Chapel Royal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Chapel Royal originally referred not to a building but an establishment in the Royal Household. It is a body of priests and singers to serve the spiritual needs of the Sovereign. Over time the term has become associated with a number of chapels used by monarchs for worship over the centuries. Today the two main Chapels Royal are located in or near St James's Palace in London: the Chapel Royal and the Queen's Chapel. Since such establishments are outside the usual diocesian structure, they are known as royal peculiars.
Organizationally, the Chapel Royal is a department of the Ecclesiastical Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. It is formally known as the royal Free Chapel of the Household. There are two parts, with the Ecclesiastical Household in Scotland being distinct from that in England, the latter being Church of England, the former Church of Scotland.
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[edit] History
Emerging as a distinct body in the late 13th century, it formerly had no official base, but travelled, like the rest of the court, with the monarch and held services wherever he or she was residing at the time. It dates from 1483 as presently constituted. The Dean of the Chapel Royal is a senior office dating from 1312, which has been held since 1748 by the Bishop of London. Daily control is vested in the Sub-dean, who is also Domestic Chaplain to the Sovereign at Buckingham Palace.
James VI commissioned William Schaw to build a new Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle in 1594. The Italianate building was used for the christening of James's son, Prince Henry[1]In the 17th century the chapel had its own building in Whitehall, which burned down in 1698; since 1702 it has been based in St James's Palace.
The Chapel possesses an important choir. This achieved its greatest eminence during the reign of Elizabeth I, when William Byrd and Thomas Tallis were joint organists. The "Master of the Children" had until at least 1684 the power to press-gang promising boy trebles from provincial choirs for service in the chapel; the boy choristers were also used until 1626 as actors in productions of plays at court and in the 18th century to sing the soprano parts in performances of Handel's oratorios and other works. Under Charles II the choir was often augmented by violinists from the royal band; at various times the chapel has also employed composers, lutenists and viol players.
[edit] Buildings
The Chapel Royal has a number of buildings. The Chapel Royal is not only the institution, but also the name of the chapel (in the sense of a room) in the main part of St James's Palace. It was built circa 1540. Sir Robert Smirke made alternations in 1837 and minor alternations have been made since. The large window to the right of the palace gatehouse illuminates this room. The Chapel Royal has been used regularly since 1702 and is the most commonly used facility today.
The Queen's Chapel is a classical building by Inigo Jones that was built between 1623 and 1625. It was built as a Roman Catholic chapel at a time when the construction of Catholic churches was prohibited in England, and was used by Charles I's Catholic queen Henrietta Maria. It was built as an integral part of St James's Palace, but when the adjacent private apartments burned down in 1809 they were not replaced and in 1856-57 Marlborough Road was built between the palace and the Queen's Chapel.
There are additional Chapels Royal in Hampton Court Palace and in the Tower of London, both cared for by their own Chaplains and Choirs. There is also a former Chapel Royal in Brighton, now a chapel of ease to St. Peter's, the parish church of Brighton.
[edit] Establishment
These are served by a Choir comprising Gentlemen-in-Ordinary and Children of the Chapel - all boys - and by a small number of Priests-in-Ordinary (and usually also Deputy Priests-in-Ordinary) appointed to assist the Sub-dean on an occasional basis.
The current Sub-dean is the Rev'd Prebendary William S. Scott, who was appointed in 2007 to replace the outgoing Rev'd Prebendary William Booth.
There is an Organist, Choirmaster and Composer, who is assisted by a Sub-Organist. The current Organist is Dr Andrew Gant, who was appointed in 2000. Previously holders of these offices have included George Frideric Handel (1723-59), Jeremiah Clarke (1704-1707), William Croft (1708-27), Henry Purcell (1682-95), John Blow (1673/4-1708), Orlando Gibbons (1605-25), John Bull (1591-1613), William Byrd (c.1572-c.1618), and Thomas Tallis (c.1545-85).
The Choir rehearses twice weekly at St James's Palace. The children used to attend a residential Choir School, but this closed in 1923 and they now attend the City of London School as Queen's Scholars.
The Chapel Royal in Scotland is under a Dean. Another Chapel Royal once existed in Ireland. The former is Church of Scotland, and the latter was Church of Ireland.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Glendinning & McKechnie, p.61
- "London (i), §II, 1: Music at court: The Chapel Royal", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 16 Sept. 2004) www.grovemusic.com
- Scottish Architecture, Glendinning, Miles, and McKechnie, Aonghus, Thames & Hudson, 2004
- The Buildings of England, London 6: Westminster (2003) page 587.
- "Blow, John." Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 13 Dec. 2006) www.grovemusic.com
- "Purcell." Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 13 Dec. 2006) www.grovemusic.com
[edit] External links
- Chapels Royal, from the official site of the British Monarchy
