Kipchaks
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Kipchaks (also spelled as Kypchaks, Kipczaks, Qipchaqs, Qypchaqs) (Turkic: Kypchak [1], Kazakh: Қыпшақ, Russian: Половцы Polovtsy, Arabic: القفجاقByzantine: Kuman or Cuman [2]) were an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC.[citation needed] The western Kipchaks were known as Cumans[3] (Kumans, Kuns) in Western Europe and Polovtsy (Polovtsians) in Ukraine and Russia, or by other names, most of which have the meaning "pale", or "sallow". Their language was also known as Kipchak.
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[edit] History
Kipchaks were a confederation of pastoralists and warriors of Turkic origin, known in Ukrainian and Russian as Polovtsy, who lived in yurts (felt tents) and who came from the region of the River Irtysh. Some tribes of the Kipchak confederation probably originated near the Chinese borders and, after having moved into western Siberia by the 9th century, migrated further west into the Trans-Volga region (now western Kazakhstan).
They occupied a vast, sprawling territory in the Eurasian steppe, stretching from north of the Aral Sea westward to the region north of the Black Sea (now in Ukraine and southwestern Russia) and founded a nomadic state (Desht-i Qipchaq). They invaded the territory later known as Moldavia, Wallachia, and part of Transylvania in the 11th century. From there they continued their plundering of the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary.
In the late 11th and early 12th centuries they became involved in various conflicts with the Byzantines, Kievan Rus, the Hungarians, and the Pechenegs, allying themselves with one or the other side at different times. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary, again by Knyaz of Kievan Rus Vladimir Monomakh in the 12th century, and finally crushed by the Mongols in 1241. After the breakup of the Mongol empire, the Kipchaks became the part of the khanate comprising present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, called the Golden Horde, the westernmost division of the Mongol empire.
The Kuman, or western Kipchak tribes, fled to Hungary, and some of their warriors became mercenaries for the Latin crusaders and the Byzantines. Members of the Bahri dynasty, the first dynasty of Mamluks in Egypt, were Kipchaks, one of the most prominent examples being Sultan Baybars, born in Solhat, Crimea.
[edit] Language and culture
- See also: Islam in Asia
The Kipchak spoke a Turkic language whose most important surviving record is the Codex Cumanicus, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak and Latin. The presence in Egypt of Turkic-speaking Mamluks also stimulated the compilation of Kipchak-Arabic dictionaries and grammars that are important in the study of several old Turkic languages.
The Kipchaks are also known to have converted to Christianity, around the 11th century, at the suggestion of the Georgians as they allied in their conflicts against the Muslims. A great number were baptized at the request of the Georgian king David II who also married a daughter of the Kipchak khan Otrok. From 1120, there was a Kipchak national Christian church and an important clergy.[4] However, by the 12th and 13th centuries, Islam took firm root amongst the Kipchaks.[5]
[edit] Modern times
The modern Northwestern Turkic languages are named after the Kipchaks. Some of the descendants of the Kipchaks are now known as Siberian Tatars, Nogays, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tatars (partly), Crimean Tatars (partly), Karachays (partly), Krymchaks, Karaims (partly), Kumyks (partly).
Kipchaks have transformed, to a degree, into modern Kazakh and Kyrgyz populations. Kipchak is the name of a tribe within the Middle Juz of the Kazakh nation, as well as the name of a Kyrgyz tribe within modern-day Kyrgyzstan.
There is also a village named 'Kipchak' in Crimea.
[edit] See also
- Bahri dynasty
- Battle of the Stugna River
- Battle of the Kalka River
- Codex Cumanicus
- Cumans
- Khazars
- Kimeks
- Kipchaks in Georgia
- Mamelukes
- Pechenegs
- Tale of Igor's Campaign
[edit] Notes
- ^ Grousset, René. "The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia". Rutgers University Press, 1988. page 185
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Kipchak
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Cuman
- ^ (Roux 1997, p. 242)
- ^ Islamic Civilization
[edit] References
- "Kipchak". Encyclopædia Britannica, Academic Edition. 2006.
- "Polovtsi". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05.
- Roux, Jean-Paul (1997), L'Asie Centrale, Histoire et Civilization, Librairie Arthème-Fayard, ISBN 9782213598949
[edit] Further reading
- Csáki, E. (2006). Middle Mongolian loan words in Volga Kipchak languages. Turcologica, Bd. 67. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 344705381X
