Pontic Greek Genocide

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The historical Pontus region
The historical Pontus region
New York Times headlines, one of which observes that the entire Christian population of Trabzon was "wiped out". More relevant headlines
New York Times headlines, one of which observes that the entire Christian population of Trabzon was "wiped out". More relevant headlines[1]
Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor as of the early 20th Century (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911).
Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor as of the early 20th Century (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911).
The archive document of 1914 Census of the Ottoman Empire. Total population (sum of all millets) was 20,975,345 and the Greek population before the Balkan wars were 2,833,370 (1909 census) was dropped to 1,792,206 (due to lost of lands to Greece) in 1914 census; published also by Stanford J. Shaw.
The archive document of 1914 Census of the Ottoman Empire. Total population (sum of all millets) was 20,975,345 and the Greek population before the Balkan wars were 2,833,370 (1909 census) was dropped to 1,792,206 (due to lost of lands to Greece) in 1914 census; published also by Stanford J. Shaw. [2]

Pontic Greek Genocide[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] is a term used to refer to the fate of the Pontic Greek population of the Ottoman Empire during and in the aftermath of World War I. It is used to refer to the determined persecutions, massacres, expulsions, and death marches of Pontian Greek populations in the historical region of Pontus, the southeastern Black Sea provinces of the Ottoman Empire, during the early 20th century by the Young Turk administration. G.W. Rendel of the British Foreign Office noted the massacres of Greeks in Pontus and elsewhere during the Turkish national movement,[10][11][6] which was organized against Greece's invasion of western Anatolia.[12]

According to the Greek census of 1926, 182,169 Greeks from the Pontus region had migrated to Greece during the population exchange between Greece and Turkey.[13] The International Association of Genocide Scholars recognises the events as a genocide but other official recognition is limited at present. The question of whether these incidents constitute a genocide is a matter of dispute between Greece and Turkey. Turkey similarly denies the historicity of the contemporaneous Armenian and Assyrian genocides, both of which have also been recognized by the International Association of Genocide Scholars.

Contents

Background

According to a German military attaché, the Ottoman Turkish minister of war Ismail Enver had declared in October 1915 that he wanted to "solve the Greek problem during the war... in the same way he believe[d] he solved the Armenian problem."[14]

The large-scale massacres of Greeks in Pontus were a precursor to the atrocities perpetrated by both sides during the Greco-Turkish War that followed the Greek occupation of Smyrna[15][4] in 1919 and continued until the Great Fire of Smyrna marked the end of the conflict in 1922.[16][17] Limited[4] Massacres of Turks were also carried out by the Greek forces. [18]

For the massacres that occurred during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, British historian Arnold J. Toynbee wrote that it was the Greek landings that created the Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal.[12] Toynbee wrote:

"...The Greeks of 'Pontus' and the Turks of the Greek occupied territories, were in some degree victims of Mr. Venizelos's and Mr. Lloyd George's original miscalculations at Paris."[12]

Casualties

The death toll according to various sources ranges from 300,000 to 360,000 Anatolian Greeks.

According to the International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples, between 1916 and 1923, up to 350,000 Greek Pontians were reportedly killed in massacres, persecution and death marches.[19] Merrill D. Peterson cites the death toll of 360,000 for the Greeks of Pontus[20]. According to G.K. Valavanis[21], "The loss of human life among the Pontian Greeks, since the Great War (World War I) until March 1924, can be estimated at 353,238, as a result of murders, hangings, and from hunger, disease, and other hardships."

Another thesis is that the Pontic Greek genocide was carried out by forcing the weaker population, including elderly, handicapped, women and children, to walk for hundreds of kilometres towards the east until they died.[citation needed]

All indirect ways of inflicting death (food boycott, deportations, deaths by starvation in labour camps, concentration camps etc.) were known as so-called "white massacres".[10]

Aftermath

In 1923, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey resulted in a near-complete elimination of the Greek ethnic presence in Anatolia and a similar elimination of the Turkish ethnic presence in much of Greece. It is impossible to know exactly how many Greek inhabitants of Pontus, Smyrna and rest of Asia Minor died from 1916 to 1923, and how many ethnic Greeks of Anatolia were deported to Greece or fled to the Soviet Union.[22] According to G.W. Rendel, " ... over 500,000 Greeks were deported of whom comparatively few survived."[10] Edward Hale Bierstadt states that "According to official testimony, the Turks since 1914 have slaughtered in cold blood 1,500,000 Armenians, and 500,000 Greeks, men women and children, without the slightest provocation"[23]. Based on the information provided by Manus I. Mildrasky, in his book The Killing Trap, pages 342, and 377, it is estimated that approximately 480,000 Anatolian Greeks died during the aforementioned period.

Ambassador Morgenthau accused the "Turkish government" of a campaign of "outrageous terrorizing, cruel torturing, driving of women into harems, debauchery of innocent girls, the sale of many of them at 80 cents each, the murdering of hundreds of thousands and the deportation to and starvation in the desert of other hundreds of thousands, [and] the destruction of hundreds of villages and many cities", all part of "the willful execution" of a "scheme to annihilate the Armenian, Greek and Syrian Christians of Turkey."[24] Consul-General Horton reports that "[o]ne of the cleverest statements circulated by the Turkish propagandists is to the effect that the massacred Christians were as bad as their executioners, that it was “50-50.”" On this issue he clarifies that "[h]ad the Greeks, after the massacres in the Pon­tus and at Smyrna, massacred all the Turks in Greece, the record would have been 50-50—almost." As an eye-witness, he also praises Greeks for their "conduct [...] toward the thousands of Turks residing in Greece, while the ferocious massacres were going on...", which, according to his opinion, was "one of the most inspiring and beautiful chapters in all that country’s history."[25]

The survivors and the expelled took refuge mostly in the nearby Russian Empire (later, Soviet Union). The few Pontic Greeks who had remained in Pontus until the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) were exchanged in the frame of the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations in 1922–1923.

Recognition

Monument for the Pontic Greek Genocide in Thessaloniki
Monument for the Pontic Greek Genocide in Thessaloniki

As of December 15, 2007, the International Association of Genocide Scholars recognizes the events as a genocide.[9][26] [27]. The political recognition of the events as genocide is limited, as the only countries that have made an official labelling as such are Greece and Cyprus.

Article 142 of the Treaty of Sèvres, prepared after the first World War, called the Turkish regime "terrorist" and contained provisions "to repair so far as possible the wrongs inflicted on individuals in the course of the massacres perpetrated in Turkey during the war."[28] The Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified by the Turkish government and ultimately was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne. That treaty was accompanied by a "Declaration of Amnesty", without containing any provision in respect to punishment of war crimes.[29]

Greece and Cyprus

The incidents which occurred during that period were officially described as genocide by the Greek Parliament in 1994, through an initiative centered largely around former PASOK Central Committee member, Michalis Charalambidis (described by one Greek source as the ringleader of the recognition of the genocide of Greeks of Pontos),[30] and the date of 19 May was instituted as the official date of commemoration. A letter was submitted to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" to request its recognition in 1998.[19][31] On September 21, 2001, the Greek government declared the 14th of September as "the day of Remembrance of the Genocide of the Hellenes of the Asia Minor by the Turkish state".[32] Cyprus also officially recognizes the events as genocide.[33]

Turkey

Turkey maintains that the incidents referred to cannot be considered to be of a genocidal nature. Ankara declared that 'genocide' of the Greek minority by the Turkish state did not have any historical basis, after of resolution the Greek Parliament about Pontus Greek Genocide. "We condemn and protest this resolution" a Foreign Ministry statement said. "With this resolution the Greek Parliament, which in fact has to apologize to the Turkish people for the large-scale destruction and massacres Greece perpetrated in Anatolia, not only sustains the traditional Greek policy of distorting history, but it also displays that the expansionist Greek mentality is still alive" the statement added.[34] The choice by Greece of 19 May as the date of commemoration, a national holiday in Turkey as the anniversary of 19 May 1919 when Mustafa Kemal Pasha set foot in Samsun to initiate the Turkish War of Independence, is viewed in Turkey as futile provocation by some Greek politicians.[35][36] Upon the opening in May 2006 of two commemorative monuments in Thessaloniki, the social-democrat mayor of İzmir, Aziz Kocaoğlu, announced on 12 May 2006 that they were suspending the signing (expected in June 2006) of a sister city agreement between İzmir and Thessaloniki.[37]

Colin Tatz and Cohn Jatz, argue that Turkey denies those incidents in an attempt to fulfill her national dreams:

Turkey, still struggling to achieve its ninety-five-year-old dream of becoming the beacon of democracy in the Near East, does everything possible to deny its genocide of the Armenians, Assyrians, and Pontian Greeks.[3]

International

The incidents are also recognized as genocide in some states of the USA. The states of South Carolina,[38] New Jersey,[39] Florida,[40] Massachusetts,[41] Pennsylvania,[42] and Illinois[43] have passed resolutions recognizing it. In addition, George E. Pataki, governor of the New York State issued a proclamation designating May 19, 2002 as Pontian Greek Genocide Remembrance Day,[44] although since states within the United States do not have foreign-policy authority those statements are not legally binding on a federal US level.

Armenia mentions the "Greek Genocide", its commemoration, and a death toll of 600,000 Greeks in Anatolia, in its first report to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of the Council of Europe.[45] In addition, on 19 May 2004 an event commemorating the Pontian Greek victims of the Hellenic Genocide was held in Yerevan, Armenia and was attended by "Greek ambassador to Armenia, Antonios Vlavianos, other dignitaries, government officials and ordinary Armenians".[46]

In Australia, the issue has been raised in the Parliament of Victoria on May 4, 2006, by the Minister for Justice Jenny Mikakos.[47][48]

On June 2006 Stephen Pound, member of the British House of Commons linked the case of the Pontian Greeks with the Armenian Genocide.[49]

In Serbia, an event commemorating the Pontian Greek victims of the Hellenic Genocide was held in the Chapel of the Belgrade Theology School in 1998.[50]

Nongovernmental organizations

In Germany, organizations such as Verein der Völkermordgegner e.V[51] (i.e. "Union against Genocide") or the initiative Mit einer Stimme sprechen[52] (i.e. "Speaking with One Voice") aim at the official recognition of the genocide of Christian minorities, such as Armenians, Pontian Greeks and Assyrians in the late Ottoman Empire.

On 19 May 2007, the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) issued a press release stating that the organization "joins with Pontian Greeks - and all Hellenes around the world - in commemorating May 19th, the international day of remembrance for the genocide initiated by the Ottoman Empire and continued by Kemalist Turkey against the historic Greek population of Pontus" and reaffirms its "determination to work together with all the victims of Turkey's atrocities to secure full recognition and justice for these crimes".[53]

Monuments

There is a Monument for the Pontic Greek Genocide in Thessaloniki, Greece.[54]

There also exists a monument commemorating the Pontic Greeks in Canada. The plaque reads "For All The Pontians We Remember Their Time of Sorrow And Sacrifice" in English and Greek. Below that it reads "19 of May" (which is the official day of commemoration for the Pontic Greek portion of the Hellenic Genocide) and "1914-1923" (which were the years in which the extermination efforts against the Greeks of northeast Asia Minor were taking place).[55]

Reasons for limited recognition

The United Nations, the European Parliament, and the Council of Europe have not made any related statements. According to Constantine Fotiades, professor of Modern Greek History at the University of Western Macedonia, some of the reasons for the lack of wider recognition and delay in seeking acknowledgment of these events are as follows:

  • The Pontian Greek Genocide was overshadowed by the much larger Armenian Genocide which preceded it, a view also shared by the historian Mark Levene.[6]
  • In contrast to the Treaty of Sèvres, the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 dealt with these events by making no reference or mention, and thus sealed the end of the Asia Minor Catastrophe.
  • A subsequent peace treaty (Greco-Turkish Treaty of Friendship in June 1930) between Greece and Turkey. Greece made several concessions to settle all open issues between the two countries in return for peace in the region.
  • The Second World War, the Civil War, and the political turmoil in Greece that followed forced Greece to focus on its survival and other problems rather than seek recognition of these events.

One other reason for the lack of recognition of these events can be found in the following statement: "It is necessary to refer to these pre-Armistice persecutions, since there is now a strong tendency to minimize or overlook them, and to regard those that followed the armistice as isolated incidents provoked by the Greek Landing at Smyrna and the general Turkish Policy of the Allies."[10]

It is also believed that the Greek government has not been very aggressive in genocide recognition for fear of harming efforts at Greek-Turkish rapprochement as Turkey, through a Foreign Ministry statement, has made it clear that recognition of the genocide is regarded by the Turkish government as a provocative act that supposedly "sustains the traditional Greek policy of distorting history" and "displays that the expansionist Greek mentality is still alive".[34]

Academic views

Main article: Academic quotes on the Pontic Greek Genocide

Historians and academics worldwide use a variety of terms for describing the events. Before the coining of the term "genocide", primary sources used improvised terms, such as "annihilation", "systematic extermination", or "persistent campaign of massacre" and "wholesale massacre".[25][56] Today, the events are described on a par with the Armenian Genocide,[57] as a similar phenomenon to the Holocaust,[5] as "ethnic cleansing",[58][59] and as "genocide".[3][4][5][6][8][7] Other historians choose milder terminology, such as "organized killing and deportation",[60] and "carefully planned atrocities [aimed at their] complete destruction".[61] Mark Levene, suggests that historians tend to avoid the term genocide to describe the events, possibly in an attempt to prevent their magnification by comparison with those of 1915-16 (Armenian Genocide).[6]

Seminars and courses in western universities still examine the events.[62][63]

Eyewitness accounts and press headlines

Main articles: List of eyewitness accounts related to the Pontic Greek Genocide and List of press headlines relevant to the Pontic Greek Genocide

German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats, as well as The Memorandum by Mr. G.W. Rendel on Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice, have provided evidence for series of systematic massacres of the Greeks in Asia Minor.[64][65][10] The quotes have been attributed to various diplomats, notably the German Ambassadors Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim and Mr. Kuhlman, German consul in Amissos Herr Kuchhoff, Austro-Hungarians Ambassador Pallavicini and consul in Amissos Herr Kwiatkowski, Sir P. Cox, and the Italian unofficial agent in Angora Signor Tuozzi. Other quotes are from clergymen and activists, notably the German Father J. Lepsius, and Mr. Hopkins of the American Committee for Relief in the Near East. It must be noted that Germany and Austria-Hungary were allies of the Ottoman Empire in World War I.[66]

The accounts describe systematic massacres, rapes and burnings of Greek villages, and attribute intent to Turkish officials, namely the Turkish Prime Minister Mahmud Sevket Pasha, Refet Bele (tr:Refet Bele), Talat Pasha and Enver Pasha.[64][65][10]

Additionally, The New York Times and its correspondents have made extensive references to the events, recording massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other "atrocities" for Greek, Armenian and also for British and American citizens and government officials.[67][68] The newspaper was awarded its first Pulitzer Prize in 1918 "for the most disinterested and meritorious public service rendered by an American newspaper -- complete and accurate coverage of the war".[69][70] More media of the time reported the events with similar titles.[71]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The general pattern of related New York Times reporting for the period concerned can be captured here.
  2. ^ Stanford Jay Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw "History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey" Cambridge University page 239-241
  3. ^ a b c Cohn Jatz, Colin Tatz (2003). With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide. Essex: Verso. 
  4. ^ a b c d R. J. Rummel. Statistics of Democide. Chapter 5, Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Retrieved on October 4, 2006.
  5. ^ a b c Steven L. Jacobs, Samuel Totten (2002). Pioneers of Genocide Studies (Clt), 207, 213. 
  6. ^ a b c d e Creating a Modern "Zone of Genocide": The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923, by Mark Levene, University of Warwick, © 1998 by United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
  7. ^ a b Constantine Fotiades, Genocide of the Greeks of Pontus (16 volumes)
  8. ^ a b Harry Psomiades, professor emeritus of political science at Queens College the City University of New York
  9. ^ a b Assyrian International News Agency, International Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides, Retrieved on 2007-12-15.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Foreign Office Memorandum by Mr. G.W. Rendel on Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice, March 20, 1922, (a) Paragraph 7, (b) Paragraph 35, (c) Paragraph 24, (d) Paragraph 1, (e) Paragraph 2
  11. ^ Taner Akcam, From Empire to Republic, Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide, September 4, 2004, Zed Books, pages (a) 240, (b) 145
  12. ^ a b c Arnold J. Toynbee, The Western question in Greece and Turkey: a study in the contact of civilisations, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922, pp. 312-313.
  13. ^ Greek Census, 1926
  14. ^ Ferguson, Niall. The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press, 2006 p. 180 ISBN 1-5942-0100-5
  15. ^ Arnold J. Toynbee, Western Question, p. 270
  16. ^ Taner Akcam, A shameful Act, p. 322
  17. ^ Taner Akcam, A Shameful Act, p. 322
  18. ^ Taner Akcam, A Shameful Act, p. 322
  19. ^ a b United Nations document acknowledging receipt of a letter by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" titled "A people in continued exodus" (i.e. Pontian Greeks) and putting the letter into internal circulation (Dated 1998-02-24) (PDF file)
    Search United Nations documents, by typing "Pontian Genocide" (if above link doesn't work)
  20. ^ Merrill D. Peterson, Starving Armenians: America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and After
  21. ^ G.K. Valavanis, "Contemporary General History of Pontos" 1925, 1st Edition
  22. ^ Ascherson, Neal, Black Sea, page 185
  23. ^ Bierstadt, Edward Hale. The great betrayal; a survey of the near East problem. New York: R. M. McBride & company, 1924
  24. ^ Morgenthau Calls for Check on Turks, The New York Times, September 5, 1922, pg. 3
  25. ^ a b Horton, George (1926). The Blight of Asia. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. 
  26. ^ Adam Jones, Notes on the Genocides of Christian Populations of the Ottoman Empire, Retrieved on 2007-12-15.
  27. ^ IAGS Officialy Recognises Assyrian and Greek Genocide
  28. ^ Treaty of Sevres
  29. ^ Bassioun, M. Cherif (1999), Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, ISBN 90-411-1222-7, pp. 62-63
  30. ^ Web portal of Hellenic Pontians
  31. ^ Letter by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" to the United Nations requesting recognition of the Pontic Greek Genocide. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
  32. ^ Bölükbaşı, Ahmet Deniz (2004), Turkey and Greece: the Aegean disputes : a unique case in international law, London:Cavendish Publishing Ltd., ISBN 1-85941-953-4, p.62
  33. ^ Cyprus Press Office, New York City
  34. ^ a b Office of the Prime Minister, Directorate General of Press and Information: Turkey Denounces Greek 'Genocide' Resolution (1998-09-30). Retrieved on 2007-02-05
  35. ^ GreekNews. Erdoğan Pressures Karamanlis on Pontic Genocide Memorial. Retrieved on October 4, 2006.
  36. ^ The journal of Turkish Weekly. EP's Turkey Report Radically Accuses Turks. Retrieved on October 4, 2006.
  37. ^ (Turkish) İzmir ve Selanik niye kardeş olmadı? (Why couldn't İzmir and Thessaloniki become sister cities?).
  38. ^ South Carolina Recognition
  39. ^ New Jersey Recognition
  40. ^ Florida Recognition: HR 9161 - Pontian Greek Genocide of 1914-1922
  41. ^ Massachusetts Recognition
  42. ^ Pennsylvania Recognition
  43. ^ Illinois recognition
  44. ^ Proclamation by George E. Pataki, governor of the New York State
  45. ^ Council of Europe (.pdf), European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, The First Report of the Republic of Armenia According to Paragraph 1 of Article 15 of European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Strasbourg, 2003-09-03, p.39. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
  46. ^ Victims of Pontian Greeks Genocide Commemorated in Armenia, ArmenPress, 19 May 2004 (Reproduction of article can be read here
  47. ^ Speech of Victorian Member of Parliament regarding Armenian, Assyrian and Pontian Genocide
  48. ^ Victoria Parliament of Australia Raises the Genocide of the Greeks
  49. ^ The United Kingdom Parliament, Archives
  50. ^ Event Commemorating the Genocide of the Greeks in Pontos Was Held in Belgrade, Macedonian Press Agency, 26 May 1998
  51. ^ Verein der Völkermordgegner e.V
  52. ^ Mit einer Stimme sprechen
  53. ^ ANCA Marks Pontian Greek Genocide Remembrance Day, 19 May 2007
  54. ^ A photograph of the monument can be seen here
  55. ^ A photograph of the monument can be seen here and a close-up of the plaque can be seen here
  56. ^ Morgenthau, Henry (1918) Morgenthau's Story, Garden City New York Doubleday, Page & Company, p.153
  57. ^ Ferguson, Niall. The War of the Worlds Penguin 2007 p.182
  58. ^ Norman M. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2001.
  59. ^ Benjamin Lieberman, in his "Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe"
  60. ^ Charles King, The Black Sea: A History
  61. ^ Marianna Koromila, The Greeks and the Black Sea
  62. ^ The University of New Mexico University Honors Program, The Holocaust, Genocide, and Intolerance (.pdf), p.28, Retrieved on 2007-01-29
  63. ^ College of Charleston, New Carolina, Managing Diversity Syllabus, Migration Patterns. Retrieved on 2007-02-04.
  64. ^ a b Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies: the genocide and its aftermath
  65. ^ a b Thea Halo, Not Even My Name, New York: Picador USA 2000, pages 26, 27, & 28
  66. ^ See World War I.
  67. ^ The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
  68. ^ The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies The New York Times.
  69. ^ See Pulitzer Prizes awarded to the New York Times' staff
  70. ^ The New York Times, Our Company, Awards.
  71. ^ Vahe Georges Kateb (2003), Australian Press Coverage of the Armenian Genocide 1915-1923 (.pdf), University of Wollongong, Graduate School of Journalism

Bibliography

  • Barton, James L. (James Levi). The Near East Relief, 1915-1930. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1943.
  • Bierstadt, Edward Hale. The great betrayal; a survey of the near East problem. New York: R. M. McBride & company, 1924.
  • Dobkin, Marjorie Housepian. Smyrna 1922: the destruction of a city. New York, NY: Newmark Press, 1998, c1988.
  • Henry Morgenthau, Sr.. The murder of a nation. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America, 1974, 1918.
  • ---. Ambassador's Morgenthau story. Garden City, N.Y.: Page & Company, 1918
  • ---. I was sent to Athens. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co, 1929.
  • ---. An international drama. London: Jarrolds Ltd., 1930
  • Murat, Jean De. The great extirpation of Hellenism and Christianity in Asia Minor: the historic and systematic deception of world opinion concerning the hideous Christianity’s uprooting of 1922. Miami, Fla.: [s.n.], (Athens [Greece]: A. Triantafillis) 1999.
  • Oeconomos, Lysimachos. The martyrdom of Smyrna and eastern Christendom; a file of overwhelming evidence, denouncing the misdeeds of the Turks in Asia Minor and showing their responsibility for the horrors of Smyrna. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1922.
  • Papadopoulos, Alexander. Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European War: on the basis of official documents. New York: Pub. by Oxford University Press, American branch, 1919.
  • Tsirkinidis, Harry. At last we uprooted them…The Genocide of Greeks of Pontos, Thrace, and Asia Minor, through the French archives. Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Bros, 1999.
  • Ward, Mark H. The deportations in Asia Minor, 1921-1922. London: Anglo-Hellenic League, 1922.
  • Andreadis, George, Tamama, The Missing Girl of Pontos. Athens: Gordios, 1993.
  • Fotiadis, Constantinos Emm. (editor), The Genocide of the Pontus Greeks by the Turks. Volume 13. Herodotus, 2004.
  • Halo, Thea, Not Even My Name. New York: Picador USA, 2000.
  • Horton, George, The blight of Asia: an account of the systematic extermination of Christian populations by Mohammedans and of the culpability of certain great powers; with a true story of the buring of Smyrna. Indianopolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1926.
  • Statistics of Democide, Chapter 5, Statistics of Turkey's Democide - Estimates, Calculations and Sources, by R. J. Rummel
  • Akcam, Taner. From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide, Zed Books, September 4, 2004, pages 144-149.
  • Pavlides, Ioannis. Pages of History of Pontus and Asia Minor. Salonica, Greece, 1980.
  • Karayinnides, Ioannis. The Golgotha of Pontos. Salonica, Greece, 1978.
  • Mildarsky, Manus I. The Killing Trap. 2005, Cambridge University Press
  • Compton, Carl C. The Morning Cometh. 1986, Karatzas Publisher, New York

Further reading

  • Hofmann, Tessa, ed. Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im Osmanischen Reich 1912-1922. Münster: LIT, 2004. ISBN 3-8258-7823-6. (pp. 177-221 on Pontian Greeks)

External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greek_Genocide"
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