Et tu, Brute?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Et tu, Brute?" ("You too, Brutus?", "Even you, Brutus?"[1], or "And you, Brutus?") is a Latin phrase often used poetically to represent the last words of Julius Caesar. The quotation is widely used in Western culture as an epitome of betrayal.
[edit] Context
On March 15, 44 BC (the Ides of March), Julius Caesar was attacked by a group of senators, including Marcus Junius Brutus, a senator and Caesar's close friend. Caesar initially resisted his attackers, but when he saw Brutus, he supposedly spoke those words and resigned himself to his fate.
Caesar's last words are not known with certainty, and are a contested subject among scholars and historians alike. The version best known in the English-speaking world is the Latin phrase Et tu, Brute? ("And you, Brutus" or "You too, Brutus?" or "Even you, Brutus?"); this derives from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, where it actually forms the first half of a macaronic line: "Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar." Shakespeare's version evidently follows in the tradition of the Roman historian Suetonius, who reports that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καί σύ τέκνον;"[2] (transliterated as "Kai su, teknon?": "You too, my child?" in English).[3] Plutarch, on the other hand, reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.[4]
In some other languages, the best-known version of Caesar's last words is a more literal Latin translation of the Greek phrase reported by Suetonius: tu quoque, fili mi? ("You also, my son?"). This version is reported, for example, in Lhomond's De Viris Illustribus [5], an 18th century summary of Roman history, which was long used as a standard text by Latin students.
[edit] Interpretation
While the words are commonly interpreted as an expression of shock and betrayal towards Brutus, it has recently been argued that the phrase was instead uttered as a threat.[6][7] Caesar is thought to have adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial.[6] The complete phrase is said to have been "You too my son, will have a taste of power", of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus' own violent death, in response to his assassination.[6]
[edit] Notes
- ^ The more word-for-word translation "And you, Brutus?" is also seen.
- ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Julius Caesar 82.2
- ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Julius Caesar, translation by JC Rolfe
- ^ Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, Life of Caesar 66.9
- ^ Lhomond De Viris Illustribus, Caius Julius Caesar
- ^ a b c Arnaud, P. (1998). ""Toi aussi, mon fils, tu mangeras ta part de notre pouvoir" –Brutus le Tyran?". Latomus 57: 61-71.
- ^ Woodman, A.J. (2006). "Tiberius and the Taste of Power: The Year 33 in Tacitus". Classical Quarterly 56 (1): 175-189.
