Donetsk
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| Donets’k Донецьк |
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| Coordinates: | |||
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| Country |  Ukraine |
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| Oblast |  Donetsk Oblast |
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| Raion |  Donetsk City Municipality |
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| Founded | 18691 | ||
| City rights | 1917 | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Oleksandr Lukianchenko | ||
| Area | |||
| - City | 358 km² (138.2 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 169 m (554 ft) | ||
| Population (2007) | |||
| - City | 1,100,700 | ||
| - Density | 2,960/km² (7,666.4/sq mi) | ||
| - Metro | 1,566,000² | ||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||
| Postal code | 83000 — 83497 | ||
| Area code(s) | +380 622, 623 | ||
| Licence plate | АН | ||
| Sister cities | Bochum, Charleroi, Kutaisi, Pittsburgh, Sheffield, Taranto, Moscow, Vilnius | ||
| 1 Donetsk was founded in 1869 as Yuzovka. ²The population of the metropoliten area is as of 2004. |
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| Website: http://www.donetsk.org.ua/ | |||
Donetsk (Ukrainian: Донецьк, translit. Donets’k; Russian: Доне́цк, translit. Donetsk; see also: Cities' alternative names), formerly known as Yuzovka after John Hughes, and then Stalino because of steel production in city (there is an erroneous opinion that city was named after Stalin), is a city in eastern Ukraine on the Kalmius river. Administratively, it is a center of Donetsk Oblast, while historically, it is the unofficial capital and largest city of the economic and cultural Donets Basin (Donbas) region.
The name of Donetsk comes from the Seversky Donets, a tributary of the Don.[1] The city was founded in 1869 by a Welsh businessman, John Hughes, who constructed a steel plant and several coal mines around the region. Today, the city still remains an important coal mining region of the Donbas and Ukraine, and houses the "Donetsk" special economic zone, established in 1998.[2]
The city is currently home to two major professional football teams in Ukraine: Shakhtar Donetsk and Metalurh Donetsk, both of which currently play in the Ukrainian Premier League. Important attractions of the city include the Cathedral Transfiguration of Jesus, the Donetsk National University, and others.
Donetsk currently has a population of over 1,100,000 inhabitants (2007) and has a metropolitan area of over 1,566,000 inhabitants (2004). According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, Donetsk is the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.[3]
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[edit] Geography and climate
Donetsk lies in the steppe landscape of Ukraine, surrounded by scattered woodland, hills (slag heaps), rivers, and lakes. The northern outskirts of the city are mainly used for agriculture. The Azov Sea, 95 km south of Donetsk, is a popular recreational area for those living in Donetsk. A wide belt of farmlands surrounds the city.
The city stretches 28 km from north to south and 55 km from east to west. There are 2 nearby reservoirs: Nyzhnekalmius (60 ha), and the "Donetsk Sea" (206 ha). 5 rivers flow through the city, including the Kalmius, Asmolivka (13 km), Cherepashkyna (23 km), Skomoroshka, and Bakhmutka. The city also contains a total of 125 slag heaps.[4]
Donetsk's climate is moderate continental.[5] The average temperatures are −5 °C (23 °F) in January and +18 °C (66 °F) in June. The average number of rainfall per year totals 162 days and up to 556 millimetres per year.[5]
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ave. high °C (°F) | -2 (27) | -1 (29) | 3 (39) | 13 (57) | 20 (68) | 23 (74) | 25 (77) | 24 (76) | 19 (67) | 11 (53) | 3 (39) | 0 (32) | 11 (53) |
| Ave. low °C (°F) | -7 (18) | -7 (19) | -2 (28) | 5 (41) | 10 (51) | 13 (57) | 15 (60) | 14 (58) | 10 (50) | 3 (39) | -1 (30) | 5 (23) | 4 (40) |
| Source: Weatherbase[6] | |||||||||||||
[edit] History
Donetsk was founded in 1869 when the Welsh businessman John Hughes built a steel plant and several coal mines in southern part of Russia at Olexandrivka.The town initially was given the name Hughesovka (Yuzovka; Russian: Юзовка).[7] By the beginning of the 20th century, Yuzovka had approximately 50,000 inhabitants,[8] and had attained the status of a city in 1917.[1]
During the Russian Revolution, Donetsk became a major town of the short-lived Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic, which was later to be incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. In 1924, under the Soviet rule, the city's name was changed to Stalino. In that year, the city's population totaled 63,708, and in the next year — 80,085. The city did not have a drinkwater system until 1931, when a 55.3 km system was laid underground. In July 1933, the city became the administrative centre of the Donetsk Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR.[1] In 1933, the first 12 km sewer system was installed, and next year the first exploitation of gas was conducted within the city.
In the beginning of World War II, the population of Stalino consisted of 507,000, and after the war - only 175,000. The Nazi invasion during World War II almost completely destroyed the city, which was mostly rebuilt on a large scale at the war's end.
The territory of Donetsk in the Great Patriotic War[9] consisted mainly of a Jewish ghetto, in which 3,000 Jews died, and a concentration camp in which 92,000 people were killed.[10] During the war, a collective responsibility system was enforced. For every killed German soldier, 100 inhabitants were killed, and one for every killed policeman.
During Khrushchev's second wave of destalinization in November 1961, all Soviet cities named after Stalin were renamed. Stalino's name was changed to Donetsk, after the Seversky Donets river, a tributary of the Don.[1]
In 1965, the Donetsk Academy of Sciences was established as part of the Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1970, Donetsk was recognized by UNESCO as the cleanest industrial town of the world. Donesk was granted the Order of Lenin in 1979.
Residents of the city tend to be pro-Russian in their political beliefs. This has been massively exploited during 2004 presidential election, in which the city mostly voted for candidate Viktor Yanukovych, which had been announced as the winner of the election by the Central Election Commission. The vote was later proven to have been falsified, with many of the falsified votes coming from the surrounding region. This led to an election re-run, thus making Yanukovych lose the election. During the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, the Yanukovych-led Party of Regions also won most of the votes from the region.
[edit] Government and administrative divisions
| Bydionivskyi Raion Voroshylovskyi Raion Kalininskyi Raion Kyivskyi Raion Kirovskyi Raion | Kuibyshevskyi Raion Leninskyi Raion Petrovskyi Raion Proletarskyi Raion |
While Donetsk is the administrative center of the Donetsk Oblast (province), the city is the capital of the Donetsk City Municipality. However, Donetsk is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the Donetsk City Municipality housed in the city itself.
The territory of Donetsk is divided into 9 administrative raions (districts). In addition, every raion consists of raion councils, which are subordinate to the Donetsk City Council.
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[edit] Demographics
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± |
| 1897 | 28,100[11] | N/A |
| 1926 | 106,000[12] | +3.7% |
| 1939 | 466,300[13] | +4.4% |
| 1959 | 699,200[14] | +1.5% |
| 1970 | 879,000[15] | +1.3% |
| 1979 | 1,020,800[16] | +1.2% |
| 1989 | 1,109,100[17] | +1.1% |
| 1998 | 1,065,400[18] | +0.96% |
| 2006 | 993,500[19] | -0.93% |
Donetsk currently has a population of over 988,000 inhabitants (2007) and has a metropolitan area of over 1,566,000 inhabitants (2004). It is the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.[3]
While the majority of people in central and western Ukraine speak Ukrainian, most residents of Donetsk are Russian-speaking Ukrainians and ethnic Russians. According to 2001 population census,[20] Ukrainians are 56,9% of Donetsk oblast and Russians are 38,2%. The Russian language is dominant in Donbas.
The actual nationality structure of the Donetsk City Municipality is as follows:[21]
- Russians: 493,392 people, 48.15%
- Ukrainians: 478,041 people, 46.65%
- Belarusians: 11,769 people, 1.15%
- Greeks: 10,180 people, 0.99%
- Jews: 5,087 people, 0.50%
- Tatars: 4,987 people, 0.49%
- Armenians: 4,050 people, 0.40%
- Azerbaijanis: 2,098 people, 0.20%
- Georgians: 2,073 people, 0.20%
- Other: 13,001 people, 1.27%
- Total: 1,024,678 people, 100.00%
[edit] Culture
[edit] Architecture
Donetsk, at the time Yuzovka, was divided into two parts: north and south. In the southern part were the city's factories, train depots, telegraph buildings, hospitals and schools.[22] Not far from the factories was the English colony where the engineers and the management lived. After the construction of the residence of John Hughes and the various complexes for the foreign workers, the city's southern portion was conducted mainly in the English style.
These buildings used rectangular and triangular shaped façades, green rooftops, large windows, which occupied a large portion of the building, and balconies.[22] In this part of the town, the streets were large and had sidewalks. A major influence on the formation of architecture in Donetsk was the official architect of a Novorossiya company — Moldingauyer.[22] Preserved buildings of the southern part of Yuzovka consisted of the residences of John Hughes (1891, partially preserved), Bolfur (1889) and Bosse.
In the northern part of Yuzovka, Novyi Svet, lived traders, craftsmen and bureaucrats.[22] Here were located the market hall, the police headquarters and the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Jesus. The central street of Novyi Svet and the neighbouring streets were mainly edged by one- or two-story residential buildings, as well as markets, restaurants, hotels, offices and banks. A famous preserved building in the northern part of Yuzovka was the Hotel Great Britain.
The first general plan of Stalino was made in 1932 in Odessa by the architect P. Golovchenko. In 1937, the project was partly reworked. These projects were the first in the city's construction bureau's history.[22]
A large portion of the city's buildings from the second half of the 20th century were designed by the architect Pavel Vigdergauz, which was given the title Government award of the USSR for architecture in the city of Donetsk in 1978.[22]
[edit] Sports
Three major professional football clubs play in the city, which include two in the Ukrainian Premier League and one in the Ukrainian Second League: Shakhtar Donetsk, which plays at the RSK Olimpiyskyi Stadium, Metalurh Donetsk, which plays at the Shakhtar Stadium, and Olympique Donetsk.
In Donetsk, the USSR Tennis Championship took place within the city in 1978, 1979, and 1980 near the Donetsk Railroad tennis courts. Some tennis matches of the Davis Cup took place in Donetsk in 2005.
In Donetsk, the Soviet Championship on Light Athletics in Youth took place in 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1984. A monument to famous pole vault athlete Serhiy Bubka is installed in the city.
In the city, sailboat championships take place on the city's Kalmius river.
When the joint bid for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship was won by Poland and Ukraine, Donetsk's future Shakhtar Stadium was chosen as the location for 3 Group Matches, Quarter-Final, and Semi-Final matches.[23] The RSK Olimpiyskyi Stadium was chosen as a reserve stadium.[24]
[edit] Religion
Donetsk's residents belong to many different religious bodies: Eastern Orthodox[25] Greek Catholic, Protestant, and Roman Catholic, as well as Islamic and Judaic synagogues. The largest religious body with the most members is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).
[edit] Media
Five television stations operate within Donetsk:
- TRK Ukraina (Russian: ТРК Украина)[26]
- KRT, Kievskaya Rus' (Russian: КРТ, Киевская Русь)[27]
- First Municipal (Russian: Первый муниципальный)[28]
- Kanal 27 (Russian: 27 канал)
- TRK Nadezhda (Russian: ТРК Надежда)
In Donetsk, there is the 360 metre tall TV tower, one of the tallest structures in the city, completed in 1992.
[edit] Famous people
Donetsk has been home to many people, including sportsmen, musicians, writers, businessmen, dissidents, and many others. The citizens of Donetsk are commonly called Donechyani (Ukrainian: Донеччяни). The following is a list of famous people that were born or raised in the city:
- Akhmetov, Rinat — Ukrainian business oligarch
- Assol — a child singer
- Astakhova, Polina — Ukrainian gymnast
- Bubka, Serhiy — Ukrainian pole vault athlete; Olympic Games champion: 1988;
World Champion: 1983, 1987, 1991, 1995, European Champion: 1986; Champion of the USSR: 1984, 1985 - Gililov, Pavel — Russian pianist
- Fomenko, Anatoly Timofeevich — Russian Mathematician and lecturer at the Moscow University
- Koliaskyn, Oleksandr — tennis player
- Kroshyna, Marina — tennis player
- Mate, Ilya - Olympic champion in 1980
- Pecherov, Oleksiy — a Ukrainian basketball player
- Podkopayeva, Lilia — a Ukrainian gymnast, and the 1996 Olympics winner
- Scharansky, Natan — former Soviet dissident, anticommunist, Zionist, Israeli politician and writer
- Stus, Vasyl — Ukrainian poet and publicist, one of the most active members of Ukrainian dissident movement
- Tverdovsky, Oleg — Russian ice hockey player
- Yahubkin, Oleksandr — boxer
[edit] Transportation
[edit] Local transportation
The main forms of transport within Donetsk are: trams, electric trolley buses, buses and marshrutkas (private minibuses). The city public transportation system is controlled by the united Dongorpastrans municipal company. The city has 12 tram lines (~130 km), 17 trolley bus lines (~188 km), and about 115 bus lines.[29] Both the tram and trolley bus systems in the city are served by 2 depots each.[29] Another method of transport within the city is taxicab service, of which there are 32 in Donetsk.
The city also contains autostations located within the city and its suburbs: autostation Yuzhny (South), which serves mainly transport lines to the south, hence its name; autostation Tsentr (Centre), which serves transport in the direction of Marinka and Vuhledar as well as intercity transport; the autostation Krytyi rynok (Indoor market), which serves mainly transport in the north and east directions; and the autostation Putilovsky, which serves mainly the north and northwest transport directions.
There is currently a metro system under construction in Donetsk,[30] but no station is yet operational. When finished, the first section of the red line (Proletarsko-Kyivs’ka) should contain 6 stations.[31]
[edit] Railroads
Donetsk's Main Railway Station, which serves about 7 million passengers annually,[29] is located in the northern part of the city. There is a museum near the main station, dealing with the history of region's railroads. Other railway stations are: Rutchenkogo, located in the Kyivskyi Raion; Mandrykino (Petrovskyi Raion), and Mushketogo (Budionivskyi Raion). Some passenger trains avoid Donetsk station and serve the station Yasynuvata, located outside the city limits. Although not used for regular transportation, the city also has a children's railway.
As the Donetsk Oblast is an important transportation hub in Ukraine, so is its center Donetsk. The Donetsk Railways, based in Donetsk, is one of the largest railway divisions in the country. It serves the farming and industrial businesses of the area, and the populations of the Donetsk, Luhansk, partly the Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Kharkiv oblasts.
[edit] Road transport
The highway, part of the International E-road network, runs through the city en route to Rostov-on-Don in Russia.
In addition, another international road runs through the city: the M 04. Also, three national Ukrainian roads ( N 15, N 20, and N 21) pass through the city.
[edit] Air travel
In addition to public and rail transport, Donetsk has an international airport.[32] It was constructed in the end of the 1940s to the beginning of the 1950s. The whole airport complex was finished in 1973. The city-based DonbassAero airline operates the airport.
[edit] Economy
Donetsk and the surrounding territories are heavily urbanized and agglomerated into conurbation. The workforce is heavily involved with heavy industry, especially coal mining. The city is an important center of heavy industry and coal mines in the Donets Basin (Donbas) and Ukraine. Directly under the city lie coal mines, which have recently seen an increase in mining accidents, the most recent accident being at the Zasyadko mine, which killed over 100 workers.[33]
Donetsk's economy consists of about 200 industrial organizations that have a total production output of more than 5 billion hryvnias per year and more than 20,000 medium-small sized organizations.[2] The city's coal mining industry comprises 17 coal mines and two concentrating mills; the metallurgy industry comprises 5 large metallurgical plants located throughout the city; the engineering market comprises 67 organizations, and the food industry — 32 organizations.[2]
After the fall of the Soviet Union, Donetsk and other neighbouring cities of the Donbas suffered heavily, as many factories were closed down and many inhabitants lost their jobs.[34] However, in spite of the difficult economic situation in Ukraine, Donetsk is a developing city.[2] About 412 thousand m² of living space, 7.9 km of gas networks, and 15.1 km of water supply networks were constructed in the city during 1998-2001.[2]
The city also houses the "Donetsk" special economic zone.[2][35] Donetsk currently has nine sister cities.[36] The German city of Magdeburg had economic partnerships with Donetsk during 1962-1996.
| City | Country | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Charleroi |  Belgium |
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| Sheffield |  England |
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| Bochum |  Germany |
1987 |
| Taranto |  Italy |
1984 |
| Vilnius |  Lithuania |
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| Pittsburgh |  United States |
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| Kutaisi |  Georgia |
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| Moscow |  Russia |
|
| Katowice |  Poland |
[edit] Education
Donetsk is a well-known educational location of the surrounding area, accompanied with several universities, which include 5 state universities, 11 institutes, 3 academies, 14 technicums, 5 private universities, and 6 colleges.
The most important and prominent educational institutions include the National Technical University[37] ("Donetsk Polytechnical Institute" in 1960-1993), as well as the Donetsk National University[38] which was founded in 1965. The National Technical University held close contacts with the University in Magdeburg. Since 1970, more than 100 students from Germany (East Germany) have completed their higher education at either one of the two main universities in Donetsk.
There are also several scientific research institutes, and an Islamic University within Donetsk.
[edit] Footnotes and references
- ^ a b c d From the history of the city (Russian). Head of Donetsk City. Retrieved on May 7, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f Donetsk Today (Russian). Donetsk City Hall. Retrieved on February 15, 2007.
- ^ a b Results / General results of the census / Number of cities (English). 2001 Ukrainian Census. Retrieved on August 28, 2006.
- ^ Was there a ghetto in Donetsk? (Russian). Newspaper "Gorod". Retrieved on May 7, 2007.
- ^ a b Weather in Donetsk (Russian). rospogoda.ru. Retrieved on May 5, 2007.
- ^ Historical Weather for Donetsk (English). Weatherbase. Retrieved on March 15, 2007.
- ^ Yuz is a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes
- ^ The population included mostly migrants from neighboring Russian territories
- ^ Great Patriotic War is another name for the Eastern Front of World War II.
- ^ Was there a ghetto in Donetsk? (Russian). Newspaper "Gorod". Retrieved on May 7, 2007.
- ^ Statistics from the first All-Russian Empire Census, conducted on 28 January [O.S. 15 January 15] 1897.
- ^ Statistics from the First All Union Census of the Soviet Union, conducted on December 17, 1926.
- ^ Statistics are from the All Union Census of the Soviet Union, conducted on January 17, 1939.
- ^ Statistics are from the All Union Census of the Soviet Union, conducted on January 15, 1959.
- ^ Statistics are from the All Union Census of the Soviet Union, conducted on January 15, 1970.
- ^ Statistics are from the All Union Census of the Soviet Union, conducted on January 17, 1979.
- ^ Statistics are from the All Union Census of the Soviet Union, conducted on January 12, 1989.
- ^ Statistics are from the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, conducted on January 1, 1998.
- ^ Statistics are from the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, conducted on January 1, 2006.
- ^ Results / General results of the census / National composition of population / Donets'k region (English). 2001 Ukrainian Census. Retrieved on August 28, 2006.
- ^ Ukrainian Census (Donetsk Oblast) (Ukrainian). Head of the Donetsk Oblast Statistics. Retrieved on May 5, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f Архитектура Донецка (Russian). Russian Wikipedia.
- ^ Stadiums / Donetsk (English). UEFA EURO 2012. Retrieved on May 7, 2007.
- ^ Stadiums / Introduction (English). UEFA EURO 2012. Retrieved on May 7, 2007.
- ^ Main Page (Russian). Donbass Pravoslavnyi. Retrieved on May 12, 2007.
- ^ Main Page (Russian). TRK Ukraina.
- ^ Main Page (Russian). Kievskaya Rus.
- ^ Main Page (Russian). Pervyi munitsipal'nyi kanal.
- ^ a b c Transport (Russian). Partner-Portal. Retrieved on May 11, 2007.
- ^ Metro in Donetsk (Russian). Head of Donetsk City. Retrieved on May 11, 2007.
- ^ Image:Metro Donezk.svg (English). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved on March 6, 2007.
- ^ Service Center, International Airport "Donetsk" (Russian/English). VIP-Terminal. Retrieved on March 6, 2007.
- ^ "Another victim of Ukraine mine blast dies in hospital", RIA Novosti, November 30, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. (English)
- ^ Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press, 613. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
- ^ Special Economic Zones and Special Regime of Investment Activities in Donetsk Oblast (Ukrainian). Order of Verhovna Rada (January 14 1999).
- ^ Sister cities of Donetsk (Russian). Head of Donetsk City. Retrieved on May 5, 2007.
- ^ About DonNTU (Russian). Donetsk National Technical University (DonNTU). Retrieved on May 11, 2007.
- ^ Main page (English). Donetsk National University. Retrieved on May 11, 2007.
- Kilesso, S. (1982). Donetsk. Architectural-historical summary. Kiev: Budivelnyk, 152.
- Partner-Portal — Everything about Donetsk (Russian). Partner-Portal. Интернет-агентство «Партнер». Retrieved on August, 28, 2006.
[edit] External links
| Find more about Donetsk on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Dictionary definitions |
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Textbooks |
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Quotations |
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Source texts |
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Images and media |
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News stories |
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Learning resources |
General
- donetsk.org.ua — Donetsk city administration website (Ukrainian)/(Russian)
- (Russian) partner.donetsk.ua — Informational portal about Donetsk
- ukrtelecom.ua — Ukrtelecom webcam of the Artema Street
Historic
- geocities.com — History of Donetsk and the story of the founder John Hughes
- ukrstor.com — Early history of Yuzovka
- bfcollection.net — Historic images of Donetsk
Maps
- maps.google.com — Google maps satellite view of Donetsk
- wikimapia.org — Wikimapia view of Donetsk
- gorod.dn.ua — City map browsable and searchable by address
