Help:IPA

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Below is a basic key to the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet. For the smaller set of symbols that is sufficient for English, see Help:pronunciation. Several rare IPA symbols are not included; these are found on the main IPA article.

For each IPA symbol, an English example is given where possible; here "RP" stands for Received Pronunciation. The foreign languages that are used to illustrate additional sounds are primarily the ones most likely to be familiar to English speakers, French, German, and Spanish. For symbols not covered by those, recourse is taken to the populous languages Mandarin Chinese, Hindustani, Arabic, and Russian. For sounds still not covered, other smaller but well-known languages are used, such as Swahili, Turkish, and Zulu.

The left-hand column displays the symbols like this: [ a ] ⁽ⁱ⁾. Click on the speaker icon to hear the sound; click on the symbol itself for a dedicated article with a more complete description and examples from multiple languages. All the sounds are spoken more than once, and the consonant sounds are spoken once followed by a vowel and once between vowels.

Contents:		A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z other Diacritic marks Brackets

[edit] Main symbols

The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any letter are placed at the end.

Symbol	Examples	Description
^ top A
[ a ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish casa, French patte, German Mann	For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
[ aː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Aachen, French gare	Long [a].
[ ɐ ]	RP cut, German Kaiserslautern	(With English, [ɐ] is normally written "[ʌ]".)
[ ɑ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Finnish Linna, Dutch bad
[ ɑː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP father, French pâte	Long [ɑ].
[ ɑ̃ ]	French Caen, sans, temps	Nasalized [ɑ].
[ ɒ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP cot	Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[ ʌ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When "[ʌ]" is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
[ æ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP cat
^ top B
[ b ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English babble
[ ɓ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Swahili bwana	Like a [b] said while swallowing.
[ ʙ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		Like the brrr sound made when cold.
[ β ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish la Bamba	Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching.
^ top C
[ c ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow"	Rather like English tune (RP) or cute. Sometimes used for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
[ ç ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Ich	More y-like than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
[ ɕ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Mandarin Xi'an	More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
[ ɔ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under O
^ top D
[ d ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English did
[ ɗ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Swahili Dodoma	Like [d] said while swallowing.
[ ɖ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English "harder"	Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ð ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English the, bathe
[ dz ] ⁽ⁱ⁾¹	English adze, Italian zero
[ dʒ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾¹	English judge
[ dʑ ] ¹	Polish niedźwiedź "bear"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
[ dʐ ] ¹	Polish dżem "jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top E
[ e ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish fe; French clé
[ eː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Klee	Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
[ ə ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
[ ɚ ]	American English runner
[ ɛ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English bet
[ ɛ̃ ]	French Agen, vin, main	Nasalized [ɛ].
[ ɜ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP bird (long)
[ ɝ ]	American English bird
^ top F
[ f ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English fun
[ ɟ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under J
[ ʄ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under J
^ top G
[ ɡ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English gig	(no different from the symbol "g")
[ ɠ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Swahili Uganda	Like [ɡ] said while swallowing.
[ ɢ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Gaddafi.
[ ʒ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under Z	English beige.
^ top H
[ h ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	American English house
[ ɦ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English ahead, when said quickly.
[ ʰ ]		The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t].
[ ħ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Arabic محمد Muhammad	Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
[ ɥ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under U
[ ɮ ]	see under L
^ top I
[ i ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French ville, Spanish Valladolid
[ iː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English sea	Long [i].
[ ɪ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English sit
[ ɨ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Russian ты "you"	Often used for unstressed English roses.
^ top J
[ j ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English yes, German Junge
[ ʲ ]	Russian Ленин [lʲeˈnʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more y-like.
[ ʝ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish cayo (some dialects)	Like [j], but stronger.
[ ɟ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole"	Rather like English dew (RP) or argue. Sometimes used for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
[ ʄ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Swahili jambo	Like [ɟ] said while swallowing.
^ top K
[ k ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English kick, skip
^ top L
[ l ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English leaf
[ ɫ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English wool	"Dark" el.
[ ɬ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Zulu hlala "sit"	Rather like [l] and [ʃ] or [l] and [θ] said together. Found in Welsh names like Lloyd and Llywelyn and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
[ ɭ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ɺ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
[ ɮ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Zulu dla "eat"	Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
^ top M
[ m ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English mime
[ ɱ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English symphony	Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[ ɯ ]	see under W
[ ʍ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under W
^ top N
[ n ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English nun
[ ŋ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English sing
[ ɲ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish Peña, French champagne	Rather like English canyon.
[ ɳ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] "Varuna"	Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ɴ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
^ top O
[ o ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish no, French eau
[ oː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Boden, French Vosges	Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no.
[ ɔ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Oldenburg, French Garonne
[ ɔː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP law, French Limoges	Long [ɔ].
[ ɔ̃ ]	French Lyon, son	Nasalized [ɔ].
[ ø ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French feu, bœufs	Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
[ øː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Goethe, French Deûle, neutre	Long [ø].
[ œ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen	Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
[ œː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French œuvre, heure	Long [œ].
[ œ̃ ]	French brun, parfum	Nasalized [œ].
[ θ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English thigh, bath
[ ɸ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji	Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
^ top P
[ p ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English pip, spit
^ top Q
[ q ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Arabic Qur’ān	Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
^ top R
[ r ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish perro, Scots borrow	"Rolled R". (Generally used for English [ɹ] when there's no need to be precise.)
[ ɾ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish pero, American English kitty/kiddie	"Flapped R".
[ ʀ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
[ ɽ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari"	Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
[ ɹ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP borrow
[ ɻ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	American English borrow, butter	Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
[ ʁ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French Paris, German Riemann	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ top S
[ s ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English sass
[ ʃ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English she
[ ʂ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Mandarin Shàolín, Russian Пушкин (Pushkin)	Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top T
[ t ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English tot, stop
[ ʈ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ts ] ⁽ⁱ⁾²	English cats, Russian царь tsar
[ tʃ ] ²	English church
[ tɕ ] ²	Mandarin 北京 Běijīng ⁽ⁱ⁾, Polish ciebie "you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
[ tʂ ] ²	Mandarin zh, Polish cz	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back .
^ top U
[ u ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French vous "you"
[ uː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP food, French Rocquencourt, German Schumacher	Long [u].
[ ʊ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English foot, German Bundesrepublik
[ ʉ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Australian English food (long)	Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ ɥ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French lui	Like [j] and [w] said together.
[ ɯ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under W
^ top V
[ v ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English verve
[ ʋ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna"	Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
[ ɣ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Arabic / Swahili ghali "expensive"	Sounds rather like French [ʁ].
[ ɤ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Mandarin Hénán	Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ ʌ ]	see under A
^ top W
[ w ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English wow
[ ʷ ]	English rain [ɹʷɛn]	Indicates a sound has lip rounding, quick.
[ ʍ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	what (some dialects)	like [h] and [w] said together
[ ɯ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Turkish kayık "caïque"	Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
[ ɰ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish agua
^ top X
[ x ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good"
[ χ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [x], but further back , in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
^ top Y
[ y ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French rue	Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ yː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Bülow, French sûr	Long [y].
[ ʏ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Eisenhüttenstadt	Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
[ ʎ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish llama (Castilian)	More y-like than [l]. Rather like English million.
[ ɥ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under U
[ ɤ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under V
[ ɣ ]	see under V
^ top Z
[ z ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English zoos
[ ʒ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English vision, French journal
[ ʑ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	formal Russian жжёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn"	More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
[ ʐ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", Russian журнал "journal"	Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back .
[ ɮ ]	see under L
^ top other
[ ʔ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German	The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]; for some Americans, in a apple [ʌˈʔæpl̩].
[ ʕ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Arabic عربي (^carabī) "Arabic"	A subtle sound deep in the throat.
[ ǀ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name.
[ ǁ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Found in the name of the Xhosa.
[ ǃ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle.

^1 ^2 These symbols are officially written with a tie linking them (e.g. t͡ʃ), and are also sometimes written as single characters (e.g. ʧ) though the latter convention is no longer official. They are written without ligatures here to ensure correct display in all browsers.

[edit] Diacritic marks

All diacritics are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a.

Symbol	Example	Description
[ ˈa ]	pronunciation [pʰɹɜʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ ˌa ]	pronunciation [pʰɹɜʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ aː ]	English shh! [ʃː]	Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[ aˑ ]	RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt]	Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ a̯ ]	English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯]	This vowel runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[ ã ]	French vin blanc [vɛ̃blɑ̃] "white wine"	A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang.
[ n̥ ]		Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[ n̩ ]	English button	A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[ d̪ ]	Spanish dos, French deux	The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
[ k’ ]	Zulu ukuza "come"	Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [t’ p’ q’ tʃ’ ts’ tɬ’].
[ á ]	Mandarin 妈妈 [mámā] "mother"	High tone.	Careful! The Pinyin Romanization used for Mandarin has these same diacritics, but with different values. (However, Thai Romanization uses them the way the IPA does.)
[ ā ]	Mandarin 妈妈 [mámā] "mother"	Mid tone.
[ à ]	Mandarin 马的 [màdɤ] "horse's"	Low tone.
[ â ]	Mandarin 骂 [mâ] "scold"	Falling tone.
[ ǎ ]	Mandarin 麻 [mǎ] "hemp"	Rising tone.
[ . ]	English London [ˌlɐn.dən]	Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)

[edit] Brackets

Two types of brackets are commonly used to enclose transcriptions in the IPA:

[Square brackets] indicate the phonetic details of the pronunciation, regardless of whether they are actually meaningful to a native speaker. This is what a foreigner who does not know the structure of a language might hear. For instance, the English word lulls is pronounced [ˈlɐɫz], with different el sounds at the beginning and end. This is obvious to speakers of some other languages, though a native English speaker might not believe it. Likewise, Spanish la bomba has two different b sounds to foreign ears, [laˈβomba], though a Spaniard might not be able to hear it. Omitting such detail does not make any difference to the identity of the word.
/Slashes/ indicate phonemes. That is, changing symbol between slashes would make a difference in the meaning of the word, or produce nonsense. Since there is no meaningful difference between the two el sounds in the word lulls, they need to be transcribed with the same symbol: /ˈlʌlz/. Similarly, Spanish la bomba is phonemically transcribed /laˈbomba/.

A third kind of bracket is occasionally seen:

|Pipes| indicate that the sounds are theoretical constructs that aren't actually heard. (This is called morphophonology.) For instance, if it is decided that the -s at the ends of verbs, which surfaces as either /s/, as in talks /tɔːks/, or /z/, as in lulls /lʌlz/, is actually the former (the difference between /s/ and /z/ is meaningful in English, unlike for example in Spanish), then that could be written |s|, for a claim that phonemic /lʌlz/ is essentially |lʌls|. This is not standardized; other conventions are //lʌls//, ||lʌls||, and {lʌls}.