List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg

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The Prime Minister of Luxembourg is the head of government in Luxembourg.

This is a list of Prime Ministers and governments since the post was founded, in 1848. In larger font are the dates of the Prime Ministers entering and leaving office. The smaller dates, during the respective premierships, are those of the Prime Ministers' governments. Luxembourg has a collegial governmental system; often, the government will present its resignation, only for the successor government to include many, if not most, of the previous ministers serving under the same Prime Minister. Each of the smaller dates reflects a change in the government without a change of Prime Minister.

Since 1989, the title of Prime Minister has been an official one,^[1] although the head of the government had been unofficially known by that name for some time. Between 1857 and 1989, the Prime Minister went by the name of the President of the Government,^[2] with the exception of the 25-day premiership of Mathias Mongenast.^[3] Before 1857, the Prime Minister was the President of the Council. In addition to these titles, the Prime Minister uses the title Minister of State, although this is usually relegated to a secondary title.

1 The era of independents
2 The party system
3 See also
4 Footnotes
5 References

[edit] The era of independents

From the promulgation of the first constitution, in 1848, until the early twentieth century, Luxembourgian politics was dominated by independent politicians and statesmen.^[4] The prerogative powers of the Grand Duke remained undiluted, and, as such, the monarch actively chose and personally appointed the Prime Minister. As a result, the Prime Minister was often a moderate, without any strong affiliation to either of the two major ideological factions in the Chamber of Deputies: the secularist liberals and the Catholic conservatives.

In the early twentieth century, the emergence of socialism as a third force in Luxembourgian politics ended the dominance of independents, and further politicised the government of the country.^[5] This did not affect the Prime Minister's position until 1915, when the long-serving Paul Eyschen died in office. His death created a struggle for power between the main factions, leading to the establishment of the formalised party system.^[6]

	Start date		End date	Notes
G T I de la Fontaine	1 August 1848		6 December 1848	First Prime Minister
G T I de la Fontaine	1	1 August 1848	6 December 1848	Vote of no confidence^[7]
Jean-Jacques Willmar	6 December 1848		23 September 1853
Jean-Jacques Willmar	1	6 December 1848	23 September 1853	Fired by the Governor^[8]
Mathias Simons	23 September 1853		26 September 1860
Mathias Simons	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	23 September 1853 23 September 1854 24 May 1856 2 June 1857 29 November 1857 12 November 1858 23 June 1859 15 July 1859	23 September 1854 24 May 1856 2 June 1857 29 November 1857 12 November 1858 23 June 1859 15 July 1859 26 September 1860	Last as President of the Council (except Mongenast) First as President of the Government Resigned^[9]
Baron de Tornaco	26 September 1860		3 December 1867
Baron de Tornaco	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	26 September 1860 9 September 1863 31 March 1864 26 January 1866 3 December 1866 14 December 1866 18 June 1867	9 September 1863 31 March 1864 26 January 1866 3 December 1866 14 December 1866 18 June 1867 3 December 1867	Shortest cabinet Luxembourg Crisis erupts Treaty of London; Vote of no confidence^[10]
Emmanuel Servais	3 December 1867		26 December 1874
Emmanuel Servais	1 2 3 4 5	3 December 1867 30 September 1869 12 October 1869 7 February 1870 25 May 1873	30 September 1869 12 October 1869 7 February 1870 25 May 1873 26 December 1874	Resigned^[11]
Baron de Blochausen	26 December 1874		20 February 1885
Baron de Blochausen	1 2 3 4 5 6	26 December 1874 26 April 1874 8 July 1876 6 August 1878 21 September 1882 12 October 1882	26 April 1874 8 July 1876 6 August 1878 21 September 1882 12 October 1882 20 February 1885	Fired by the Grand Duke^[12]
Édouard Thilges	20 February 1885		22 September 1888
Édouard Thilges	1	20 February 1885	22 September 1888	Resigned^[13]
Paul Eyschen	22 September 1888		11 October 1915	Longest premiership
Paul Eyschen	1 2 3 4 5 6	22 September 1888 26 October 1892 23 June 1896 25 October 1905 9 January 1910 3 March 1915	26 October 1892 23 June 1896 25 October 1905 9 January 1910 3 March 1915 11 October 1915	Longest cabinet Occupied by Germany on 2 August 1914 Died in office^[14]
Mathias Mongenast	12 October 1915		6 November 1915	Shortest premiership
Mathias Mongenast	1	12 October 1915	6 November 1915	As President of the Council; resigned^[15]
Hubert Loutsch	6 November 1915		24 February 1916
Hubert Loutsch	1	6 November 1915	24 February 1916	Minority government;^[16] Vote of no confidence^[17]
Victor Thorn	24 February 1916		19 June 1917
Victor Thorn	1	24 February 1916	19 June 1917	National Union Government; resigned^[18]
Léon Kauffman	19 June 1917		28 September 1918
Léon Kauffman	1	19 June 1917	28 September 1918	Resigned^[19]

[edit] The party system

In 1918, towards the end of the First World War, a new Chamber of Deputies was elected with the explicit ambition of reviewing the constitution.^[20] To this end, formalised parties were formed by the main political blocs, so as to increase their bargaining power in the negotiations. The revisions to the constitution introduced universal suffrage and compulsory voting, adopted proportional representation, and limited the sovereignty of the monarch.

Since the foundation of the party system, only one cabinet (between 1921 and 1925) has not included members of more than one party. Most of the time, governments are grand coalitions of the two largest parties, no matter their ideology; this has made Luxembourg one of the most stable democracies in the world.^[21] Two cabinets (between 1945 and 1947) included members of every party represented in the Chamber of Deputies.

During the occupation of Luxembourg by Nazi Germany, Luxembourg was governed by a Nazi Party official, Gustav Simon. Pierre Dupong continued to lead the government in exile in the United Kingdom until the liberation of Luxembourg in December 1944, whereupon the constitutional Luxembourg government returned to the Grand Duchy. Thus, although Luxembourg was formally annexed on 30 August 1942, the Prime Minister of the government in exile, Pierre Dupong, is assumed to have remained Prime Minister throughout.

	Party	Start date		End date	Coalition members	Notes
Émile Reuter	PD	28 September 1918		20 March 1925		First party government
Émile Reuter	PD	1 2 3	28 September 1918 5 January 1920 15 April 1921	5 January 1920 15 April 1921 20 March 1925	PD, LL PD, LL PD	Armistice; constitution amended;^[22] 1919 election Only one-party cabinet; 1922 election; resigned^[23]
Pierre Prüm	PNI	20 March 1925		16 July 1926		Only PNI premiership
Pierre Prüm	PNI	1	20 March 1925	16 July 1926	PNI, LL	1925 election; resigned^[24]
Joseph Bech (1st time)	PD	16 July 1926		5 November 1937
Joseph Bech (1st time)	PD	1 2 3	16 July 1926 11 April 1932 27 December 1936	11 April 1932 27 December 1936 5 November 1937	PD, LdG PD, PRL PD, PRL	Longest party cabinet; 1928 and 1931 elections 1934 election 1937 election; resigned^[25]
Pierre Dupong	PD	5 November 1937		23 December 1953
	PD	1 2 3 4	5 November 1937 7 February 1938 6 April 1940 10 May 1940	7 February 1938 6 April 1940 10 May 1940 23 November 1944	PD, POL, PRL PD, POL PD, POL PD, POL	World War II; Luxembourg remained neutral^[26] Emergency government Nazi occupation; government in exile
	CSV
	CSV	5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12	23 November 1944 23 February 1945 21 April 1945 14 November 1945 29 August 1946 1 March 1947 14 July 1948 3 July 1951	23 February 1945 21 April 1945 14 November 1945 29 August 1946 1 March 1947 14 July 1948 3 July 1951 23 December 1953	CSV, LSAP CSV, LSAP CSV, LSAP CSV, LSAP, GD, KPL CSV, LSAP, GD, KPL CSV, LSAP, GD CSV, LSAP, GD CSV, LSAP	Liberation Government^[27] Liberation Government; neutrality ended^[28] Liberation Government; 1945 election National Union Government^[29] National Union Government 1948 election 1951 election Died in office^[30]
Joseph Bech (2nd time)	CSV	29 December 1953		29 March 1958
Joseph Bech (2nd time)	CSV	1 2	29 December 1953 29 June 1954	29 June 1954 29 March 1958	CSV, LSAP CSV, LSAP	1954 election Resigned^[31]
Pierre Frieden	CSV	29 March 1958		23 February 1959
Pierre Frieden	CSV	1	29 March 1958	23 February 1959	CSV, LSAP	1959 election; died in office^[32]
Pierre Werner (1st time)	CSV	2 March 1959		15 June 1974		Longest party premiership
Pierre Werner (1st time)	CSV	1 2 3 4 5 6	2 March 1959 15 July 1964 3 January 1967 6 February 1969 5 July 1971 19 September 1972	15 July 1964 3 January 1967 6 February 1969 5 July 1971 19 September 1972 15 June 1974	CSV, LSAP, DP CSV, LSAP CSV, LSAP CSV, DP CSV, DP CSV, DP	1964 election 1968 election 1974 election; defeated^[33]
Gaston Thorn	DP	15 June 1974		16 July 1979		Only DP premiership
Gaston Thorn	DP	1 2 3	15 June 1974 21 July 1976 16 September 1977	21 July 1976 16 September 1977 16 July 1979	DP, LSAP DP, LSAP DP, LSAP	1979 election; defeated^[34]
Pierre Werner (2nd time)	CSV	16 July 1979		20 July 1984
Pierre Werner (2nd time)	CSV	1 2 3 4	16 July 1979 3 March 1980 22 November 1980 21 December 1982	3 March 1980 22 November 1980 21 December 1982 20 July 1984	CSV, DP CSV, DP CSV, DP CSV, DP	1984 election; retired^[35]
Jacques Santer	CSV	20 July 1984		26 January 1995
Jacques Santer	CSV	1 2 3 4	20 July 1984 14 July 1989 9 December 1992 13 July 1994	14 July 1989 9 December 1992 13 July 1994 26 January 1995	CSV, LSAP CSV, LSAP CSV, LSAP CSV, LSAP	Last as President of the Government; 1989 election First as Prime Minister 1994 election Appointed EC President^[36]
Jean-Claude Juncker	CSV	26 January 1995		Present day
Jean-Claude Juncker	CSV	1 2 3 4	26 January 1995 4 February 1998 7 August 1999 31 July 2004	4 February 1998 7 August 1999 31 July 2004 Present day	CSV, LSAP CSV, LSAP CSV, DP CSV, LSAP	1999 election 2004 election

[edit] See also

Lists of incumbents

[edit] Footnotes

^ Thewes (2003), p.209
^ Thewes (2003), p.21
^ Thewes (2003), p.65
^ Thewes (2003), p.8
^ Thewes (2003), p.8
^ Thewes (2003), p.64
^ Thewes (2003), p.16
^ Thewes (2003), p.20
^ Thewes (2003), p.28
^ Thewes (2003), p.34
^ Thewes (2003), p.42
^ Thewes (2003), p.48
^ Thewes (2003), p.52
^ Thewes (2003), p.64
^ Thewes (2003), p.65
^ Thewes (2003), p.66
^ Thewes (2003), p.66
^ Thewes (2003), p.69
^ Thewes (2003), p.76
^ Thewes (2003), p.76
^ Weston, Steve (2003-03-02). Luxembourg Country Commercial Guide FY 2003: Political Environment. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
^ Thewes (2003), p.76
^ Thewes (2003), p.88
^ Thewes (2003), p.90
^ Thewes (2003), p.104
^ Thewes (2003), p.107
^ Thewes (2003), p.115
^ Thewes (2003), p.118
^ Thewes (2003), p.122
^ Thewes (2003), p.140
^ Thewes (2003), p.148
^ Thewes (2003), p.151
^ Thewes (2003), p.182
^ Thewes (2003), p.192
^ Thewes (2003), p.204
^ Thewes (2003), p.222

[edit] References

Thewes, Guy (July 2003). Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848 (PDF), Édition limitée (in French), Luxembourg City: Service Information et Presse. ISBN 2-87999-118-8. Retrieved on 2006-08-02.
Les gouvernements de 1848 à nos jours (French). Service Information et Presse (2004-07-31). Retrieved on 2006-08-02.

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Prime Ministers of Luxembourg

Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine • Jean-Jacques Willmar • Charles-Mathias Simons • Baron de Tornaco • Emmanuel Servais • Baron de Blochausen • Édouard Thilges • Paul Eyschen • Mathias Mongenast • Hubert Loutsch • Victor Thorn • Léon Kauffman • Émile Reuter • Pierre Prüm • Joseph Bech • Pierre Dupong • Joseph Bech • Pierre Frieden • Pierre Werner • Gaston Thorn • Pierre Werner • Jacques Santer • Jean-Claude Juncker

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Cabinet of Luxembourg

Prime Minister • Deputy Prime Minister

Agriculture, Viticulture, and Rural Development • Civil Service and Administrative Reform • Communications • Cooperation and Humanitarian Affairs • Culture, Higher Education, and Research • Defence • Economy and Foreign Trade • Environment • Equal Opportunities • Family and Integration • Finances • Foreign Affairs and Immigration • Health and Social Security • Interior and Planning • Justice • Middle Class, Tourism, and Housing • National Education and Vocational Training • Public Works • Religion • Sport • Transport • Treasury and Budget • Work and Employment

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Heads of Government of European States

Albania · Andorra · Armenia¹ · Austria · Azerbaijan² · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus¹ · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia² · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan² · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia³ · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey³ · Ukraine · United Kingdom (Northern Ireland · Scotland · Wales) · Vatican City

¹ Entirely in Southwest Asia; included here because of cultural, political and historical association with Europe. ² Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the border between Europe and Asia.

³ Mostly in Asia.

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