Finland
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| Suomen tasavalta Republiken Finland Republic of Finland
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| Anthem: Maamme (Finnish) Vårt land (Swedish) |
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 Location of Finland (dark green)
– on the European continent (light green & dark grey) |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Helsinki |
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| Official languages | Finnish, Swedish | |||||
| Demonym | Finnish, Finn | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary republic1 | |||||
| - | President | Tarja Halonen (sd) | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Matti Vanhanen (c) | ||||
| Independence | from Russian Empire | |||||
| - | Autonomy | March 29, 1809 | ||||
| - | Declared | December 6, 1917 | ||||
| - | Recognised | January 4, 1918 | ||||
| EU accession | January 1, 1995 | |||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 338,145 km² (65th) 130,558 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 10,0 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2008 estimate | 5,308,208[1] (111th) | ||||
| - | 2000 census | 5,155,000 | ||||
| - | Density | 16/km² (201st) 40/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2005 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $163 billion (52nd) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $34,819 (12th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2005 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $193.491 billion (31st) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $44,912 (12th) | ||||
| Gini (2000) | 26.9 (low) | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0.952 (high) (11th) | |||||
| Currency | Euro (€)² (EUR) |
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| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .fi, .ax ³ | |||||
| Calling code | +358 | |||||
| 1 | Semi-presidential system | |||||
| 2 | Before 2002: Finnish markka | |||||
| 3 | The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. | |||||
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland[2] (Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland ), is a Nordic country situated in Northern Europe. It has borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, and Norway to the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland. The capital city is Helsinki.
Around 5.3 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern part of country.[1] It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Most Finns are native in Finnish, which is related to Estonian and is one of the few official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. The largest minority language, Swedish, is spoken natively by 5.5 percent of the population.[3] Finland is a democratic, parliamentary republic with a central government and local governments in 415 municipalities. Greater Helsinki (including Helsinki, Espoo, and Vantaa) totals a million residents and a third of the GDP. Other cities include Tampere, Turku, and Oulu.
Finland was historically part of Sweden and from 1809 an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. Finland's declaration of independence in 1917 from Russia was followed by a civil war, wars against the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, and the period of Finlandization during the Cold War. Finland joined the European Union in 1995 and participates in the Eurozone.
Finland has seen excellent results in many international comparisons of national performance such as the share of high-technology manufacturing, the rate of gross domestic product growth, and the protection of civil liberties.[4]
Contents |
[edit] History
[edit] Prehistory
According to archaeological evidence, the area now composing Finland was first settled around 8500 BCE during the Stone Age as the ice shield of the last ice age receded. The earliest people were hunter-gatherers, living primarily off what the tundra and sea could offer. Pottery is known from around 5300 BCE (see Comb Ceramic culture).The arrival of the Battle Axe culture (or Cord-Ceramic culture) in southern coastal Finland around 3200 BCE may have coincided with the start of agriculture. However, the earliest certain records of agriculture are from the late third millennium BCE. Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy, especially in the northern and eastern parts of the country.
The Bronze Age (1500–500 BCE) and Iron Age (500 BCE – 1200 CE) were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions. There is no consensus on when Finno-Ugric languages and Indo-European languages were first spoken in the area of contemporary Finland.
The first verifiable written documents appeared in the 12th century.[citation needed]
[edit] Swedish era
Sweden established its official rule of Finland in the 13th century. Swedish became the dominant language of the nobility, administration and education; Finnish was chiefly a language for the peasantry, clergy and local courts in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas. The Bishop of Turku was the most socially pre-eminent person in Finland before the Reformation.
During the Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism. In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola published the first written works in Finnish. The first university in Finland, The Royal Academy of Turku, was established in 1640. In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia led to the occupation of Finland twice by Russian forces, known to the Finns as the Greater Wrath (1714–1721) and the Lesser Wrath (1742–1743). By this time Finland was the predominant term for the whole area from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Russian border.
[edit] Russian Empire era
- See also: Finland's language strife and Russification of Finland
On March 29, 1809, after being conquered by the armies of Alexander I of Russia in the Finnish War, Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917. During the Russian era, the Finnish language started to gain recognition. From the 1860s onwards, a strong Finnish nationalist movement, known as the Fennoman movement, grew. Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's national epic, the Kalevala, in 1835, and the Finnish language achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892.
The Finnish famine of 1866–1868 killed 15 percent of the population, making it the last and one of the worst famines in European history. The famine led the Russian Empire to ease financial regulations, and investment rose in following decades. Economic and political development was rapid.[6] The GDP per capita was still a half of United States and a third of Great Britain.[6]
In 1906, universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish autonomy. For example, the universal suffrage was, in practice, virtually meaningless, since the emperor did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament. Desire for independence gained ground, first among radical nationalists and socialists.
[edit] Civil war and early independence
On December 6, 1917, shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Finland declared its independence, which was approved by Bolshevist Russia.
Months after in 1918, the violent wing of the Social Democratic Party started a coup, which led a brief but bitter civil war that affected domestic politics for many decades afterwards. The civil war was fought between "the Whites", who were supported by Imperial Germany, and "the Reds", supported by Bolshevist Russia. Eventually, the Whites overcame the Reds. The deep social and political enmity between the Reds and Whites remained. The civil war and activist expeditions (see Heimosodat) to the Soviet Union strained Eastern relations.
After a brief flirtation with monarchy, Finland became a presidential republic, with Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg elected as its first president in 1919. The Finnish–Russian border was determined by the Treaty of Tartu in 1920, largely following the historic border but granting Pechenga (Finnish: Petsamo) and its Barents Sea harbour to Finland. Finnish democracy didn't see any more Soviet coup attempts and survived the anti-Communist Lapua Movement. The relationship between Finland and the Soviet Union was tense. Finnish ethnicity was targeted by genocides in the Soviet Union. Germany's Nazism led to a deterioration of relations with Germany. Military was trained in France instead and relations to Western Europe and Sweden were strengthened.
In 1917 the population was 3 million. Credit-based land reform was enacted after the civil war, increasing the proportion of capital-owning population.[6] About 70% of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10% in industry.[7] The largest export markets were the United Kingdom and Germany. The Great Depression in the early 1930s was relatively light in Finland.
[edit] World War II
During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: in the Winter War of 1939–40 after the Soviet Union had attacked Finland and in the Continuation War of 1941–44, following Operation Barbarossa, in which Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Following German losses on the Eastern Front and the subsequent Soviet advance, Finland was forced to make peace with the Soviet Union. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944–45, when Finland forced the Germans out of northern Finland.
The treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included Finnish obligations, restraints, and reparations as well as further Finnish territorial concessions (cf. the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940). Finland ceded most of Finnish Karelia, Salla, and Pechenga, which amounted to ten percent of its land area and twenty percent of its industrial capacity. Some 400,000 evacuees, mainly women and children, fled these areas. Some were left behind and were not able to immigrate in Finland until the Soviet Union collapsed (after which they formed a large immigrant group).
Finland had to reject Marshall aid. United States shipped secret development aid such as much of welding equipment and helped the still non-communist SDP in hope of saving Finland's independence.[8] Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and the reparations to the Soviet Union caused Finland to transform itself from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrialised one. Even after the reparations had been paid off, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of bilateral trade.
[edit] Cold War
In 1950 half of the Finnish workers were occupied in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas.[9] The new jobs in manufacturing, services and trade quickly attracted people to the towns. The average number of births per woman declined from a baby boom peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973.[9] When baby boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs fast enough and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970 (today 4.7 percent of Swedes speak Finnish).[9] The 1952 Summer Olympics brought international visitors. Finland took part in trade liberalization in the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Officially claiming to be neutral, Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet Union. The YYA Treaty (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. This was extensively exploited by President Urho Kekkonen against his opponents. He maintained an effective monopoly on Soviet relations from 1956, which gave him a status of "the only choice for president". In politics, there was a tendency of avoiding any policies and statements that could by interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was given the name "Finlandisation" by the German press (fi. suomettuminen). Self-censorship vis-à-vis anything negative associated with the Soviet Union was prevalent in the media. Public libraries pulled from circulation thousands of books that were considered anti-Soviet, and the law made it possible for the authorities to directly censor movies with supposedly anti-Soviet content. Asylum-seeking defectors were returned to the Soviet Union for imprisonment or execution.
However, Finland remained among capitalist countries unlike most other countries bordering the Soviet Union. Property rights were strong. While nationalization committees were set up in France and the UK, Finland avoided nationalizations. Local education markets expanded and an increasing number of Finns also went to study in the United States or Western Europe, bringing back advanced skills. There was a quite common, but pragmatic-minded, credit and investment cooperation by state and big business, though it was considered with suspicion.[6] Support for capitalism was widespread.[6] The savings rate hovered among the world's highest, at around 8% until the 1980s.[6] GDP growth was 4.9 percent and GDP per capita 4.3 percent in 1950–1973. Finland's GDP per capita ranked the world's 15th highest in 1975. Finland's economic development shared many aspects with export-led Asian countries.[6] Finland made a free trade agreement with the European Community in 1973, making its markets more competitive.
The expansion of free trade continued decades. Finnish markets found new growth areas outside traditional industries. Finnish economy benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets, which explains the widespread support that pro-Soviet policies enjoyed among business interests in Finland. The oil crisis of 1973 hit Finland hard, and had a big impact on its commercial relations with the Soviet Union, especially in increase of barter trade.[10] Even though Soviet market accounted for much profits, the West was still by far the largest market. The 1970s saw emergence of heavier corporatism.[10] At the same time, Finland's relatively light taxation transformed into some of the world's heaviest as the extent of public services expanded. The number of public sector workers nearly doubled between 1970 and 1990.[11]
In 1981, President Urho Kekkonen's failing mental health forced him to retire after 25 years regime. The President Mauno Koivisto's insisted on politically manipulated currency and interest rates, or so called "strong Finnish mark policy", even though capital flows were deregulated. Policymakers also did not implement banking reforms that took place in the European Community. The consequence of delayed liberalization was an overheated economy and indebtedness.[12] Combined with depressed Western, Soviet, and local markets, Finland fell into a Great Depression–magnitude depression in 1991. Stock market and housing prices declined by 50%.[13] The growth in the 1980s was based on debt, and defaults started rolling in. GDP declined by 15% and unemployment increased from a virtual full employment to one-fifth of the workforce. Investment declined by 50%. The crisis was amplified by trade unions' initial opposition to any reforms. Politicians struggled to cut spending and the public debt doubled to around 60% of GDP.[13] Some 7–8% of GDP was needed to bail out failing banks.[14] After trade unions finally agreed to devaluations, the depression bottomed out in 1993.[10] Industrial growth restored quickly. The crisis fueled much discontent among the electorate. In the three largest cases, The SDP Chairman Ulf Sundqvist and The Centre Party Minister Kauko Juhantalo were forced to resign for economic crimes.[10]
[edit] Recent history
Like other Nordic countries, Finland has liberalized the economy since the late 1980s. Financial and product market regulation was removed. The market is now one of the freest in Europe. State enterprises were steadily privatized and taxes were cut. However, unlike in Denmark, trade unions blocked job market reforms, causing persistent unemployment and a two-tier job market. Trade unions also blocked social security reform proposals. Finland joined the European Union in 1995. The central bank was given an inflation-targeting mandate until Finland joined the Eurozone.[13] After decades of opposition to free media, MTV3 and other independent medias were given operating permits. Some of the fastest growth was seen in the electronics industry. The GDP growth has since been higher than the OECD median, and Finland has topped many indicators of national performance.
In addition to fast integration with the European Union, safety against Russian leverage has been increased by building a fully NATO-compatible military, even though many politicians publicly oppose NATO. Around 1,000 troops (a high per capita amount) are simultaneously committed in NATO operations in Afghanistan, Balkan and elsewhere. Finland has also opposed energy projects that increase dependency on Moscow.[15] At the same time, Finland remains one of the last non-members in the EU and the only non-member with a Russian border. There seems to be not enough support for full membership unless Sweden joins first, while Sweden does not seem to have support unless Finland joins first.[16] Russian intelligence operations have risen quickly and are now estimated to exceed Cold War levels.[17]
The population is aging with the birth rate at 10.42 births per 1,000 population, or a fertility rate of 1.8.[9] With a median age of 41.6 years, Finland is one of the oldest countries;[18] half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old. Like most European countries, without further reforms or much higher immigration, Finland is expected to struggle with demographics, even though macroeconomic projections are healthier than in most other developed countries.
[edit] Etymology
The name Suomi (Finnish for "Finland") has uncertain origins but a strong candidate for a cognate is the proto-Baltic word *zeme, meaning "land". According to an earlier theory the name was derived from suomaa (fen land) or suoniemi (fen cape).
The exonym Finland has resemblance with, e.g., the Scandinavian placenames Finnmark, Finnveden and hundreds of other toponyms starting with Fin(n) in Sweden and Norway. Some of these names are obviously derived from finnr, a Germanic word for a wanderer/finder and thus supposedly meaning nomadic "hunter-gatherers" or slash and burn agriculturists as opposed to the Germanic sedentary farmers and sea-faring traders and pirates. It is unknown how, why and when Finnr started referring to the people of Finland Proper in particular (from where the name spread from the 15th century onwards to refer to the people of the entire country).
Among the first documents to mention "a land of the Finns" are two rune-stones. There is one in Söderby, Sweden, with the inscription finlont (U 582) and one in Gotland, a Swedish island in the Baltic Sea, with the inscription finlandi (G 319), dating from the 11th century.[19]
[edit] Geography and environment
- See also: List of cities and towns in Finland, List of lakes in Finland, and List of national parks of Finland
[edit] Topography and geology
Finland is a country of thousands of lakes and islands – 187,888 lakes (larger than 500 m²) and 179,584 islands to be precise.[20] One of these lakes, Saimaa, is the fifth largest in Europe. The Finnish landscape is mostly flat with few hills, and its highest point, the Halti at 1,324 meters, is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway.
The landscape is covered mostly (seventy-five percent of land area) by coniferous taiga forests and fens, with little arable land. The most common type of rock is granite. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. Moraine or till is the most common type of soil, covered by a thin layer of humus of biological origin. The greater part of the islands are found in the southwest in the Archipelago Sea, part of the archipelago of the Åland Islands, and along the southern coast in the Gulf of Finland.
Finland is one of the few countries in the world whose surface area is still growing. Owing to the post-glacial rebound that has been taking place since the last ice age, the surface area of the country is growing by about 7 square kilometres (2.7 square miles) a year.[21]
The distance from the most Southern point – Hanko – to the most northern point of Finland – Nuorgam – is 1,445 kilometres (898 miles) (driving distance), which would take approximately 18.5 hours to drive. This is very similar to Great Britain (Land's End to John o' Groats – 1,404 kilometres (872 miles) and 16.5 h).
[edit] Flora and fauna
All terrestrial life in Finland was completely wiped out during the last ice age that ended some 10,000 years ago, following the retreat of the glaciers and the appearance of vegetation.
Today, there are over 1,200 species of vascular plant, 800 bryophytes and 1,000 lichen species in Finland, with flora being richest in the southern parts of the country. Plant life, like most of the Finnish ecology, is well adapted to tolerate the contrasting seasons and extreme weather. Many plant species, such as the Scots Pine, spruce, and birch, spread throughout Finland from Norway and only reached the western coast less than three millennia ago. Oak and maple grows in nature only in the southern part of Finland.
Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over seventy fish species and eleven reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighbouring countries thousands of years ago.
Large and widely recognised wildlife mammals found in Finland are the Brown Bear (the national animal), Gray Wolf, elk (moose) and reindeer. Other common mammals include the Red Fox, Red Squirrel, and Mountain Hare. Some rare and exotic species include the flying squirrel, Golden Eagle, Saimaa Ringed Seal and Arctic fox. Two of the more striking birds are the Whooper Swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland, and the Capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family. The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining due to landscape fragmentation.[22] The most common breeding birds are the Willow Warbler, Chaffinch and Redwing.[23] Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch and others are plentiful. Atlantic salmon remains the favorite of fly rod enthusiasts.
The endangered Saimaa Ringed Seal, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 300 seals today. It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.[24]
Due to hunting and persecution in history, many animals such as the Golden Eagle, Brown Bear and Eurasian Lynx all experienced significant declines in population. However, their numbers have increased again in the 2000s, mainly as a result of careful conservation and the establishment of vast national parks.
[edit] Climate
The climate in Southern Finland is a northern temperate climate. In Northern Finland, particularly in the Province of Lapland, a subarctic climate dominates, characterised by cold, occasionally severe, winters and relatively warm summers. The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent's coastal zone, which shows characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate, depending on the direction of air flow. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream, which explains the unusually warm climate considering the absolute latitude.
A quarter of Finland's territory lies above the Arctic Circle, and as a consequence the midnight sun can be experienced – for more days, the farther north one travels. At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer, and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.
[edit] Demographics
| Population of Finland, 1750–2000[25] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Population | Year | Population |
| 1750 | 421,000 | 1880 | 2,060,800 |
| 1760 | 491,000 | 1890 | 2,380,100 |
| 1770 | 561,000 | 1900 | 2,655,900 |
| 1780 | 663,000 | 1910 | 2,943,400 |
| 1790 | 705,600 | 1920 | 3,147,600 |
| 1800 | 832,700 | 1930 | 3,462,700 |
| 1810 | 863,300 | 1940 | 3,695,617 |
| 1820 | 1,177,500 | 1950 | 4,029,803 |
| 1830 | 1,372,100 | 1960 | 4,446,222 |
| 1840 | 1,445,600 | 1970 | 4,598,336 |
| 1850 | 1,636,900 | 1980 | 4,787,778 |
| 1860 | 1,746,700 | 1990 | 4,998,478 |
| 1870 | 1,768,800 | 2000 | 5,181,000 |
[edit] Population
Finland currently numbers 5,302,778 inhabitants and has an average population density of 17 inhabitants per square kilometre.[1] This makes it, after Norway and Iceland, the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon even more pronounced after 20th century urbanisation. The biggest and most important cities in Finland are the cities of the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area – Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen. Other large cities include Tampere, Turku and Oulu.
The share of immigrants in Finland is among the lowest of the European Union countries. Foreign citizens comprise 2.3 percent of the population.[26] Most of them are from Russia, Estonia and Sweden.[26]
[edit] Language
- See also: Finnish alphabet, Finnish grammar, and Finnish phonology
Most of the Finnish people (92 percent[27]) speak Finnish as their mother tongue. Finnish is a member of the Baltic-Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages and is typologically between inflected and agglutinative languages. It modifies and inflects the forms of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs, depending on their roles in the sentence. In practice, this means that instead of prepositions and prefixes there is a great variety of different suffixes and that compounds form a considerable percentage of the vocabulary of Finnish. It has been estimated that approximately 65–70 percent of all words in Finnish are compounds.[28] A close linguistic relative to the Finnish language is Estonian, which, though similar in many aspects, is not mutually intelligible with it. These languages, together with Hungarian (all members of the Uralic language family), are the primary non-Indo-European languages spoken in Europe. Finland, together with Estonia and Hungary, is one of three independent countries where a Uralic language is spoken by the majority.
The largest minority language is Swedish, which is the second official language in Finland, spoken by 5.5 percent of the population.[27] Other minority languages are Russian (0.8 percent[27]) and Estonian (0.3 percent[27]). To the north, in Lapland, are also the Sami people, numbering around 7,000[29] and recognized as an indigenous people. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue.[3] There are three Sami languages that are spoken in Finland: Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami.[30] Other minority languages are Finnish Romani, Finnish Sign Language (spoken natively by 4,000–5,000 people[31]) and Finland-Swedish Sign Language (spoken natively by about 150 people). The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish-speaking Finns and Romani people) to cherish their culture and language is protected by the constitution.[32]
In a 2005 Eurobarometer survey studying languages of the European Union, 60% percent of residents claimed to know English, 38% claimed to know Swedish, and 17% claimed to know German.[33] Ranking those claiming a knowledge of English, Finland ranked fifth behind Malta, the Netherlands (86%), Sweden (85%), and Denmark (83%). Relatively many Finns knew German, while relatively few knew French or Spanish.
[edit] Religion
- See also: Roman Catholicism in Finland, Judaism in Finland, Islam in Finland, and Hinduism in Finland
Most Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (82.5 percent).[34] A minority belong to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1 percent; see Eastern Orthodox Church). Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church in Finland are significantly smaller, as are the Muslim, Jewish and other non-Christian communities (totaling 1.2 percent). 15.1 percent[35] of the population is unaffiliated. The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are constitutional national churches of Finland with special roles in ceremonies and often in school morning prayers. Politicians to Lutheran Church assemblies are selected in church elections every four years.
Over half of Finns say they pray at least once a month, the highest proportion in Nordics.[36] However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas, weddings and funerals.[37] According to a 2005 Eurobarometer poll, 41 percent of Finnish citizens responded that "they believe there is a god"; 41 percent answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 16 percent that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force".[38]
[edit] Family structure
Finnish family life is centered on the nuclear family. Relations with the extended family are often rather distant, and Finnish people do not form politically significant clans, tribes or similar structures. According to UNICEF, Finland ranks fourth in the world in child well-being.[39]
[edit] Health
There are 307 residents for each doctor.[40] About 18.9 percent of health care is funded directly by households and 76.6 percent by public and other insurances. Finland limits medicine sales to the around 800 licensed pharmacies. Some significant institutions include Ministry of Health and National Public Health Institute.
The life expectancy is 82 years for women and 75 years for men. After having one of the highest death rates from heart disease in the world in the 1970s, improvements in the Finnish diet and exercise have paid off. Finland has exceptionally low smoking rates: 26% for males and 19% for females.[41]
Finland's health problems are similar to other developed countries: circulatory diseases make up about half of all causes of death and cancer is the second most common cause of death.[42]
The total annual consumption of pure alcohol of residents is lower than other European countries, even though heavy drinking is common at parties on the weekend. However, becoming intoxicated has remained the central characteristic of Finnish drinking habits.[43] In the working-age population, diseases or accidents caused by alcohol consumption have recently surpassed coronary artery disease as the biggest single cause of death.[44]
National Public Health Institute claims 54% male obesity and 38% female obesity, while other estimates put obesity rates at 70% and 50%.[45] The rate of diabetes is predicted to grow to 15% by 2015.[45] Finland has the world's highest rate of Type I diabetes. Suicide mortality in Finland has generally been one of the highest in Europe, especially significant among males under 35 years.
Schools teach sports, health and hands-on cooking classes. Finnish schoolchildren have one of the lowest amounts of sport classes in the European Union and according to National Public Health Institute only a third of adults exercise enough.[45]
[edit] Administrative divisions
The state organisation is divided into six administrative provinces (lääni, pl. läänit), though they have little significance.[46] Police, prosecutors, and other state services operate under the administration of the province, which is again divided to admistratively insignificant districts. After 1997 reforms the provinces have been Southern Finland, Western Finland, Eastern Finland, Oulu, Lapland, Åland. The province of Åland Islands is autonomous.
Black borders refer to municipalities, red to regions.
Municipalities (which may also call themselves towns or cities) account for half of public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. As of 2008, there were 415 municipalities and most were under 5,000 residents. In Finland, state has started the Municipality and Service Structure Reform Program to reform the complex and expensive municipal system, but initiatives have encountered much opposition from local bureaucrats and interest groups. People often identify with their municipality.
In addition to municipalities, there are complex other arrangements. Municipalities co-operate in seventy-four sub-regions and twenty regions. These are governed by the member municipalities. The Åland region has a permanent, democratically elected regional council as a part of the autonomy. In the Kainuu region, there is a pilot project underway, with regional elections. Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami Domicile Area in Lapland for issues on language and culture.
In the following chart, the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality (kunta/kommun), not just in the built-up area. The land area is given in km², and the density in inhabitants per km² (land area). The figures are as of January 1, 2007. Notice that the capital region – comprising Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen (see Greater Helsinki) – forms a continuous conurbation of one million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council.
| Municipality | Population | Land area | Density |
|---|---|---|---|
| Helsinki | 564,474 | 184.47 | 3,061.00 |
| Espoo | 235,100 | 312.00 | 751.60 |
| Tampere | 206,171 | 523.40 | 393.90 |
| Vantaa | 189,442 | 240.54 | 780.40 |
| Turku | 177,502 | 243.40 | 720.50 |
| Oulu | 130,049 | 369.43 | 351.40 |
| Lahti | 98,773 | 134.95 | 730.10 |
| Kuopio | 91,026 | 1,127.40 | 81.00 |
| Jyväskylä | 84,482 | 105.90 | 789.00 |
| Pori | 76,211 | 503.17 | 150.83 |
| Lappeenranta | 59,077 | 758.00 | 77.70 |
| Rovaniemi | 58,100 | 7,600.73 | 7.60 |
| Joensuu | 57,879 | 1,173.40 | 49.10 |
| Vaasa | 57,266 | 183.00 | 311.20 |
| Kotka | 54,860 | 270.74 | 203.00 |
- Further information: List of Finnish municipalities, List of Finnish municipalities by population, List of Finnish municipalities by area, and Former municipalities of Finland
[edit] State-level politics and administration
[edit] Politics
- See also: List of political parties in Finland
The Constitution of Finland defines the political system. Finland is a representative democracy with a semi-presidential parliamentary. Aside from state-level politics, residents use their vote in municipal elections and in the European Union elections.
According to the Constitution, the President is the head of state and responsible for foreign policy (which excludes affairs related to the European Union) in cooperation with the cabinet. Other powers include Commander-in-Chief, decree, and appointive powers. Direct vote is used to elect the president for a term of six years and maximum two consecutive terms. The current president is Tarja Halonen (SDP).
The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland exercises the supreme legislative authority in Finland. The parliament may alter laws, the constitution, bring about the resignation of the Council of State, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation. Proportional vote in multi-seat constituencies is used to elect the parliament for a term of four years. The Speaker of Parliament, the first person in the presidential line of succession, is currently Sauli Niinistö (National Coalition Party). The cabinet (the Finnish Council of State) exercises most executive powers. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland and includes other ministers and the Chancellor of Justice. Parliament majority decides its composition and a vote of no confidence can be used to modify it. The current prime minister is Matti Vanhanen (Centre Party).
Since equal and common suffrage was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union), National Coalition Party, and Social Democrats, which have approximately equal support, and represent 65–80 percent of voters. After 1944 Communists were a factor to consider for a few decades. The relative strengths of the parties vary only slightly in the elections due to the proportional election from multi-member districts, but there are some visible long-term trends. The autonomous Åland islands has separate elections, where Liberals for Åland was the largest party in 2007 elections.
After the parliamentary elections on March 18, 2007, the seats were divided among eight parties as follows:
| Party | Seats | Net Gain/Loss | % of seats | % of votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre Party | 51 | –4 ▼ | 25.5 | 23.1 |
| National Coalition Party | 51 | +10 ▲ | 25.0 | 22.3 |
| Social Democratic Party | 45 | –8 ▼ | 22.5 | 21.4 |
| Left Alliance | 17 | –2 ▼ | 8.5 | 8.8 |
| Green League | 14 | +1 ▲ | 7.5 | 8.5 |
| Swedish People's Party | 9 | +1 ▲ | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| Christian Democrats | 7 | 0 ▬ | 3.5 | 4.9 |
| True Finns | 5 | +2 ▲ | 2.5 | 4.1 |
| Others | 1* | 0 ▬ | 0.5 | 2.4 |
* Province of Åland representative.
[edit] Judicial system and law enforcement
The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with responsibility for litigation between the individuals and the administrative organs of the state and the communities. Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense, civil law or Roman law. Its court system consists of local courts, regional appellate courts, and the Supreme Court. The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts and the Supreme Administrative Court. In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a High Court of Impeachment for criminal charges against certain high-ranking offices.
A general court of first instance (käräjäoikeus) has professional judges and in complex cases, includes non-professional lay judges (lautamies) appointed by municipal councils. Administrative courts, appeals courts and supreme courts consist of professional judges only. Like the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, Finland has no constitutional court, and courts may not strike down laws or pronounce on their constitutionality. In principle, the constitutionality of laws in Finland is verified by parliament's constitutional committee and a simple vote in the parliament.
Around 92% of residents are confident in Finland's security institutions.[47] Crime in Finland has some unique features. The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the highest homicide rate in Western Europe.[48] Crime is prevalent among lower educational groups and is often committed by intoxicated persons. A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offences such as speeding. Fines and jail sentences tend to be among the world's lowest, with an official emphasis on rehabilitation.
Finland has successfully fought against the corruption which was larger in the 1970s and 1980s.[49] For instance, economic reforms and EU membership introduced stricter requirements for open bidding and many public monopolies were abolished.[49] Today Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupted countries. Also, Finland's public records are among the world's most transparent. In one court case, a line was drawn when judge was convicted for accepting a 10-euro lunch. Finland has not implemented central corruption monitoring systems or agencies recommended by GRECO, citing that local corruption is too small. However, Finland is not totally free from corruption. Even some famous irregularities in the municipal sector rarely lead to investigations.
Finland has strict libel standards, and in one case a blogger was convicted for incitement to hatred when referring to statistics about an ethnic group. The voluntary Internet censorship list, similar to other Nordic countries, is classified "nominal" censorship by the ONI. Nevertheless, Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007 edition ranked Finland (along with Belgium and Sweden) fifth out of 169 countries.
[edit] Foreign relations
According to the latest constitution of 2000, the President (currently Tarja Halonen) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government (currently Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen and Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb), except that the government leads EU affairs. In surveys, most diplomats and foreign policy experts consider the current constitution flawed because it is often unclear who is in charge.[50] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs implements the foreign policy.
During the Cold War, Finland conducted its foreign policy in association with the Soviet Union and simultaneously stressed Nordic cooperation (as a member of the Nordic Council). After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland freed itself from the last restrictions imposed on it by the Paris peace treaties of 1947 and the Finno-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance. Although opposed by socialists and agrarians, the government filed an EU membership application three months after the dissolution of the USSR and became a member in 1995. Unlike all other post-Soviet countries in the Baltic sea and elsewhere, Finland did not attempt to join NATO, and even opposed defence cooperation.
President Martti Ahtisaari and the coalition governments led Finland closer to the core EU in the late 1990s. Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.[50] This was reversed in the 2000s, when the socialist-wing trio of Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defense. This received some criticism, because many considered that Finland would have been the largest beneficiary of defense cooperation.[50] However, Halonen allowed Finland to join European Union Battlegroups in 2006 and the NATO Response Force in 2008. Relations with most countries except Russia have been good.
Relations with Russia are cordial and common issues include bureaucracy (particularly at the Vaalimaa border crossing), airspace violations, development aid Finland gives to Russia (especially in environmental problems that affect Finland), and Finland's energy dependency on Russian gas and electricity. Behind the scenes, the administration has witnessed a resurrection of Soviet-era tactics. The National Security Agency, SUPO, estimates that the known number of Russian agents from SVR and GRU now exceeds Cold War levels and there are unknown numbers of others.[51] Old methods such as KGB-style connections have been restored. Internet brigades target Finnish Internet forums. To combat Russian agents' connections with Finnish politicians, Finland has limited the time Russian diplomats can stay in the country. Analysts have hinted worry about Finland's ability to maintain sovereignty, for instance, if Russian leadership decides to start a crisis such as the ones experienced in Estonia and elsewhere in the Eastern Europe. Socialists are more willing to formulate policy based on Russia's preferences and maintain that NATO should be just an "option" or strongly rejected, though there is a small pro-NATO socialist opposition. Some socialists and agrarians want to exit the EU.[52] Right-wing politicians are more supportive of integration, with the current Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb one of the most pro-EU politicians in Finnish history and one of the first Finnish politicians to have openly supported NATO membership. After socialist parties lost elections in 2007, the term "non-allied" was dropped from the official policy publication (replicated by Sweden just months later).[50]
The electorate is polarized between internationalists and isolationists. Support for international cooperation, global markets, and European integration is common among the young, right-wing, urban electorate.[53][52] Nevertheless, the old, left-wing, rural electorate contributes to Finland's extraordinary levels of opposition to the EU, NATO, and immigration.[53][52] Studies indicate that few have knowledge about the EU or NATO, and many of the electorate's conceptions date back to the Soviet Era when both were opposed as too Western institutions. Critics sometimes call the current political era a "paused era".[50]
[edit] Defence Forces
- See also: Military history of Finland and List of Finnish wars
The Finnish Defence Forces is a cadre army of 16,500, of which 8,700 are professional soldiers (officers), with a standard readiness strength of 34,700 people in uniform (27,300 Army, 3,000 Navy, and 4,400 Air Force). A universal male conscription is in place, under which all men above 18 years of age serve for 6, 9, 11 (unarmed service) or 12 months. Alternative non-military service and volunteer service by women (chosen by around 500 annually[54]) are possible.
Finland is the only non-NATO EU country bordering Russia. Finland's official policy states that the 350,000 reservists with mostly ground weaponry are a sufficient deterrent. The military strategy is to hide in forests when attacked, perhaps abandon some regions, and attempt to defeat the enemy from forests in planned places.[55] Most military experts call for NATO membership, but are careful to avoid politics. Finland's defence budget equals about 2 billion euro or 1.4–1.6 percent of the GDP. In international comparisons the defense expenditure is around the third highest in the EU.[56] The voluntary overseas service is highly popular and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO and EU missions. Residents claim around 80% homeland defense willingness, one of the highest rates in Europe.[55]
The Finnish Defence Forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence (currently Juhani Kaskeala), who is directly subordinate to the President of the Republic in matters related to the military command. The military branches are the Finnish Army, Finnish Navy and Finnish Air Force. The Border Guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required by defence readiness.
[edit] Economy
- See also: List of Finnish companies and Helsinki Stock Exchange
Finland has a highly industrialized, free-market economy with a per capita output equal to that of other western economies such as France, Germany, Sweden or the UK. The largest sector of the economy is services at 65.7 percent, followed by manufacturing and refining at 31.4 percent. Primary production is at 2.9 percent.[57] With respect to foreign trade, the key economic sector is manufacturing. The largest industries[58] are electronics (21.6 percent), machinery, vehicles and other engineered metal products (21.1 percent), forest industry (13.1 percent), and chemicals (10.9 percent). Finland has timber and several mineral and freshwater resources. Forestry, paper factories, and the agricultural sector (on which taxpayers spend around 2 billion euro annually) are politically sensitive to rural residents. The Greater Helsinki area generates around a third of GDP. In a 2004 OECD comparison, high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland. Knowledge-intensive services have also ranked the smallest and slow-growth sectors – especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing – second largest after Ireland. Investment was below expected.[59] Overall short-term outlook was good and GDP growth has been above many EU peers.
As an economic environment, Finland's judiciary is efficient and effective. Finland is highly open to investment and free trade. Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas, although there is a heavy tax burden and inflexible job market. Finland is ranked 16th (ninth in Europe) in the 2008 Index of Economic Freedom.[60] Recently, Finland has topped the patents per capita statistics, and overall productivity growth has been strong in areas such as electronics. While the manufacturing sector is thriving, OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.[61] The data-based IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007 ranked Finland 17th most competitive, next to Germany, and lowest of the Nordics.[62] The World Economic Forum report, based on loose opinion polls, has ranked Finland the most competitive country.[63] The central government has officially given many promised such as emphasis on information technology, but critics question the central government's competency to deliver much. For instance, Finland did not have an Internet-based tax filing system as of 2007.[64] Finland is one of the most fiscally responsible EU countries. Inflation has been low, averaging 1.8 percent between 2004 and 2006.
Finland is highly integrated in the global economy, and international trade is a third of GDP. The European Union makes 60 percent of the total trade. The largest trade flows are with Germany, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, USA, Netherlands and China. Trade policy is managed by the European Union, where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters, except for agriculture. Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone.
[edit] Income and consumption
Notable companies in Finland include Nokia, the market leader in mobile telephony; Stora Enso, the largest paper manufacturer in the world; Neste Oil, an oil refining and marketing company; UPM-Kymmene, the third largest paper manufacturer in the world; Aker Finnyards, the manufacturer of the world's largest cruise ships (such as Royal Caribbean's Freedom of the Seas); Instrumentarium Imaging, the creator of the Orthopantomograph (Pan X-Ray machine) and world innovative leader of dental imaging systems and software.; KONE, a manufacturer of elevators and escalators; Wärtsilä, a producer of power plants and ship engines; and Finnair, the largest Helsinki-Vantaa based international airline.[65] Finland has sophisticated financial markets comparable to UK in efficiency.[60] The largest foreign-headquartered companies included names such as ABB, Tellabs, Carlsberg, and Siemens.[66]
Finland has approximately 1.8 million private sector workers, who make an average 25.1 euro per hour (before the approximately 60% median tax wedge) in 2007.[67] In 2003 residents worked a high average of 10 years for the same employer.[68] 62 percent worked for small and medium-size enterprises.[69] Female employment rate was relatively high, perhaps affected by the individual taxation (as opposed to family taxation) and other policies. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions was higher than in the US.[70] In 1999 the proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD.[70]
Unemployment rate was 6.8% and employment rate 68% in early 2008.[71] Unlike in Sweden, where pension savers can manage their investments, in Finland employer chooses a pension fund for the employee. The pension funding rate is much higher than in most Western European countries, but still only a portion of is funded and pensions exclude health insurances and other unaccounted promises.[72] Directly held public debt has been reduced to around 32 percent in 2007.[73] In 2007, the average household savings rate was -3.8 and household debt 101 percent of annual disposable income, a typical level in Europe.[74]
In 2006, around 2,381,500 households resided in Finland and the average size was 2.1 persons. Around 40 percent of households consisted of a single person, 32 percent two persons and 28 percent three or more persons. There were 1.2 million residential buildings in Finland and the average residential space was 38 square meters per person. The average residential property (without land) cost 1,187 euro per sq metre (without land) and residential land on 8.6 euro per sq metre. Consumer energy prices were 8-12 euro per kilowatt hour.[75] 74 percent of households had a car. There were 2.5 million cars and 0.4 other vehicles.[76] Around 92 percent has mobile phone and 58 percent Internet connection at home. The average total household consumption was 20,000 euro, out of which housing at around 5500 euro, transport at around 3000 euro, food and beverages excluding alcoholic at around 2500 euro, recreation and culture at around 2000 euro. Upper-level white-collar households (409,653) consumed an average 27,456 euro, lower-level white-collar households (394,313) 20,935 euro, and blue-collar households (471,370) 19,415 euro euro.[77]
[edit] Education, science and technology
- See also: List of universities in Finland
Even though many or most schools were started as private schools, today only around 3% students are enrolled in private schools (mostly Helsinki-based schools such as SYK) compared to around 8% in Sweden, 10% in the US, and 70% in Netherlands.[78] Pre-school education is rare compared to other EU countries. Formal education is usually started at the age of 7. The primary school takes normally 6 years, the lower secondary school 3 years, and most schools are managed by municipal officials. The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and the Education Board. Attendance is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 16, and free meals are served. According to PISA assessments of the age group 15, students had high average results and low variation between schools or students.[79] McKinsey has attributed the result distribution to high teacher education (Master's degree), high continuing teacher training, and emphasis on laggards. Homogeneous population may also contribute.[80] After lower secondary school, students apply to further studies. Trade schools prepare for professions, though they can be used to enter tertiary education as well. Academically-oriented Gymnasiums prepare for Abitur and further tertiary education.
In tertiary education, two, mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented higher vocational schools and the research-oriented universities. Finns used to take student loans and scholarships, but for the past decades the financial risk has been moved solely to the government. There are 20 universities and 30 polytechnics in the country. The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education #1 in the world.[81] Around 33% of residents has a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan(37%).[82]
Finnish researchers are leading contributors to such fields as forest improvement, new materials, the environment, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology and communications.[83]
[edit] Energy
- See also: Nordic energy market
- See also: Nuclear power in Finland
Anyone can enter the free and largely privately-owned Nordic energy market traded in Nord Pool exchange, which has provided competitive prices compared to other EU countries.
In 2006, the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 gigawatts in winter. Industry and construction consumed 51% of total consumption.[84][85] Finland's hydrocarbon resources are limited to peat and wood, while neighboring Norway has oil and Estonia oil shale. Finland has little hydropower capacity compared to Sweden or Norway. Most energy demand is satisfied with fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. Finland has four privately-owned nuclear reactors producing 18 percent of the country's energy.,[86] one research reactor in Otaniemi campus, and the fifth AREVA-Siemens-built reactor – the world's largest at 1600 MWe and a focal point of Europe's nuclear industry – is scheduled to be operational by 2011. Renewable energy forms (industrial and consumer wood, peat, industrial residue, garbage) make high 25 percent compared to the EU average 10 percent. A varying amount (5–17 percent) of electricity has been imported from Russia (at around 3 gigawatt power line capacity), Sweden and Norway. A new submarine power cable from Russia has been considered a national security issue and one permit application has already been rejected.
Finland negotiated itself expensive Kyoto and EU emission terms. They are causing a sharp increase in energy prices and 1-2 billion euro annual cost, amplified by the aging and soon commissioned capacity.[87] Nuclear power is by far the most inexpensive energy form and energy companies are already ready to file applications for several new reactors. Each reactor requires a permit from the parliament, where The Green League and a sect of The Centre Party are particularly opposed, and the discussion about the permit can take years. Some industries are excepted to exit because of the rising energy costs.
[edit] Transportation
The extensive road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. As of 2005, the country's network of main roads has a total length of 13,258 km and all public roads 78,186 km, of which 50,616 km are paved. The motorway network totals 653 km. The annual road network expenditure of around 1 billion euro is paid with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around 1.5 billion euro and 1 billion euro.
The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki-Vantaa Airport with over 13 million passengers in 2007. About 25 airports have scheduled passenger services. Many airports are semi-privatized. The Helsinki-Vantaa based Finnair (known for an Asia-focused strategy), Blue1 and Finncomm Airlines sell air services both domestically and internationally. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle routes between Western Europe and the Far East. Hence, many international travelers visit Helsinki on a stop-over between Asia and Europe.
Despite low population density, taxpayers spend annually around 350 million euro in maintaining 5,865 km railway tracks even to many rural towns. Operations are privatized and currently the only operator is VR. It has 5 percent passenger market share (out of which 80 percent are urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25 percent cargo market share.[88] Helsinki has an urban rail network.
The majority of international cargo utilizes ports. Port logistics prices are low. Vuosaari harbour is the largest container port after completion in 2008. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, Sweden and several other destination. The busy Helsinki-Tallinn route is also served by a helicopter line.
[edit] Nordic model
- See also: Nordic model
Finnish politicians have often emulated other Nordics and the Nordic model.[89] Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.[89]
Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets. According to OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark). Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe.[89] The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.[90] For instance, starting a business takes an average of 14 days, compared to the world average of 43 days and Denmark's average of 6 days. Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honored.[60] Finland is rated one of the least corrupted countries in Corruption Perceptions Index. Finland is rated 13th in the Ease of Doing Business Index. It indicates exceptional ease to trade across borders (5th), enforce contracts (7th), and close a business (5th), and exceptional hardship to employ workers (127th) and pay taxes (83rd).[91]
According to OECD, the job market is the most inflexible among Nordic countries.[89] Finland increased job market regulation in the 1970s to provide stability to manufacturers. In the 90s, Denmark liberalized its job market, Sweden moved to more decentralized contracts, and Finnish trade unions blocked most reforms. Finnish law forces all workers to obey the lengthy and bureaucracy-imposing country-wide contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession (copy machinist, metallurgical engineer, etc.) and seniority level, usually in Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement.[89] Along with tax rates, the system is a key contributor to unemployment and distorted prices, and possibly slows down structural change as there are less incentives to acquire better skills.[59][89] Trade unions have traditionally lobbied for anti-immigrant policies, but Finland has now made some effort to improve the economy's competitiveness and marketing as a destination for skilled workers.
The middle income worker suffers from a nearly 60 percent tax wedge[89] and effective marginal tax rates are very high.[59] Value-added tax is 22 percent for most items. Capital gains tax and corporate tax are 26 percent, about the EU median. Property taxes are low, but there is a stamp duty of 4% for home sellers.[59] Alcoholic beverages are separately taxed and highly restricted. For instance, McKinsey estimates that a worker has to pay around 1600 euro for another's 400 euro service[92] - restricting service supply and demand - though some taxation is avoided in the black market and self-service culture. Another study by Karlson, Johansson & Johnsson estimates that the percentage of the buyer’s income entering the service vendor’s wallet (inverted tax wedge) is slightly over 15%, compared to 10% in Belgium, 25% in France, 40% in Switzerland and 50% in the United States.[93] Tax cuts have been in every post-depression government's agenda and the overall tax burden is now around 43% of GDP compared to 51.1% in Sweden, 34.7% in Germany, 33.5% in Canada, and 30.5% in Ireland.[94] State and municipal politicians have struggled to cut their consumption, which is very high at 51.7% of GDP compared to 56.6% in Sweden, 46.9 in Germany, 39.3 in Canada, and 33.5% in Ireland.[60] Much of the taxes are spent on public sector employees, many of which are jobs-for-life and amount to 124,000 state employees and 430,000 municipal employees.[59] That is 113 per 1000 residents (over a quarter of workforce) compared to 74 in the US, 70 in Germany, and 42 in Japan (8% of workforce).[95] The Economist Intelligence Unit's ranking for Finland's e-readiness is high at 13th, compared to 1st for United States, 3rd for Sweden, 5th for Denmark, and 14th for Germany. Also, early and generous retirement schemes have contributed to high pension costs.[59] Social spending such as health or education is around OECD median.[59] Social transfers are also around OECD median. In 2001 Finland's outsourced proportion of spending was below Sweden's and above most other Western European countries. Outsourcing to free market has saved costs and increased customer satisfaction. For instance, Finland's health care is more bureaucrat-managed than in most Western European countries, though many use private insurance or cash to enjoy private clinics. Better access to private services is is very popular among voters and small reforms toward more equal marketplace have been made in 2007-2008.[96] In education, child nurseries, and elderly nurseries private competition is bottom-ranking compared to Sweden and most other Western countries.[89] Some public monopolies such Alko remain, and are sometimes challenged by the European Union.
[edit] Tourism
In 2005, Finnish tourism grossed over €6.7 billion with a five percent increase from the previous year. Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the globalisation and modernisation of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness. There are many attractions in Finland which attracted over 4 million visitors in 2005.
The Finnish landscape is covered with thick pine forests, rolling hills and complemented with a labyrinth of lakes and inlets. Much of Finland is pristine and virgin as it contains 35 national parks from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland. It is also an urbanised region with many cultural events and activities.
Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region, including Helsinki, Turku, Tallinn, Stockholm and Travemünde, play a significant role in the local tourism industry. Finland is regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus, living in the northern Lapland region. Above the Arctic Circle, there is a polar night, a period when the sun doesn't rise for days or weeks, or even months. Lapland, the extreme north of Finland, is so far north that the Aurora Borealis, atmospheric fluorescence, is seen regularly in winter.
Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing, golf, fishing, yachting, lake cruises, hiking, kayaking among many others. At Finland's northernmost point, in the heart of summer, the Sun does not completely set for 73 consecutive days. Wildlife is abundant in Finland. Bird-watching is popular for those fond of flying fauna, however hunting is also popular. Elk, reindeer and hare are all common game in Finland. There are many churches, cathedrals, museums and castles. Olavinlinna in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival. The capital city of Helsinki, on the other hand, is famous for its Grand Duchy era architecture, which resembles that of imperial St. Petersburg.
[edit] Culture
Throughout Finland's prehistory and history, cultural contacts and influences have concurrently, or at varying times, come from all directions. As a result of 600 years of Swedish rule, Swedish cultural influences are still notable. Today, cultural influences from North America are prominent. Into the twenty-first century, many Finns have contacted cultures from distantly abroad, such as with those in Asia and Africa. Beyond tourism, Finnish youth in particular have been increasing their contact with peoples from outside Finland by travelling abroad to both work and study.
There are still differences between regions, especially minor differences in accents and vocabulary. Minorities, such as the Sami, Finland Swedes, Romani, and Tatar, maintain their own cultural characteristics. Many Finns are emotionally connected to the countryside and nature, as urbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon.
[edit] Literature
Though Finnish written language could be said to exist since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish in the sixteenth century as a result of the Protestant Reformation, few notable works of literature were written until the nineteenth century, which saw the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement. This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi and Eino Leino.
After Finland became independent there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously Mika Waltari. Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939 – so far the only one for a Finnish author. The second World War prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna. Literature in modern Finland is in a healthy state, with detective stories enjoying a particular boom of popularity. Ilkka Remes, a Finnish author of thrillers, is very popular.
[edit] Visual arts
- See also: List of Finnish architects
Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design. Finland's best-known sculptor of the twentieth century was Wäinö Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures. Finnish architecture is famous around the world. Among the top of the twentieth century Finnish architects to win international recognition are Eliel Saarinen (designer of the widely recognised Helsinki Central railway station and many other public works) and his son Eero Saarinen. Alvar Aalto, who helped bring the functionalist architecture to Finland, is also famous for his work in furniture and glassware.
[edit] Music
[edit] Folk music
Much of the music of Finland is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs, less influenced by Germanic influence, in contrast to Finland's position between the East and the West. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades, and has become a part of popular music.
Sami music
The people of northern Finland, Sweden and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called Joik. The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect.
[edit] Classical and opera
The first Finnish opera was written by the German composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote Maamme/Vårt land (Our Land), Finland's national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo. He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed Finlandia, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation.
Today, Finland has a very lively classical music scene. Finnish classical music has only existed for about a hundred years, and many of the important composers are still alive, such as Magnus Lindberg, Kaija Saariaho, Aulis Sallinen and Einojuhani Rautavaara. The composers are accompanied with a large number of great conductors such as Sakari Oramo, Mikko Franck, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Osmo Vänskä, Jukka-Pekka Saraste, Susanna Mälkki and Leif Segerstam. Some of the internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians are Karita Mattila, Soile Isokoski, Kari Kriikku, Pekka Kuusisto, Réka Szilvay and Linda Brava.
[edit] Popular music
Modern Finnish popular music includes a renowned heavy metal music scene, in common with other Nordic countries, as well as a number of prominent rock bands, jazz musicians, hip hop performers, and dance music acts such as Bomfunk MCs and Darude. Finnish electronic music such as the Sähkö Recordings record label enjoys underground acclaim. Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning hit) is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentinean music, is also popular. One of the most productive composers of popular music was Toivo Kärki, and the most famous singer Olavi Virta (1915–1972). Among the lyricists, Sauvo Puhtila (born 1928), Reino Helismaa (died 1965) and Veikko "Vexi" Salmi are the most remarkable authors. The composer and bandleader Jimi Tenor is well known for his brand of retro-funk music.
[edit] Dance music
Notable Finnish dance and electronic music artists include Jori Hulkkonen, Darude, JS16, DJ Proteus and DJ Orkidea.
[edit] Rock and heavy metal music
Finnish rock-music scene emerged in 1960s with pioneers such as Blues Section and Kirka. In the 1970s Finnish rock musicians started to write their own music instead of translating international hits in Finnish. During the decade some progressive rock groups, such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam, gained respect abroad but failed to make commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of rock and roll group Hurriganes. Finnish punk scene produced some internationally respected names including Terveet Kädet in 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s-glam rock act that left perhaps deeper mark in the history of popular music than any other Finnish group giving inspiration for Guns N' Roses.
In 1990s Finnish rock and metal music started to get international fame with such bands as The 69 Eyes, Amorphis, Children of Bodom, Ensiferum, Wintersun, Entwine, HIM, Impaled Nazarene, Lordi, Lullacry, Negative, Nightwish,The Rasmus, Sentenced, Sonata Arctica, and Stratovarius. In the later 1990s the cello metal group Apocalyptica played Metallica cover versions as cello quartettos and sold half a million records worldwide. Some of the Finland's most domestically popular rock groups are CMX and Eppu Normaali.
In 2000s also Finnish rock bands started to sell well internationally. The Rasmus finally captured Europe (and other places, like South America) in 2000s. Their 2003 album Dead Letters sold 1.5 million units worldwide and garnered them eight gold and five platinum album designations. But so far the most successful Finnish band in the United States is HIM; they were the first band from Finland to ever sell an album that was certified gold by the RIAA. Most recently, the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal music band Lordi won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest with a record 292 points, giving Finland its first ever victory, and the band Nightwish has sold world wide with their album Dark Passion Play. As of 2008, Finland has, according to some surveys, the most heavy metal bands in the world per-capita.[97]
Tuska Open Air Metal Festival, one of the largest open-air heavy metal music festivals in the world, is held annually in Kaisaniemi, Helsinki.[98] Ruisrock and Provinssirock are the most famous rock festivals held in Finland.
[edit] Cinema
- See also: List of Finnish films
In film industry, famous directors include Aki Kaurismäki, Timo Koivusalo, Aleksi Mäkelä and Klaus Härö. Hollywood film director/producer Renny Harlin (born Lauri Mauritz Harjola) was born in Finland.
[edit] Media and communications
- See also: Communications in Finland, List of newspapers in Finland, and List of Finnish television stations
Until economic liberalization in the early 90s, media and communications were highly restricted. Self-censorship was common among allowed newspapers and private television channels were not allowed at all until 1993. Today there are 200 newspapers; 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines and 67 commercial radio stations, with one nationwide, five national public service radio channels, three digital radio channels. Each year around twelve feature films are made, 12,000 book titles published and 12 million records sold.[99]
SanomaWSOY publishes the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat (the circulation of 434,000 making it the largest newspaper), the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat, and the television channel Nelonen. The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines, including newspaper Aamulehti, tabloid Iltalehti and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti. Finns, along with other Nordic people and the Japanese, spend the most time in the world reading newspapers. The politically-controlled National Broadcasting Company YLE has five television channels and 13 radio channels in two national languages. YLE is funded through a mandatory license for television owners and fees for private broadcasters. In the 1990s politicians made a controversial decision to transform to a digital television standard, which has now been completed. The most popular television channel MTV3 and the most popular radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus Industrier). International newspapers such as Aftonbladet or Financial Times are available, but according to the sole importer the readership is only around 600,000 copies per year or around 2,000 on average day.[100]
Around 79 percent of the population use the Internet.[101] Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants.[102] All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet and a few computers. Most residents have a mobile phone. It's used mostly for contact and value-added services are rare.[103]
[edit] Cuisine
Traditional Finnish cuisine is a combination of European, Fennoscandian and Western Russian elements; table manners are European. The food is generally simple, fresh and healthy. Fish, meat, berries and ground vegetables are typical ingredients whereas spices are not common due to their historical unavailability. In years past, Finnish food often varied from region to region, most notably between the west and east. In coastal and lakeside villages, fish was a main feature of cooking, whereas in the eastern and also northern regions, vegetables and reindeer were more common. The prototypical breakfast is oatmeal or other continental-style foods such as bread. Lunch is usually a full warm meal, served by a canteen at workplaces. Dinner is eaten at around 17.00 to 18.00 at home.
Modern Finnish cuisine combines country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary continental cooking style. Today, spices are a prominent ingredient in many modern Finnish recipes, having been adopted from the east and west in recent decades.
[edit] Public holidays
- See also: Flag days in Finland
All official holidays in Finland are established by acts of Parliament. The official holidays can be divided into Christian and secular holidays, although some of the Christian holidays have replaced holidays of pagan origin. The main Christian holidays are Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, Ascension Day, Pentecost, and All Saints Day. The secular holidays are New Year's Day, May Day, Midsummer Day, and the Independence Day. Christmas is the most extensively celebrated holiday: usually at least 23rd to 26th of December are holidays.
In addition to this, all Sundays are official holidays, but they are not as important as the special holidays. The names of the Sundays follow the liturgical calendar and they can be categorised as Christian holidays. When the standard working week in Finland was reduced to 40 hours by an act of Parliament, it also meant that all Saturdays became a sort of de facto public holidays, though not official ones. Easter Sunday and Pentecost are Sundays that form part of a main holiday and they are preceded by a kind of special Saturdays. Retail stores are prohibited by law from doing business on Sundays, except during the summer months (May through August) and in the pre-Christmas season (November and December). Business locations that have less than 400 square metres of floor space are allowed Sunday business throughout the year, with the exception of official holidays and certain Sundays, such as Mother's Day and Father's Day.
[edit] Sports
Various sporting events are popular in Finland. Pesäpallo (reminiscent of baseball) is the national sport of Finland, although the most popular sports in Finland in terms of media coverage are Formula One, ice hockey and football. The Finnish national ice hockey team is considered one of the best in the world. During the past century there has been a rivalry in sporting between Finland and Sweden, mostly in ice hockey and athletics (Finland-Sweden athletics international). Jari Kurri and Teemu Selänne are the two Finnish-born ice hockey players to have scored 500 goals in their NHL careers. Football is also popular in Finland, though the national football team has never qualified for a finals tournament of the World Cup or the European Championships. Jari Litmanen and Sami Hyypiä are the most internationally renowned of the Finnish football players.
Relative to its population, Finland has been a top country in the world in automobile racing, measured by international success. Finland has produced three Formula One World Champions – Keke Rosberg (Williams, 1982), Mika Häkkinen (McLaren, 1998 and 1999) and Kimi Räikkönen (Ferrari, 2007). Along with Räikkönen, the other Finnish Formula One driver currently active is Heikki Kovalainen (McLaren). Rosberg's son, Nico Rosberg (Williams), is also currently driving, but under his mother's German nationality. Other notable Finnish Grand Prix drivers include Leo Kinnunen, JJ Lehto and Mika Salo. Finland has also produced most of the world's best rally drivers, including the ex-WRC World Champion drivers Marcus Grönholm, Juha Kankkunen, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Timo Salonen and Ari Vatanen. The only Finn to have won a road racing World Championship, Jarno Saarinen, was killed in 1973 while racing.
Among winter sports, Finland has been the most successful country in ski jumping, with former ski jumper Matti Nykänen being arguably the best ever in that sport. Most notably, he won five Olympic medals (four gold) and nine World Championships medals (five gold). Among currently active Finnish ski jumpers, Janne Ahonen has been the most successful. Kalle Palander is a well-known alpine skiing winner, who won the World Championship and Crystal Ball (twice, in Kitzbühel). Tanja Poutiainen has won an Olympic silver medal for alpine skiing, as well as multiple FIS World Cup races.
Some of the most outstanding athletes from the past include Hannes Kolehmainen (1890–1966), Paavo Nurmi (1897–1973) and Ville Ritola (1896–1982) who won eighteen gold and seven silver Olympic medals in the 1910s and 1920s. They are also considered to be the first of a generation of great Finnish middle and long-distance runners (and subsequently, other great Finnish sportsmen) often named the "Flying Finns". Another long-distance runner, Lasse Virén (born 1949), won a total of four gold medals during the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics.
Also, in the past, Riku Kiri, Jouko Ahola and Janne Virtanen have been the greatest strength athletes in the country, participating in the World's Strongest Man competition between 1993 and 2000.
The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were held in 1952 in Helsinki, Finland. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics, among others.
Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include floorball, Nordic walking, running, cycling and skiing.
[edit] Finnishness
- List of Finns
- Suuret suomalaiset – a list of the "100 Greatest Finns" of all time as voted by the Finnish people in 2004.
Below are listed some of the characteristics of Finnishness. The term "Finnishness" is often referred to as the national identity of the Finnish people and its culture.
-
Finnish Maiden a figure of national personification symbolising Finland Kalevala the national epic of Finland, and Finnish mythology in general Kantele traditional musical instrument Mämmi traditional Easter food Kalakukko traditional Savonian food Mustamakkara traditional blood sausage from Tampere Karelian pasties traditional pasties from the region of Karelia Joulupukki Father Christmas/Santa Claus Jean Sibelius one of the most popular national figures (composer of the symphonic poem Finlandia) Sauna a Finnish national institution (see also Finnish sauna) Sisu will, determination, perseverance, mental fortitude Perkele swear word (see Finnish profanity) Puukko traditional Finnish style woodcraft belt-knife Talkoot community work Ice swimming swimming in a body of water with a frozen crust of ice Nordic walking a recreational sport first popularized in Finland Salmiakki salty liquorice Sahti traditional beer Koskenkorva Finnish vodka Reilu meininki fair play Flying Finn a nickname given to notable Finnish sportsmen (originated with Olympic medalist Hannes Kolehmainen)
[edit] See also
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[edit] International rankings
- The following list contains international comparisons of national performance. The list has a maximum of three years per survey. For a more complete list, see International rankings of Finland.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c The current population of Finland. Population Register Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-16.
- ^ "Republic of Finland", or "Suomen tasavalta" in Finnish and "Republiken Finland" in Swedish, is the long protocol name, which is not defined by the law. Legislation only recognizes the short name.
- ^ a b The population of Finland in 2006. Statistics Finland (2006-12-31). Retrieved on 2007-09-04.
- ^ Finland: World Audit Democracy Profile. WorldAudit.org. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
- ^ The Rock paintings of Astuvansalmi at Ristiina. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (UNESCO). Retrieved on 2007-01-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g Growth and Equity in Finland, World Bank
- ^ From slash-and-burn fields to post-industrial society - 90 years of change in industrial structure
- ^ Hidden help from across the Atlantic, Helsingin Sanomat
- ^ a b c d Population development in independent Finland - greying Baby Boomers
- ^ a b c d A Concise History of Finland (Cambridge Concise Histories)
- ^ [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/48/59/1910873.pdf FROM UNIFORM ADMINISTRATION TO GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF DIVERSITY - Reforming State functions and public administration in Finland], OECD
- ^ Finnish economic depression of the 1990s: Causes, consequences and cure, The, published in Scandinavian Review
- ^ a b c Inflation targeting: Reflection from the Finnish experience
- ^ Converted
- ^ Nato: Address by Mr Pertti Torstila, Secretary of State, to the Macedonian Diplomatic Bulletin
- ^ Finland and NATO, Tomas Ries.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ National Archives Service, Finland (in English). Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Statistics Finland. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Trends in sea level variability. Finnish Institute of Marine Research (2004-08-24). Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Nutritional and genetic adaptation of galliform birds: implications for hand-rearing and restocking. Oulu University Library (2000). Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
- ^ BirdLife Finland. BirdLife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12). Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Saimaa ringed seal. Virtual Finland (Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland). Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
- ^ Aunesluoma, Juhana; Heikkonen, Esko; Ojakoski, Matti (2006). Lukiolaisen yhteiskuntatieto (in Finnish). WSOY.
- ^ a b Population (Foreigners in Finland). Statistics Finland. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
- ^ a b c d Population. Statistics Finland. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
- ^ Mikkola, Anne-Maria; Koskela, Lasse; Haapamäki-Niemi, Heljä; Julin, Anita; Kauppinen, Anneli; Nuolijärvi, Pirkko; Valkonen, Kaija (2004). Äidinkieli ja kirjallisuus – käsikirja, 1st Edition (in Finnish), WSOY, 90 pages. ISBN 951-0-26300-1.
- ^ According to the Finnish Population Registry Center and the Finnish Sami parliament, the Sami population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003. See Regional division of Sami people in Finland by age in 2003 (in Finnish).
- ^ Unofficial names for Finland in Sami languages are: Suopma (Northern Sami), Suomâ (Inari Sami) and Lää´ddjânnam (Skolt Sami). See [3].
- ^ Forskningscentralen för de inhemska språken :: Teckenspråk
- ^ The Constitution of Finland, 17 § and 121 §. FINLEX Data Bank. Retrieved on 2007-09-04.
- ^ Europeans and languages, 2005
- ^ (Finnish) Kirkon väestötilastot tarkentuneet – Suomalaisista 82,4 prosenttia kuuluu luterilaiseen kirkkoon. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (2007-02-19). Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
- ^ Finland in Figures. Statistics Finland. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Restoring the Image. By Andrew Walker, Martyn Percy, David Martin. Published in 2001.
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2004. U.S. Department of State (2004-09-15). Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 - page 11. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
- ^ Child poverty in perspective: An overview of child weill-being in rich countries (PDF). UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
- ^ Health (2004). Statistics Finland. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Fat to fit: how Finland did it. Guardian Unlimited (2005-01-15). Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Health Care in Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 2004
- ^ Alcohol use in Finland. National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (Stakes) (2005). Retrieved on 2008-04-18.
- ^ http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/haku.php?action=page&id=264733
- ^ a b c Miehet kuntoon! Kansalaiskunnon lasku ja korjaavat toimenpiteet
- ^ [4]
- ^ Policing corruption, International Perspectives.
- ^ The Burden of Crime in the EU. Research Report: A Comparative Analysis of the European Crime and Safety Survey (EU ICS) 2005
- ^ a b The History of Corruption in Central Government By Seppo Tiihonen, International Institute of Administrative Sciences
- ^ a b c d e "Finland's foreign policy idea" ("Suomen ulkopolitiikan idea"), Risto E. J. Penttilä, 2008
- ^ Helsinki again a centre of international espionage
- ^ a b c EVA value and attitude survey in international affairs, 2008 (in Finnish)
- ^ a b Eurobarometer June 2007: Finland
- ^ <Women's voluntary service (in Finnish)
- ^ a b Jane's World Armies: Finland
- ^ Työvoimakustannukset puuttuvat puolustusmenoista , Statistics Finland (in Finnish): Eurostat ranking is 6th. It's 3rd when conscription is accounted.
- ^ Finland in Figures – National Accounts. Statistics Finland. Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
- ^ Finland in Figures – Manufacturing. Statistics Finland. Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
- ^ a b c d e f g Finland Economy 2004, OECD
- ^ a b c d Economic freedom: Finland
- ^ [5]
- ^ World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007
- ^ Global Competitiveness Report. World Economic Forum. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Virtual Finland (Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland). Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ The largest companies (turnover). Largestcompanies.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
- ^ Onko omistamisella väliä (in Finnish)
- ^ Tehdyn työtunnin hinta 23-27 euroa, Statistics Finland
- ^ Keskustelua suomalaisen työelämän luonteesta ja sen muuttumisesta
- ^ [6]
- ^ a b The Nordic Model of Welfare: A Historical Reappraisal, by Niels Finn Christiansen
- ^ Statistics Finland: Labour Market
- ^ Ikääntymisen taloudelliset vaikutukset ja niihin varautuminen
- ^ CIA Factbook: Public Debt
- ^ [7] (in Finnish)
- ^ Sähkön hinta kuluttajatyypeittäin 1994-, c/kWh
- ^ Statistics Finland: Transport and Tourism
- ^ Own-account worker households' consumption has grown most in 2001-2006
- ^ [8]
- ^ PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow’s World, Volume 1 – Analysis
- ^ "What works in education", McKinsey
- ^ The Global Competitiveness Report 2006–2007: Country Highlights. World Economic Forum. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ [9]
- ^ A country that innovates, Virtual Finland
- ^ [10]
- ^ [11]
- ^ Energy Consumption in 2001 (PDF). Statistics Finland. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Päästökaupasta voi tulla miljardilasku teollisuudelle
- ^ Transport and communications ministry - Rail
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Nordic Model by Torben M. Andersen, Bengt Holmström, Seppo Honkapohja, Sixten Korkman, Hans Tson Söderström, Juhana Vartiainen
- ^ Finland economy
- ^ Economy Rankings, Doing Business Report 2008, World Bank
- ^ McKinsey: Finland's Economy
- ^ Karlson, Johansson & Johnsson (2004), p. 184.
- ^ Government Finance
- ^ [12]
- ^ Three quarters would like to raise private health care KELA reimbursements (in Finnish)
- ^ [13]
- ^ Tuska Open Air Metal Festival. Retrieved on 2007-07-25.
- ^ The Finnish Media: outlets increase, audiences diversify. Virtual Finland (Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland). Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- ^ Swedish tabloids most popular foreign newspapers in Helsinki, Helsingin Sanomat
- ^ Internet used by 79 per cent of the population at the beginning of 2007. Statistics Finland. Retrieved on 2007-12-22.
- ^ Market Review 2/2007. Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority (FICORA) (2007-08-31). Retrieved on 2007-09-04.
- ^ Information technology has become part of Finns' everyday life, Statistics Finland
[edit] Further reading
- Jason Lavery – The History of Finland (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations), Greenwood Press 2006 (ISBN 0-313-32837-4) (ISSN 1096-2905)
- Deborah Swallow – Culture Shock! Finland: A Guide to Customs and Etiquette (ISBN 1-55868-592-8)
- Richard D. Lewis – Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf (ISBN 1-931930-18-X)
- Max Jakobson – Finland in the New Europe (ISBN 0-275-96372-1)
- William R. Trotter – A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939-1940 (ISBN 1-56512-249-6)
- Eino Jutikkala, Kauko Pirinen – A History of Finland (ISBN 0-88029-260-1)
- Chris Mann – Hitler's Arctic War: The German Campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR 1940-1945 (ISBN 0-312-31100-1)
- Insight Guide: Finland (ISBN 981-4120-39-1)
- Matti Klinge – Let Us Be Finns: Essays on History (ISBN 951-1-11180-9)
- Lonely Planet: Finland (ISBN 1-74059-791-5)
- Jaakko Rusama, Ecumenical Growth in Finland. (ISBN 951-693-239-8)
- Fred Singleton – A Short History of Finland (ISBN 0-521-64701-0)
- Allen F. Chew – The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War (ISBN 0-87013-167-2)
- Eloise Engle and Lauri Paananen – The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939-1940 (ISBN 0-8117-2433-6)
- Jean-Jacques Subrenat – Listen, there's music from the forest; a brief presentation of the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival (ISBN 952-92-0564-3)
[edit] External links
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- The Finnish Government – Official governmental site
- The President of Finland – Official site of the President of the Republic of Finland
- Parliament of Finland – Official Parliamentary site
- Virtual Finland – Main portal to Finland (administered by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland)
- Visit Finland – The official travel and tourism guide by the Finnish Tourist Board
- Helsinki.fi – Capital of Finland's city portal
- Today's weather by the Finnish Meteorological Institute
- Finland travel guide from Wikitravel
- WikiMapia [14] and Google Maps [15] satellite view of Finland
