
640	AIM-9L/I Sidewinder
310	AIM-9S Sidewinder
750+	AIM-9P3 Sidewinder
Air-to-ground missiles
95	AGM-88B HARM
99	AGM-142 Popeye/Have Nap
0	AGM-84K SLAM-ER (+50 ordered)
0	AGM-154A-1 JSOW Block-II (+50 ordered)
0	AGM-154C JSOW-C / Broach (+54 ordered)
274	AGM-65G1 Maverick IIR
550	AGM-65A/B Maverick
200	GBU 8/B HOBOS
1200	GBU 10/12 Paveway I-II
n/a	CBU 105 Sensor Fuzed Bomb
523	BLU-107 Durandal
n/a	AN/AVQ 23 Pave Spike (laser designation pod for F-4E)
40	AN/AAQ 14 LANTIRN
40	AN/AAQ 13 LANTIRN
33	Litening-III (option for 20 more)
Anti-aircraft missiles
48	I-Hawk XXI (HAWK-21) (1x3) launchers
72	MIM-14B Nike Hercules
86	Rapier FSB1 (85 launchers updated to Rapier B1X level. 840 additional Mk2B missiles under delivery)
n/a	Zipkin KMS (1x4 FIM-92 mounted Stinger, 32 units under delivery)
108	FIM-92C Stinger RMP
Tactical transport aircraft
0	Airbus A400M (+10 ordered)
7	C-130E Hercules (to be upgraded)
6	C-130B Hercules (with ELINT/SIGINT equipment)
19	C-160T Transall [1]
50	CN 235-100M
VIP transport aircraft
1	Airbus A319-115X (VIP Transport)
3	Grumman Gulfstream-IV (VIP Transport)
2	Cessna 550 Citation II (VIP Transport)
2	Cessna 560 Citation V (VIP Transport)
2	Cessna 650 Citation VII (VIP Transport)
1	Beech King Air 200 (Comms)
Tanker aircraft
7	KC-135R-CRAG Stratotanker
Early warning aircraft
4	B-737-700 AEW&C MESA (option for 2 more)
Unmanned aerial vehicles
0	TIHA MALE Attack/Surveillance UAV[18][19][20] (+18 under construction)
40	Heron MALE Attack/Surveillance UAV (1000/3300 km)[21][22]
107	Harpy Attack UAV (500 km)
2	I-GNAT Surveillance UAV (500 km)
Trainer aircraft
69	T-38A Talon (received structural upgrade)
61	Cessna T-37B/C (received structural upgrade)
38	Aermacchi SF-260D
26	T-41D Mescalero
0	KAI KT-1 (40 on order to replace T-37s)
Helicopters
20	AS 532UL Cougar Mk1 (14 SAR + 6 CSAR)
81	Bell UH-1H Iroquois (SAR/ECM/Utility)

[edit] See also

• Turkish Stars

[edit] External links

• This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook (2004 edition) which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain.
• Turkish Armed Forces Website
• Turkish Air Force Website
• Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics

[edit] References

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