ISO 639 macrolanguage
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ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. In defining some of its language codes, some are defined as macrolanguages covering either significantly different dialects or a net of very closely related languages. There are 56 languages in ISO 639-2 which are considered to be macrolanguages in 639-3. [1]
Some of these macrolanguages had no individual language as defined by 639-3 in ISO 639-2, e.g. 'ara'. Others like 'nor' had their two individual parts (nno,nob) already in 639-2. That means some languages (e.g. 'arb') that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language ('ara') are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves. This is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of diglossia. For example,
Contents |
[edit] List of macrolanguages
[edit] aaa—ezz
[edit] aka
aka is the ISO 639-3 language code for Akan. Its ISO 639-1 code is ak. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] ara
ara is the ISO 639-3 language code for Arabic language. Its ISO 639-1 code is ar. There are 30 individual language codes assigned.
- aao — Algerian Saharan Arabic
- abh — Tajiki Arabic
- abv — Baharna Arabic
- acm — Mesopotamian Arabic
- acq — Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic
- acw — Hijazi Arabic
- acx — Omani Arabic
- acy — Cypriot Arabic
- adf — Dhofari Arabic
- aeb — Tunisian Arabic
- aec — Saidi Arabic
- afb — Gulf Arabic
- ajp — South Levantine Arabic
- apc — North Levantine Arabic
- apd — Sudanese Arabic
- arb — Standard Arabic
- arq — Algerian Arabic
- ars — Najdi Arabic
- ary — Moroccan Arabic
- arz — Egyptian Arabic
- auz — Uzbeki Arabic
- avl — Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
- ayh — Hadrami Arabic
- ayl — Libyan Arabic
- ayn — Sanaani Arabic
- ayp — North Mesopotamian Arabic
- bbz — Babalia Creole Arabic
- pga — Sudanese Creole Arabic
- shu — Chadian Arabic
- ssh — Shihhi Arabic
[edit] aym
aym is the ISO 639-3 language code for Aymara. Its ISO 639-1 code is ay. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] aze
aze is the ISO 639-3 language code for Azerbaijani. Its ISO 639-1 code is az. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] bal
bal is the ISO 639-3 language code for Baluchi. There are 3 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] bik
bik is the ISO 639-3 language code for Bikol. There are 5 individual language codes assigned:
- bhk — Albay Bicolano
- bcl — Central Bicolano
- bto — Iriga Bicolano
- cts — Northern Catanduanes Bicolano
- bln — Southern Catanduanes Bicolano
[edit] bua
bua is the ISO 639-3 language code for Buriat. There are 3 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] chm
chm is the ISO 639-3 language code for Mari, a language located in Russia. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] cre
cre is the ISO 639-3 language code for Cree. Its ISO 639-1 code is cr. There are 6 individual language codes assigned:
- crm — Moose Cree
- crl — Northern East Cree
- crk — Plains Cree
- crj — Southern East Cree
- csw — Swampy Cree
- cwd — Woods Cree
In addition, there are 6 closely associated individual codes.
- nsk — Naskapi (part of the Cree language group but not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
- moe — Montagnais (part of the Cree language group but not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
- atj — Atikamekw (part of the Cree language group but not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
- crg — Michif language (Cree-French mixed language with strong influences from Ojibwe language group and not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
- ojs — Ojibwa, Severn (Ojibwa, Northern) (part of the Ojibwa language group with strong influences from the Cree language group and not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
- ojw — Ojibwa, Western (part of the Ojibwa language group with strong influences from the Cree language group and not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
In addition, there is 1 other language without individual codes closely associated, but not part of, this macrolanguage code.
- Bungee language (mixed language of Cree, Ojibwa, French, English, Assiniboine and Scottish Gaelic)
[edit] del
del is the ISO 639-3 language code for Delaware. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] den
den is the ISO 639-3 language code for Slave. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] din
din is the ISO 639-3 language code for Dinka. There are 5 individual language codes assigned:
- dip - Northeastern Dinka
- diw - Northwestern Dinka
- dib - South Central Dinka
- dks - Southeastern Dinka
- dik - Southwestern Dinka
[edit] doi
doi is the ISO 639-3 language code for Dogri. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] faa—jzz
[edit] fas
fas is the ISO 639-3 language code for Persian. Its ISO 639-1 code is fa. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] ful
ful is the ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 language code for Fulah (also spelled Fula). Its ISO 639-1 code is ff. There are 9 individual language codes assigned for varieties of Fulah:
- fub — Adamawa Fulfulde
- fui — Bagirmi Fulfulde
- fue — Borgu Fulfulde
- fuq — Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde
- ffm — Maasina Fulfulde
- fuv — Nigerian Fulfulde
- fuc — Pulaar
- fuf — Pular
- fuh — Western Niger Fulfulde
[edit] gba
gba is the ISO 639-3 language code for Gbaya located in the Central African Republic. There are 5 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] gon
gon is the ISO 639-3 language code for Gondi. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] grb
grb is the ISO 639-3 language code for Grebo. There are 5 individual language codes assigned:
- gry — Barclayville Grebo
- grv — Central Grebo
- gec — Gboloo Grebo
- gbo — Northern Grebo
- grj — Southern Grebo
[edit] grn
grn is the ISO 639-3 language code for Guarani. Its ISO 639-1 code is gn. There are 5 individual language codes assigned:
- nhd — Chiripá
- gui — Eastern Bolivian Guaraní
- gun — Mbyá Guaraní
- gug — Paraguayan Guaraní
- gnw — Western Bolivian Guaraní
[edit] hai
hai is the ISO 639-3 language code for Haida. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] hbs
hbs is the ISO 639-3 language code for Serbo-Croatian. Its ISO 639-1 code is sh. There are 3 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] hmn
hmn is the ISO 639-3 language code for Hmong. As of Feb. 2007, 24 individual language codes are included:
- hmc — Central Huishui Hmong
- hmm — Central Mashan Hmong
- cqd — Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao
- hme — Eastern Huishui Hmong
- hmq — Eastern Qiandong Hmong
- muq — Eastern Xiangxi Hmong
- hmj — Ge
- mww — Hmong Daw
- hnj — Hmong Njua
- hrm — Horned Miao
- hmd — Large Flowery Miao
- hml — Luopohe Hmong
- huj — Northern Guiyang Hmong
- hmi — Northern Huishui Hmong
- hmp — Northern Mashan Hmong
- hea — Northern Qiandong Miao
- sfm — Small Flowery Miao
- hmy — Southern Guiyang Hmong
- hma — Southern Mashan Hmong
- hms — Southern Qiandong Miao
- hmg — Southwestern Guiyang Hmong
- hmh — Southwestern Huishui Hmong
- hmw — Western Mashan Hmong
- mmr — Western Xiangxi Miao
[edit] iku
iku is the ISO 639-3 language code for Inuktitut. Its ISO 639-1 code is iu. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] ipk
ipk is the ISO 639-3 language code for Inupiaq. Its ISO 639-1 code is ik. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] jrb
jrb is the ISO 639-3 language code for Judeo-Arabic. There are 5 individual language codes assigned:
- yhd — Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
- aju — Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
- yud — Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
- ajt — Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
- jye — Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
[edit] kaa—ozz
[edit] kau
kau is the ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 language code for the Kanuri language. Its ISO 639-1 code is kr. There are 3 individual language codes assigned in ISO 639-3 for varieties of Kanuri:
There are 2 other related languages that are not considered part of the macrolanguage under ISO 639:
- bms — Bilma Kanuri
- kbl — Kanembu
[edit] kok
kok is the ISO 639-3 language code for Konkani macrolanguage. There are 2 individual language codes assigned.
- gom — Goan Konkani (has official recognition as an independent language)
- knn — Konkani language (no official recognition, treated by some linguists as a dialect of Marathi)
Both languages are referred to as Konkani by their respective speakers.
[edit] kom
kom is the ISO 639-3 language code for Komi. Its ISO 639-1 code is kv. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] kon
kon is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kongo. Its ISO 639-1 code is kg. There are 3 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] kpe
kpe is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kpelle language. There are 2 individual language codes assigned.
[edit] kur
kur is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kurdish. Its ISO 639-1 code is ku. There are 3 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] lah
lah is the ISO 639-3 language code for Lahnda language. There are 8 individual language codes assigned.
- jat — Jakati
- xhe — Khetrani
- pmu — Mirpur Panjabi
- hno — Northern Hindko
- phr — Pahari-Potwari
- skr — Seraiki
- hnd — Southern Hindko
- pnb — Western Panjabi
[edit] man
man is the ISO 639-3 language code for Mandingo language. There are 7 individual language codes assigned.
- emk — Eastern Maninkakan
- myq — Forest Maninka
- mwk — Kita Maninkakan
- mku — Konyanka Maninka
- mnk — Mandinka
- msc — Sankaran Maninka
- mlq — Western Maninkakan
[edit] mlg
mlg is the ISO 639-3 language code for Malagasy. Its ISO 639-1 code is mg. There are 10 individual language codes assigned:
- xmv — Antankarana Malagasy
- bhr — Bara Malagasy
- msh — Masikoro Malagasy
- bmm — Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
- plt — Plateau Malagasy
- skg — Sakalava Malagasy
- bjq — Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
- tdx — Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
- txy — Tanosy Malagasy
- xmw — Tsimihety Malagasy
[edit] mon
mon is the ISO 639-3 language code for Mongolian. Its ISO 639-1 code is mn. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] msa
msa is the ISO 639-3 language code for Malay. Its ISO 639-1 code is ms. There are 13 individual language codes assigned:
- btj — Bacanese Malay
- bve — Berau Malay
- bvu — Bukit Malay
- coa — Cocos Islands Malay
- jax — Jambi Malay
- meo — Kedah Malay
- mqg — Kota Bangun Kutai Malay
- mly — Malay (specific)
- xmm — Manado Malay
- max — North Moluccan Malay
- mfa — Pattani Malay
- msi — Sabah Malay
- vkt — Tenggarong Kutai Malay
[edit] mwr
mwr is the ISO 639-3 language code for Marwari language. There are 6 individual language codes assigned.
- dhd — Dhundari
- rwr — Marwari (India)
- mve — Marwari (Pakistan)
- wry — Merwari
- mtr — Mewari
- swv — Shekhawati
[edit] nor
nor is the ISO 639-3 language code for Norwegian. Its ISO 639-1 code is no. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] oji
oji is the ISO 639-3 language code for the Anishinaabe languages, commonly called the Ojibwe language group. Its ISO 639-1 code is oj. There are 7 individual language codes assigned:
- ciw — Chippewa (Ojibwa, Southwestern)
- ojb — Ojibwa, Northwestern
- ojc — Ojibwa, Central
- ojg — Ojibwa, Mississaga (Ojibwa, Eastern)
- ojs — Ojibwa, Severn (Ojibwa, Northern)
- ojw — Ojibwa, Western
- otw — Odawa
In addition, there are 3 closely associated individual codes.
- alq — Algonquin language (part of the Ojibwe language group but not included under the oji macrolanguage designation)
- pot — Potawatomi language (formerly part of the Ojibwe language group and not included under the oji macrolanguage designation)
- crg — Michif language (Cree-French mixed language with strong influences from Ojibwe language group and not included under the oji macrolanguage designation)
In addition, there are 2 other languages without individual codes closely associated, but not part of, this macrolanguage code.
- Broken Ojibwa (pidgin language used until the end of the 19th century)
- Bungee language (mixed language of Cree, Ojibwa, French, English, Assiniboine and Scottish Gaelic)
[edit] See also
[edit] orm
orm is the ISO 639-3 language code for Oromo language. Its ISO 639-1 code is om. There are 4 individual language codes assigned:
[edit] paa—zzz
[edit] pus
pus is the ISO 639-3 language code for Pushto language. Its ISO 639-1 code is ps. There are 3 individual language codes assigned.
[edit] que
que is the ISO 639-3 language code for Quechua. Its ISO 639-1 code is qu. As of April 2007 there are 44 individual language codes assigned for Quechua varieties.
- qva — Ambo-Pasco Quechua
- qxu — Arequipa-La Unión Quechua
- quy — Ayacucho Quechua
- qvc — Cajamarca Quechua
- qvl — Cajatambo North Lima Quechua
- qud — Calderón Highland Quichua
- qxr — Cañar Highland Quichua
- quk — Chachapoyas Quechua
- cqu — Chilean Quechua
- qug — Chimborazo Highland Quichua
- qxc — Chincha Quechua
- qxa — Chiquián Ancash Quechua
- qwc — Classical Quechua
- qwa — Corongo Ancash Quechua
- quz — Cusco Quechua
- qve — Eastern Apurímac Quechua
- qub — Huallaga Huánuco Quechua
- qvh — Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua
- qwh — Huaylas Ancash Quechua
- qvw — Huaylla Wanca Quechua
- qvi — Imbabura Highland Quichua
- qxw — Jauja Wanca Quechua
- quf — Lambayeque Quechua
- qvj — Loja Highland Quichua
- qvm — Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua
- qvo — Napo Lowland Quechua
- qul — North Bolivian Quechua
- qvn — North Junín Quechua
- qxn — Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua
- qvz — Northern Pastaza Quichua
- qvp — Pacaraos Quechua
- qxh — Panao Huánuco Quechua
- qxp — Puno Quechua
- qxl — Salasaca Highland Quichua
- qvs — San Martín Quechua
- qxt — Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua
- qus — Santiago del Estero Quichua
- qws — Sihuas Ancash Quechua
- quh — South Bolivian Quechua
- qxo — Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua
- qup — Southern Pastaza Quechua
- quw — Tena Lowland Quichua
- qur — Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua
- qux — Yauyos Quechua
[edit] raj
raj is the ISO 639-3 language code for Rajasthani language. There are 6 individual language codes assigned.
[edit] rom
rom is the ISO 639-3 language code for Romany language. There are 7 individual language codes assigned.
- rmn — Balkan Romani
- rml — Baltic Romani
- rmc — Carpathian Romani
- rmf — Kalo Finnish Romani
- rmo — Sinte Romani
- rmy — Vlax Romani
- rmw — Welsh Romani
[edit] sqi
sqi is the ISO 639-3 language code for Albanian. Its ISO 639-1 code is sq. As of June 2006 there are 4 individual language codes assigned for Albanian languages:
[edit] srd
srd is the ISO 639-3 language code for Sardinian language. Its ISO 639-1 code is sc. There are 4 individual language codes assigned.
- sro — Campidanese
- sdn — Gallurese
- src — Logudorese
- sdc — Sassarese
[edit] swa
swa is the ISO 639-3 language code for Swahili. Its ISO 639-1 code is sw. There are 2 individual language codes assigned:
- swc — Congo Swahili
- swh — Swahili
[edit] syr
syr is the ISO 639-3 language code for Syriac language. There are 2 individual language codes assigned.
[edit] tmh
tmh is the ISO 639-3 language code for Tamashek language. There are 4 individual language codes assigned.
[edit] uzb
uzb is the ISO 639-3 language code for Uzbek language. Its ISO 639-1 code is uz. There are 2 individual language codes assigned.
[edit] yid
yid is the ISO 639-3 language code for Yiddish language. Its ISO 639-1 code is yi. There are 2 individual language codes assigned.
[edit] zap
zap is the ISO 639-3 language code for Zapotec language. There are 57 individual language codes assigned.
- zaq — Aloápam Zapotec
- zpo — Amatlán Zapotec
- zoo — Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec
- zaf — Ayoquesco Zapotec
- zad — Cajonos Zapotec
- zpv — Chichicapan Zapotec
- zpc — Choapan Zapotec
- zca — Coatecas Altas Zapotec
- zps — Coatlán Zapotec
- zpp — El Alto Zapotec
- zte — Elotepec Zapotec
- zpg — Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec
- ztu — Güilá Zapotec
- zai — Isthmus Zapotec
- zpa — Lachiguiri Zapotec
- zpl — Lachixío Zapotec
- ztl — Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec
- ztp — Loxicha Zapotec
- zpy — Mazaltepec Zapotec
- zam — Miahuatlán Zapotec
- zaw — Mitla Zapotec
- zpm — Mixtepec Zapotec
- zac — Ocotlán Zapotec
- zao — Ozolotepec Zapotec
- zpe — Petapa Zapotec
- zpj — Quiavicuzas Zapotec
- ztq — Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec
- zar — Rincón Zapotec
- ztm — San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec
- zpx — San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec
- zab — San Juan Guelavía Zapotec
- zpf — San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec
- zpt — San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec
- ztn — Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec
- zpn — Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec
- zpi — Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec
- zpr — Santiago Xanica Zapotec
- zas — Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec
- zaa — Sierra de Juárez Zapotec
- zpd — Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec
- zsr — Southern Rincon Zapotec
- zat — Tabaa Zapotec
- ztt — Tejalapan Zapotec
- zpz — Texmelucan Zapotec
- zts — Tilquiapan Zapotec
- zpk — Tlacolulita Zapotec
- zph — Totomachapan Zapotec
- zax — Xadani Zapotec
- ztg — Xanaguía Zapotec
- zpu — Yalálag Zapotec
- zae — Yareni Zapotec
- zty — Yatee Zapotec
- zav — Yatzachi Zapotec
- zpb — Yautepec Zapotec
- ztx — Zaachila Zapotec
- zpw — Zaniza Zapotec
- zpq — Zoogocho Zapotec
[edit] zha
zha is the ISO 639-3 language code for Zhuang language. Its ISO 639-1 code is za. There are 16 individual language codes assigned.
- zch — Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
- zhd — Dai Zhuang
- zeh — Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang
- zgb — Guibei Zhuang
- zgn — Guibian Zhuang
- zln — Lianshan Zhuang
- zlj — Liujiang Zhuang
- zlq — Liuqian Zhuang
- zgm — Minz Zhuang
- zhn — Nong Zhuang
- zqe — Qiubei Zhuang
- zyg — Yang Zhuang
- zyb — Yongbei Zhuang
- zyn — Yongnan Zhuang
- zyj — Youjiang Zhuang
- zzj — Zuojiang Zhuang
[edit] zho
zho is the ISO 639-3 language code for Chinese. Its ISO 639-1 code is zh. There are 13 individual language codes assigned, some with their own dialects:
- cdo — Min Dong
- (standardized form: Fuzhou dialect)
- cjy — Jin
- cmn — Mandarin
- cpx — Puxian Min
- czh — Hui
- czo — Min Zhong
- gan — Gan
- hak — Hakka
- hsn — Xiang
- mnp — Min Bei
- nan — Min Nan
- wuu — Wu
- yue — Yue (Cantonese)
Although the Dungan language (dng) is considered most closely related to Mandarin, it is not listed under Chinese in ISO 639-3 due to separate historical and cultural development (see diasystem).[4]
ISO 639 also lists codes for Old Chinese (och) and Late Middle Chinese (ltc). They are not listed under Chinese in ISO 639-3 because they are categorized as ancient and historical languages, respectively.
[edit] See also
[edit] zza
zza is the ISO 639-3 language code for Zaza language. There are 2 individual language codes assigned.
[edit] References
- ^ "Scope of denotation for language identifiers". SIL International.
- ^ "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ara". SIL International.
- ^ "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: arb". SIL International.
- ^ Rimsky-Korsakoff, Svetlana (1967). "Soviet Dungan: The Chinese language of Central Asia. Alphabet, phonology, morphology.". Monumenta Serica 26: 352-421.