Wild Bill Hickok

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Wild Bill Hickok
James Butler Hickok
Born	May 27, 1837(1837-05-27) Troy Grove, Illinois, U.S.
Died	August 2, 1876 (aged 39) Deadwood, Dakota Territory, U.S.
Occupation	Abolitionist, facilitator of The Underground Railroad, Lawman, Gunfighter, Gambler

James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876), better known as Wild Bill Hickok, was a legendary figure in the American Old West. His skills as a gunfighter and scout, along with his reputation as a lawman, provided the basis for his fame, although some of his exploits are fictionalized. His moniker of Wild Bill has inspired similar nicknames for men named William (even though that was not Hickok's name) who were known for their daring in various fields.

Hickok came to the West as a stage coach driver, then became a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska. He fought in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and gained publicity after the war as a scout, marksman, and professional gambler. Between his law enforcement duties and gambling, which easily overlapped, Hickok was involved in several notable shootouts, and was ultimately killed while playing poker in a Dakota Territory saloon.

Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Early life 1.2 Constable 1.3 Civil War and scouting 1.4 Lawman and gunfighter 1.5 Death 1.6 Funeral and burial 2 Buffalo Bill 3 "Dime novel" fame 4 Media 4.1 Television 4.2 Movies 4.3 Novels 5 Songs 6 Trivia 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Life and career

[edit] Early life

Wild Bill Hickok was born in Homer, IL (name later changed to Troy Grove, Illinois) on May 27, 1837. His birthplace is now the Wild Bill Hickok State Memorial, a listed historic site under the supervision of the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. While he was growing up, his father's farm was one of the stops on the Underground Railroad, and he learned his shooting skills protecting the farm with his father from anti-abolitionists. Hickok was a good shot from a very young age. Unknown to most, he was an early opponent of slavery, and assisted his father in smuggling runaway slaves along the Underground Railroad. A secret room in his parent's house was used to conceal runaways on several occasions.

In 1855 Hickok, then 18, had a fight with Charles Hudson which resulted in both falling into a canal. Mistakenly thinking he had killed Hudson, Hickok fled and joined General Jim Lane's Free State Army ("The Red Legs") where he met then 12 year old William Cody, later to be known as "Buffalo Bill", who at that time was a scout for Johnston's Army.^[1] Due to his "sweeping nose and protruding upper lip", Hickok was nicknamed "Duck Bill".^[2] In 1861, after growing a moustache following the infamous McCanles incident, and not without some encouragement from himself, he was to become known by the nickname he is most famous for, "Wild Bill".^[3]

[edit] Constable

In 1857, Hickok claimed a 160 acre (65 ha) tract of land in Johnson County, Kansas (in what is now the city of Lenexa) where, on March 22 in 1858, he was elected as the first constable of Monticello Township, Kansas. In 1859 he joined the Russell, Waddell, and Majors freight company as a driver. The following year he was badly injured by a bear and sent to the Rock Creek Station in Nebraska (which the company had recently purchased from David McCanles) to work as a stable hand while he recovered. In 1861 he was involved in a deadly shoot-out with the McCanles gang at the Rock Creek Station after 40 year old David McCanles, his 12 year old son and two farmhands called at the stations office to demand payment of an overdue second installment on the property, an event still under much debate. Hickok and his accomplices, the station manager Horace Wellman, his wife and an employee J.W. Brink were tried but judged to have acted in self defense despite reports that none of the "McCanles gang" were armed.^[1] McCanles was the first man Hickok killed in a fight. On several later occasions, Hickok was to confront and kill several men while fighting alone.^[4]

Hickok invented the practice of "posting" men out of town. He would put a list on what was called the "dead man's tree" (so called because men had been lynched on it) while constable of Monticello Township. Hickok proclaimed he would shoot them on sight the following day. Few stayed around to find out if he was serious.

[edit] Civil War and scouting

When the Civil War began, Hickok joined the Union forces and served in the west, mostly in Kansas and Missouri. He earned a reputation as a skilled scout. After the war, Hickok became a scout for the U. S. Army and later was a professional gambler. He served for a time as a United States Marshal. In 1867, his fame increased from an interview by Henry Morton Stanley.

During the Civil War, "Buffalo Bill Cody" served as a scout with Robert Denbow, David L. Payne, and Hickok. The men formed a friendship that would last decades. After the war, the four men, Payne, Cody, Hickok, and Denbow engaged in buffalo hunting. When Payne moved to Wichita, Kansas in 1870, Denbow joined him there while Hickok served as sheriff of Hays, Kansas. Hickok was rumored to have appeared in a stage play put on in 1873 by Bill Cody entitled "Scouts of the Plains." When Bill Cody started the Buffalo Bill shows, Denbow traveled with Cody all over Iowa with the Buffalo Bill shows.

[edit] Lawman and gunfighter

On July 21, 1865, in the town square of Springfield, Missouri, Hickok killed Davis Tutt, Jr. in a "quick draw" duel. Fiction later typified this kind of gunfight, but Hickok's is in fact the only one on record that fits the portrayal.^[5] The incident was precipitated by a dispute over a gambling debt incurred at a local saloon and likely exacerbated by the fact there was a long standing dispute over a mutual girlfriend Susannah Moore. Several weeks later Hickok was interviewed by Colonel George Ward Nichols and the interview was published in Harpers New Monthly Magazine. Using the name "Wild Bill Hitchcock" the article recounted the hundreds of men Hickok personally killed and other exaggerated exploits. The article was controversial wherever Hickok was known and led to several frontier newspapers writing rebuttals and is credited as the reason for Hickok's failure to be elected Marshall of Springfield. Leaving Springfield he was recommended for the position of Deputy United States Marshall at Fort Riley Kansas. At this time the Western Plains were involved in Native American wars and Hickok also served as a scout for George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry.^[1]

In 1867 Hickok took a break from the west and moved to Niagara Falls where he tried his hand at acting in a stage play called "The Daring Buffalo Chases of the Plains".^[6] He proved to be a terrible actor and returned west to be elected sheriff and city marshal of Ellis County, Kansas on August 23, 1869. In his first month in Hays, Kansas he killed two men in gunfights. Nothing is known of the reasons and little else apart from their names. The first was Bill Mulvey who "got the drop" on Hickok. Hickok looked past him and yelled "Don't shoot him boys" which was enough distraction to win him the fight. The second was Sam Strawwhim.^[1] On July 17, 1870, also in Hays he was involved in a gunfight with disorderly soldiers of the 7th US Cavalry, wounding one and mortally wounding another. He later failed to win re election. On April 15 1871, Hickok became marshal of Abilene, Kansas, taking over for former marshal Tom "Bear River" Smith, who had been killed on November 2nd, 1870.^[7] The outlaw John Wesley Hardin was originally befriended by Hickok and the two often gambled and went "whoring" together, until he shot a snoring hotel guest for disturbing his sleep and had to leave town. In his autobiography (written several years after Hickok's death) Hardin claimed to have disarmed Hickok using the famous Road agent's spin during a failed attempt to arrest him for wearing his pistols in a saloon. This story is considered to be apocryphal, or at the very least an exaggeration, as Hardin claimed this at a time when Hickok couldn't defend himself, and Hardin was considered to be boastful and a liar.^[1]

While working in Abilene, Hickok and Phil Coe, a saloon owner, had an ongoing dispute that later resulted in a shootout. Coe had been the business partner of known gunman Ben Thompson, with whom he co-owned the Bulls Head Saloon. On October 5, 1871, Hickok was standing off a crowd during a street brawl, during which time Coe fired two shots and Hickok ordered him to be arrested for firing a pistol within the city limits. Coe explained he was shooting at a stray dog^[8] but suddenly turned his gun on Hickok who fired first and killed Coe. Hickok caught the glimpse of movement of someone running toward him and quickly fired two shots in reaction, accidentally shooting and killing Abilene Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams, who was coming to his aid, an event that haunted Hickok for the remainder of his life.^[9]

Hickok's retort to Coe, who supposedly stated he could "kill a crow on the wing", is one of the West's most famous sayings (though possibly apocryphal): "Did the crow have a pistol? Was he shooting back? I will be." However, due to his having accidentally killed deputy Mike Williams, Hickock was relieved of his duties as marshal less than two months later.

In 1876 Hickok was diagnosed with both glaucoma and gonorrhea. It was apparent that his markmanship and health had been suffering for some time as despite earning a good income from gambling and displays of showmanship only a few years earlier, by this time he had been arrested several times for vagrancy. On March 5, 1876 Hickok married Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor. Calamity Jane claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and had divorced him so he could be free to marry Agnes Lake. Hickok soon left his new bride to seek his fortune in the goldfields of South Dakota.

Shortly before Hickok's death, he wrote a letter to his new wife, Agnes Lake Thatcher, which reads in part: "Agnes Darling, if such should be we never meet again, while firing my last shot, I will gently breathe the name of my wife—-Agnes-—and with wishes even for my enemies I will make the plunge and try to swim to the other shore" and "My dearly beloved if I am to die today and never see the sweet face of you I want you to know that I am no great man and am lucky to have such a woman as you".

[edit] Death

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On August 2, 1876, while playing poker at Nuttal & Mann's Saloon No. 10 in Deadwood, in the Black Hills, Dakota Territory, Hickok could not find an empty seat in the corner, where he always sat in order to protect himself against sneak attacks from behind, and instead sat with his back to one door and facing another. His paranoia was prescient: he was shot in the back of the head with a .45-caliber revolver by Jack McCall. Legend has it that Hickok was playing poker when he was shot, was holding a pair of aces, a pair of eights, and a queen. The fifth card is debated, or, as some say, had not yet been dealt. "Aces and eights" thus is known as the "Dead Man's Hand".

The motive for the killing is still debated. McCall may have been paid for the deed, or it may have been the result of a recent dispute between the two. Most likely McCall became enraged over what he perceived as a condescending offer from Hickok to let him have enough money for breakfast after he had lost all his money playing poker the previous day. McCall claimed at the resulting two-hour trial, by a miners jury, an ad hoc local group of assembled miners and businessmen, that he was avenging Hickok's earlier slaying of his brother which was later found untrue. McCall was acquitted of the murder, resulting in the Black Hills Pioneer editorializing:

"Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man ... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills"

McCall was subsequently rearrested after bragging about his deed, and a new trial was held. The authorities did not consider this to be double jeopardy because at the time Deadwood was not recognized by the U.S. as a legitimately incorporated town because it was in Indian Country and the jury was irregular. The new trial was held in Yankton, capital of the territory. Hickok's brother, Lorenzo Butler Hickok, traveled from Illinois to attend the retrial. This time McCall was found guilty and hanged. After his execution it was determined that McCall had never had a brother.

[edit] Funeral and burial

Charlie Utter, Hickok's friend and companion, claimed Hickok's body and placed a notice in the local newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer, which read:

"Died in Deadwood, Black Hills, August 2, 1876, from the effects of a pistol shot, J. B. Hickok (Wild Bill) formerly of Cheyenne, Wyoming. Funeral services will be held at Charlie Utter's Camp, on Thursday afternoon, August 3, 1876, at 3 o'clock P. M. All are respectfully invited to attend."

Almost the entire town attended the funeral, and Utter had Hickok buried with a wooden grave marker reading:

"Wild Bill, J. B. Hickok killed by the assassin Jack McCall in Deadwood, Black Hills, August 2, 1876. Pard, we will meet again in the happy hunting ground to part no more. Good bye, Colorado Charlie, C. H. Utter."

Wild Bill was originally buried in the Ingelside Cemetery, Deadwood's original graveyard. The graveyard filled quickly and was in an area that could be better used for the constant influx of settlers to live on, so all the people buried there were moved up the hill to the Mount Moriah Cemetery in the 1880s.

Hickok is currently interred in a ten-foot (3 m) square plot at the Mount Moriah Cemetery, surrounded by a cast-iron fence with a U.S. flag flying nearby. A monument has since been built there. In accordance with her dying wish, Martha Jane Cannary, known popularly as Calamity Jane, was buried next to him. Potato Creek Johnny, a local Deadwood Celebrity from the late 1800's early 1900s is also buried next to Wild Bill.

[edit] Buffalo Bill

Some accounts report that Hickok took part in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. However, that production was not in existence prior to 1882, well after Hickok's death. Nonetheless, Hickok was reported by some to have appeared with Buffalo Bill in 1873 in a stage play titled Scouts of the Plains.^[10]

[edit] "Dime novel" fame

It is difficult to separate the truth from fiction about Hickok, the first "dime novel" hero of the western era, in many ways one of the first comic book heroes, keeping company with another who achieved part of his fame in such a way, frontiersman Davy Crockett. In the dime-store novels, exploits of Hickok were presented in heroic form, making him seem larger than life. In truth, most of the stories were greatly exaggerated or fabricated.

Hickok told the writers that he had killed over 100 men. This number is doubtful, and it is more likely that his total killings were about 20 or a few more. Hickok was a fearless and deadly fighting man, versatile with a rifle, revolver, or knife. His story of fighting a grizzly bear, which he claims mistook him for food because of his greasy buckskins, personified a man who feared nothing. According to Wild Bill, he killed the bear with a Bowie knife after emptying his pistols into the bear. He also cut off the bear's testicles and put them in a coffee can. That story is also thought to be an exaggeration.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Media

[edit] Television

• Portrayed by Guy Madison in the 1951-58 series (The Adventures of) Wild Bill Hickock.
• the same cast also appeared in the Mutual Broadcasting radio show "The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok" from 1 Apr 1951 thru 31 Dec 1954, a total of 271 half hour radio programs.
• Played by Lloyd Bridges in a 1964 episode of the anthology The Great Adventure.
• Portrayed by Josh Brolin in the 1989-92 series The Young Riders.^[11]
• Featured in the 1995 series Legend, episode 1.06 "The Life, Death and Life of Wild Bill Hickok". The episode portrays his death factually but then goes on to show that he faked his own death (wearing a sort of bullet-proof vest), so that he could retire peacefully.
• Dramatized in the HBO series Deadwood,^[12] in which he is portrayed by Keith Carradine.
• In the 1995 made-for-TV film Buffalo Girls[1] based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Larry McMurtry, he was played by actor Sam Elliott with Anjelica Huston as Calamity Jane. The film touched briefly on Hickok's days as an Army scout and gambler, and his death was portrayed factually. However, the film (as does the book on which it is based) gives credence to the legend that Calamity Jane had a daughter by him, born posthumously.
• Sam McCall character on General Hospital (played by Kelly Monaco) arrived at Port Charles (the fictitious town in upstate New York) in 2003, seeking the Dead Man's Hand belonging to Wild Bill Hickok that had brought her family bad luck ever since her Grandfather shot Wild Bill while he was playing that infamous Poker game. According to the Soap Opera script, the Dead Man's Hand included a Jack of diamonds.
• Histeria! featured Hickok in the episode "North America"; he appears in a sketch where Lydia Karaoke hosts a game show in which her contestants must guess Hickok's occupation. However, the contestants (Pepper Mills, Lucky Bob, and Toast) are unable to guess the correct answer, despite Karaoke's continuous hints.

[edit] Movies

• Played by William S. Hart in the 1923 film Wild Bill Hickock.
• Played by Gary Cooper in the 1936 film The Plainsman, featuring Jean Arthur as Calamity Jane and directed by Cecil B. DeMille.^[13]
• Played by "Wild Bill" Elliot in the 1938 film serial The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok
• Played by Will Rogers in the 1940 The Young Hickock directed by Joseph Kane
• Played by Howard Keel in the 1953 film Calamity Jane.^[14]
• Played by Robert Culp in the 1963 film The Raiders directed by Hershel Daugherty
• Portrayed by Jeff Corey in the 1970 Dustin Hoffman movie Little Big Man.^[15]
• Portrayed by Charles Bronson in the 1977 movie The White Buffalo.
• Portrayed by Richard Farnsworth in the 1981 movie The Legend of the Lone Ranger
• Portrayed by Jeff Bridges in the 1995 movie Wild Bill.^[16].
• Played by Sam Shepard in the 1999 movie Purgatory, a made-for-TV movie on TNT

[edit] Novels

• The Memoirs of Wild Bill Hickok, Richard Matheson, ISBN 0-515-11780-3
• Deadwood, Pete Dexter - 1986
• And Not to Yield, Randy Lee Eickoff
• A Breed Apart Max Evans
• The White Buffalo, Richard Sale
• Little Big Man, Thomas Berger - 1964
• The Return of Little Big Man, Thomas Berger - 1999

[edit] Songs

• Wild Bill Hickok is featured with Calamity Jane in the song "Deadwood Mountain" by the country duo "Big & Rich".

• Wild Bill is sung about in Bluegrass band Blue Highway's song "Wild Bill" from the album Marbletown

• Wild Bill and Calamity Jane are referenced in The Magnetic Fields song "Two Characters in a Country Song" on the 1992 album The Charm of the Highway Strip with the lyric "You were Calamity Jane and I was Wild Bill."

• Rambling Gambling Willie - Bob Dylan - Lyrics "It was late one evenin' during a poker game, A man lost all his money, he said Willie was to blame. He shot poor Willie through the head, which was a tragic fate, When Willie's cards fell on the floor, they were aces backed with eights."

[edit] Trivia

Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.

• Hickok's death chair is now in a glass case above the saloon entrance, though the saloon was moved after the original Nuttall & Mann's #10 saloon burned down; the original site is down the street to the north, about a block away.
• He preferred his own cap and ball Colt 1851 .36 Navy Model handguns. They were Silver plated with ivory handles and were engraved: "J.B. Hickock 1869"(sic) He was presented the guns in 1869 by Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts for his services as the Senator's scout on a hunting trip.
• He wore his revolvers in reverse at his hips and never used holsters, he wore them in a red sash when wearing buckskins or in a belt when wearing "city" clothes. He drew them using a "reverse", or "twist" draw, where the hands twist around to grasp the forward-pointing gun butts, then twist forward as the pistol is pulled from the holster and brought to bear (the hammer being drawn back by the same motion). He did not cross his arms in a "cross-draw, as is sometimes (erroneously) stated.^[17]
• Hickok was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame in 1979.
• He also would tell tourists various exaggerated exploits of his, usually leaving himself unarmed with no manner of escape, and then stop talking. When someone would inevitably ask what he did then, he claimed "I was surrounded. What could I do? They killed me."^{[citation needed]}

[edit] See also

• The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok^[18]
• Deadwood, South Dakota

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

General References

• Matheson, Richard (1996). The Memoirs of Wild Bill Hickok. Jove. ISBN 0-515-11780-3. 

• Rosa, Joseph G. (1979). They Called Him Wild Bill. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1538-6. 

• Rosa, Joseph G. (1994). The West of Wild Bill Hickok. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2680-9. 

• Rosa, Joseph G. (1996). Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and His Myth. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0773-0. 

• Rosa, Joseph G. (2003). Wild Bill Hickok Gunfighter: An Account of Hickok's Gunfights. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3535-2. 

• Turner, Thadd M. (2001). Wild Bill Hickok: Deadwood City - End of Trail. Universal Publishers. ISBN 1-58112-689-1. 

• Wilstach, Frank Jenners (1926). Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers. Doubleday, Page & company. ASIN B00085PJ58. 

[edit] External links

• Profile by Don Collier
• Wild Bill Hickok collection at Nebraska State Historical Society