Estonia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Eesti Vabariik Republic of Estonia
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm (English: "My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy")
Location of  Estonia  (dark green) – on the European continent  (light green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (light green)  —  [Legend]
Capital (and largest city)		Tallinn 59°25′N, 24°45′E
Official languages		Estonian1
Demonym		Estonian
Government		Parliamentary republic
-	President	Toomas Hendrik Ilves
-	Prime Minister	Andrus Ansip (RE)
Independence from		Russia and Germany
-	Autonomy declared	12 April 1917
-	Independence declared Officially recognised	24 February 1918 2 February 1920
-	1st Soviet occupation	1940-1941
-	German occupation	1941-1944
-	2nd Soviet occupation	1944-1991
-	Independence restored	20 August 1991
EU accession		May 1, 2004
Area
-	Total	45,227 km² (132nd2) 17,413 sq mi
-	Water (%)	4.56%
Population
-	Jan. 01, 2007 estimate	1,340,602[1] (151th)
-	2000 census	1,376,743
-	Density	29/km² (173rd) 75/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2007 estimate
-	Total	$26.85 billion (103th)
-	Per capita	$21,800[2]
GDP (nominal)		2006 estimate
-	Total	$16,410 billion (91st)
-	Per capita	$15,310 (41st)
Gini (2005)		34 (medium)
HDI (2007)		▲ 0.86 (high) (44th)
Currency		Estonian kroon (EEK)
Time zone		EET (UTC+2)
-	Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Internet TLD		.ee3
Calling code		+372
1	Võro and Seto in southern counties are spoken along with Estonian. Russian is widely spoken in Ida-Virumaa due to the Soviet program promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from USSR during the occupation.
2	47,549 km² were defined according to the Tartu Peace Treaty in 1920 between Estonia and Russia. Today the remaining 2,323 km² is still illegally annexed by Russia. The ceded areas include the Petserimaa county and the boundary in the north of Lake Peipus as the Lands behind the city of Narva including Ivangorod (Jaanilinn).[3],[4]
3	.eu is also shared with other member states of the European Union.

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. It is bordered to the north by Finland across the Gulf of Finland, to the west by Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by the Russian Federation. The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km² and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate.

The Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns, with the Estonian language sharing many similarities to Finnish. The modern name of Estonia is thought to originate from the Roman historian Tacitus, who in his book Germania (ca. AD 98) described a people called the Aestii. Similarly, ancient Scandinavian sagas refer to a land called Eistland. Early Latin and other ancient versions of the name are Estia and Hestia. Until the late 1930s, the name was often written as "Esthonia" in most English speaking countries.

Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic and is divided into fifteen counties (Maakonnad). The capital and largest city is Tallinn. Estonia has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991,^[5] of the European Union since 1 May 2004,^[6] and of NATO since 29 March 2004.^[7] Estonia has also signed the Kyoto protocol. With only 1.3 million inhabitants, it comprises one of the smallest populations of the European Union countries.

The settlement of modern day Estonia began around 8500 BC, immediately after the Ice Age. Over the centuries, the Estonians were subjected to Danish, Teutonic, Swedish and Russian rule. Foreign rule in Estonia began in 1227, when as a consequence of the Northern Crusades the area was conquered by Danes and Germans. From 1228-1562, parts or most of Estonia were incorporated into the loosely organized Livonian Confederation of Teutonic Knights, during which time economic activity centered around the Hanseatic League. In the 1500s, Estonia passed to Swedish rule until 1721, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire. The Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750-1840) led to a national awakening in the mid-19th century. In 1918 the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued, to be followed by the Estonian War of Independence, which resulted in the Tartu Peace Treaty recognising Estonian independence in perpetuity. During World War II, Estonia was occupied and annexed first by the Soviet Union^[8][9][10] and subsequently by Nazi Germany, only to be re-occupied by the Soviet Union in 1944.

Estonia regained its independence on 20 August 1991. It has since embarked on a rapid program of social and economic reform. Today, the country has gained recognition for its economic freedom,^[11] its adaptation of new technologies,^[12] and as one of the world's fastest growing economies.^[13]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 The Middle Ages period 1.3 The Reformation period 1.4 Estonia in the Russian Empire 1.5 Declaration of independence 1.6 Estonia in World War II 1.6.1 Soviet annexation 1.6.2 German occupation 1.7 Soviet occupation 1.8 Restoration of independence 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate 2.3 Fauna 3 Counties 3.1 Municipalities and cities 4 Politics 4.1 Parliament 4.2 Government and e-Government 4.3 Law and court 4.4 Foreign relations 5 Military 5.1 E-Military 6 Economy 6.1 Resources 6.2 Infrastructure and e-Infrastructure 6.3 Oil shale industry and pollution 6.4 Trade and investment 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnic and cultural diversity 8 Science 8.1 Education 8.2 IT industry 9 Culture and arts 9.1 Media 9.2 Sports 9.3 Cuisine 9.4 Society 10 Further reading 11 Notes and references 12 External links

[edit] History

Main articles: History of Estonia and Ancient Estonia

Human settlement in Estonia became possible 11,000 to 13,000 years ago, when the ice from the last glacial era melted away. The oldest known settlement in Estonia is the Pulli settlement, which was located on the banks of the river Pärnu, near the town of Sindi, in southern Estonia. According to radiocarbon dating, it was settled around 11,000 years ago, at the beginning of the 9th millennium BC.

[edit] Prehistory

Evidence has been found of hunting and fishing communities existing around 6500 BC near the town of Kunda in northern Estonia. Bone and stone artifacts similar to those found at Kunda have been discovered elsewhere in Estonia, as well as in Latvia, northern Lithuania and in southern Finland. The Kunda culture belongs to the middle stone age, or Mesolithic period.

The end of the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age were marked by great cultural changes. The most significant was the transition to farming, which has remained at the core of Estonian economy and culture. From approximately the first to 5th centuries AD, resident farming was widely established, the population grew, and settlement expanded. Cultural influences from the Roman Empire reached Estonia, and this era is therefore also known as the Roman Iron Age.

A more troubled and war-ridden middle Iron Age followed with external dangers coming both from the Baltic tribes, who attacked across the southern land border, and from overseas. Several Scandinavian sagas refer to campaigns against Estonia. Estonian pirates conducted similar raids in the Viking age and sacked and burned the Swedish town of Sigtuna in 1187.^[14]

In the first centuries AD political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). The province comprised several elderships or villages. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The defense of the local area was directed by the highest official, the king or elder. The terra was composed of one or several provinces, also headed by an elder, king or their collegium. By the 13th century the following major lands had developed in Estonia: Revala, Harjumaa, Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Läänemaa, Alempois, Sakala, Ugandi, Jogentagana, Soopoolitse, Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Järvamaa and Virumaa.^[15]

Estonia retained a pagan religion centered around a deity called Tharapita. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia mentions Tharapita as the superior god of Oeselians (inhabitants of Saaremaa island), also well known to Vironian tribes in northern Estonia. According to the chronicle, when the crusaders invaded Vironia in 1220, there was a beautiful wooded hill in Virumaa, where locals believe the Oeselian god Tharapita was born and from which he flew to Saaremaa. The hill is believed to be the Ebavere Hill (Ebavere mägi) in modern Lääne-Viru County.

[edit] The Middle Ages period

At the beginning of the 13th century, Lembitu of Lehola, a chieftan of Sakala sought to unify the Estonian people and thwart Danish and Germanic conquest. He managed to assemble an army of 6,000 Estonian men from different counties, but he was killed during the Battle of St. Matthew's Day in September, 1217.^[16]

Estonia was a part of the Livonian Confederation from 1228 to the 1560s. The country was Christianized when the German "Livonian Brothers of the Sword" conquered southern Estonia as part of the Northern Crusades in the early thirteenth century. At the same time, Denmark attempted to take possession of northern Estonia. Estonia was consolidated under the two forces by 1227. Northern Estonia remained a possession of Denmark until 1346. Reval (known as Tallinn since 1918) was given its Lübeck Rights in 1248 and joined an alliance of trading guilds called the Hanseatic League at the end of the thirteenth century. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1344. Russia attempted unsuccessful invasions in 1481 and 1558.

[edit] The Reformation period

The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483-1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation resulted in great change in the Baltic region. Ideas entered the Livonian Confederation very quickly and by the 1520s they were well known. Language, education, religion, and politics were greatly transformed. The Church services were now given in the local vernacular, instead of Latin, as was previously used.^[17] During the Livonian War in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control, while southern Estonia briefly came under the control of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 1580s. In 1625, mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule. Estonia was administratively divided between the provinces of Estonia in the north and Livonia in southern Estonia and northern Latvia, a division which persisted until the early twentieth century.

In 1631, the Swedish king Gustaf II Adolf, Gustavus Adolphus, forced the nobility to grant the peasantry greater rights, although serfdom was retained. In 1632 a printing press and university were established in the city of Dorpat (known as Tartu since 1918). This period is known in Estonian history as "the Good Old Swedish Time."

[edit] Estonia in the Russian Empire

Following the Great Northern War, the Swedish empire lost Estonia to Russia (1710 de facto, and 1721 de jure, by the Treaty of Nystad). However, the upper classes and the higher middle class remained primarily Baltic German. The war devastated the population of Estonia, but it recovered quickly. Although the rights of peasants were initially weakened, serfdom was abolished in 1816 in the province of Estonia and in 1819 in Livonia.

[edit] Declaration of independence

As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the nineteenth century. It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre and professional music and led into the formation of the Estonian national identity and late 1800s' Age of Awakening. Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.

Significant accomplishments were the publication of the national epic, Kalevipoeg, in 1862, and the organization of the first national song festival in 1869. In response to a period of Russification initiated by the Russian empire in the 1890s, Estonian nationalism took on more political tones, with intellectuals first calling for greater autonomy, and later, complete independence from the Russian empire. Following the Bolshevik takeover of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 and German victories against the Russian army, between the Russian Red Army's retreat and the arrival of advancing German troops, the Committee of Elders of the Maapäev issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence^[18] in Pärnu on February 23 and in Tallinn on February 24, 1918.

After winning the Estonian Liberation War against Soviet Russia and at the same time German Freikorps volunteers (the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed on 2 February 1920), Estonia maintained its independence for twenty-two years. Initially a parliamentary democracy, the parliament (Riigikogu) was disbanded in 1934, following political unrest caused by the global economic crisis. Subsequently the country was ruled by decree by Konstantin Päts, who became President in 1938, the year parliamentary elections resumed.

[edit] Estonia in World War II

Main article: Estonia in World War II

The fate of Estonia in World War II was decided by the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact and its Secret Additional Protocol of August 1939. World War II losses in Estonia, estimated at around 25% of population, were among the highest in Europe. War and occupation deaths have been estimated at 90,000. These include the Soviet deportations in 1941, the German deportations and Holocaust victims.^[19] World War II began with the invasion and subsequent partition of an important regional ally of Estonia – Poland, by a joint operation of Nazi Germany and Soviet Union.

[edit] Soviet annexation

Main article: Occupation of the Baltic states

The fate of the Republic of Estonia before the World War II was decided by the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of August 1939 after Stalin gained Hitler's agreement to divide Eastern Europe into "spheres of special interest" according to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and its Secret Additional Protocol.^[20][21][22]

On September 24, 1939, warships of the Red Navy appeared off Estonian ports and Soviet bombers began a patrol over Tallinn and the nearby countryside.^[23] The Estonian government was forced to give their assent to an agreement which allowed the USSR to establish military bases and station 25,000 troops on Estonian soil for "mutual defence".^[24] On June 12, 1940, the order for a total military blockade on Estonia was given to the Soviet Baltic Fleet.^[25][26] On June 14, 1940, while world’s attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed a Finnish passenger airplane "Kaleva" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the U.S. legations in Tallinn, Riga and Helsinki.^[27] On June 16, 1940, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia.^[28] The Red Army exited from their military bases in Estonia on June 17.^[29] The following day, some 90,000 additional troops entered the country. In the face of overwhelming Soviet force, the Estonian government capitulated on June 17, 1940 to avoid bloodshed.^[30] The military occupation of Estonia was complete by the June 21 1940.^[31] Most of the Estonian Defence Forces and the Estonian Defence League surrendered according to the orders believing that resistance would be crushed and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Single Signal Battalion stationed in Tallinn at Raua Street continued to resist. As the Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted several hours until sundown. There was one dead, several wounded on the Estonian side and about 10 killed and more wounded on the Soviet side. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Single Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed.^[32]

In August 1940, Estonia was illegally annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. Those who had failed to do their "political duty" of voting Estonia into the USSR, specifically those who had failed to have their passports stamped for voting, were condemned to death by Soviet tribunals.^[33] The repressions followed with the mass deportations carried out by the Soviets in Estonia on June 14, 1941. Many of the country's political and intellectual leaders were killed or deported to remote areas of the USSR by the Soviet authorities in 1940-1941. Repressive actions were also taken against thousands of ordinary people.

When the German Operation Barbarossa started against the Soviet Union, about 34,000 young Estonian men were forcibly drafted into the Red Army. Less than 30% of them survived the war. Political prisoners who could not be evacuated were executed by the NKVD.^[34]

Many countries, including the United States, did not recognize the annexation of Estonia by the USSR. Such countries recognized Estonian diplomats and consuls who still functioned in many countries in the name of their former governments. These diplomats persisted in this anomalous situation until the ultimate restoration of Baltic independence.^[35]

Contemporary Russian politicians deny that the Republic of Estonia was illegally annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. They state that the Soviet troops had entered Estonia in 1940 following the agreements and with the consent of the government of the Republic of Estonia, regardless of how their actions can be interpreted today. They maintain that the USSR was not in a state of war and was not waging any combat activities on the territory of Estonia, therefore there could be no occupation. The official Soviet and current Russian version claims that Estonians voluntarily gave up their statehood. Freedom fighters of 1944-1976 are labeled "bandits" or "nazis". The Russian position is not recognized internationally.^[36][37]

[edit] German occupation

Main articles: German occupation in Estonia, Germanisation, German Holocaust, Reichskommissariat Ostland, and Generalplan Ost

After the Third Reich invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941,the Wehrmacht reached Estonia in (July 1941). The German Army crossed the Estonian southern border on 7th July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River- the Emajõgi line on 12 July.

At the end July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German troops and Estonian partisans took Narva on 17 August and the Estonian capital Tallinn on 28 August. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia German troops disarmed all the partisan groups.^[38] Although initially the Germans were perceived by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its repressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realized that they were but another occupying power. The Germans pillaged the country for the war effort and unleashed the Holocaust. For the duration of the occupation Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland. This led to many Estonians, unwilling to side with the Nazis, join the Finnish Army to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited in to the German armed forces (including Waffen-SS), the majority did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent and it was clear that Germany could not win the war.^[39]

By January 1944, the front was pushed back by the Red Army almost all the way to the former Estonian border. Narva was evacuated. Jüri Uluots, the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) prior to its fall to the Soviet Union in 1940, delivered a radio address that appealed to all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service (Before this, Jüri Uluots had opposed Estonian mobilization.) The call drew support from all across the country: 38,000 volunteers jammed registration centers.^[40] Several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back across the Gulf of Finland to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for the cause of Estonia's independence from the USSR and thus ultimately succeed in achieving independence.^[41]

[edit] Soviet occupation

Main articles: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet occupation of the Baltic States, and Estonian Government in Exile

The Soviet forces reconquered Estonia in the autumn of 1944 after fierce battles in the northeast of the country on the Narva river and on the Tannenberg Line (Sinimäed) as part of the Baltic Strategic Offensive Operation, a twofold military-political operation to rout forces of the Wehrmacht and the so-called "liberation of the Soviet Baltic peoples"^[42].

In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including mayority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) (estimates as much as 80,000) chose to either retreat together with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden. On 12 January 1949 the Soviet Council of Ministers issued a decree "on the expulsion and deportation" from Baltic states of "all kulaks and their families, the families of bandits and nationalists", and others.^[43] More than 200,000 people are estimated to have been deported from the Baltic in 1940-1953. In addition, at least 75,000 were sent to Gulag. More than 10% of the entire adult Baltic population was deported or sent to Soviet labor and deathcamps.^[43] In response to the continuing insurgency against Soviet rule,^[44] more than 20,000 Estonians were forcibly deported either to labor camps or Siberia (see Gulag).^[45] Within the few weeks that followed, almost all of the remaining rural households were collectivized. After World War II, as part of the goal to more fully integrate Baltic countries into the Soviet Union, mass deportations were concluded in the Baltic countries and the policy of encouraging Soviet immigration to the Baltic states continued.^[46] In addition to the human and material losses suffered due to war, thousands of civilians were killed and tens of thousands of people deported from Estonia by the Soviet authorities until Joseph Stalin's death in 1953.

Half of the deported perished, the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s (years after Stalin's death). The various repressive activities of Soviet forces in 1940-1941 and after reoccupation sparked a guerrilla war against the Soviet authorities in Estonia which was waged into the early 1950s by "forest brothers" (metsavennad) consisting mostly of Estonian veterans of both the German and Finnish armies as well as some civilians.^[47] Material damage caused by the world war and the following Soviet era significantly slowed Estonia's economic growth, resulting in a wide wealth gap in comparison with neighboring Finland and Sweden.^[48]

Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet regime. Large parts of the country, especially the coastal areas were restricted to all but the Soviet military. Most of the sea shore and all sea islands (including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) were declared "border zones". People not actually resident there were restricted from traveling to them without a permit. A notable closed military installation was the city of Paldiski which was entirely closed to all public access. The city had a support base for the Soviet Baltic Fleet's submarines and several large military bases, including a nuclear submarine training centre complete with a full-scale model of a nuclear submarine with working nuclear reactors. The Paldiski reactors building passed into Estonian control in 1994 after the last Soviet troops left the country.^[49],^[50] Immigration was another effect of Soviet occupation. Hundreds of thousands of migrants were relocated to Estonia from other parts of Soviet Union to assist industrialization and militarization, contributing an increase of about half million people within 45 years.^[51] By 1980, when the Olympic Regatta of the 1980 Olympic Games was held in Tallinn, russification and immigration had achieved a level at which it began to spark popular protests.

[edit] Restoration of independence

Main articles: Singing Revolution, Baltic Way, and IME project

The United States, United Kingdom and the majority of other western democracies considered the annexation of Estonia by USSR illegal. They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, never de jure recognized the existence of the Estonian SSR, and never recognized Estonia as a legal constituent part of the Soviet Union.^[52]Estonia's return to independence became possible as the Soviet Union faced internal regime challenges, loosening its hold on outer empire. As the 1980s progressed, a movement for Estonian autonomy started. In the initial period of 1987-1989, this was partially for more economic independence, but as the Soviet Union weakened and it became increasingly obvious that nothing short of full independence would do, the country began a course towards self-determination.

In 1989, during the "Singing Revolution", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, called The Baltic Way, a human chain of more than two million people was formed, stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. Estonia formally declared independence on August 20, 1991, reconstituting the pre-1940 state, during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow. The first country to diplomatically recognize Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last Russian troops left on 31 August 1994.

[edit] Geography

Main articles: Geography of Estonia, Fauna of Estonia, and Protected areas of Estonia

[edit] Topography

Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising east European platform between 57.3° and 59.5° N and 21.5° and 28.1° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 meters (164 ft) and the country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 meters (1,043 ft).^[53] Estonia boasts over 1,400 lakes. Most are very small, with the largest, Lake Peipus, (Peipsi in Estonian) being 3,555 km² (1372 sq mi). There are many rivers in the country. The largest are the Võhandu (162 km), Pärnu (144 km), and Põltsamaa (135 km).^[53] Estonia also boasts numerous bogs, and 3,794 kilometers (2,357 mi) of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. The number of islands and islets is estimated at some 1,500. Two are large enough to constitute their own counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.^[53]

[edit] Climate

Estonia lies in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Because Estonia (and all of Northern Europe) is continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream it has a milder climate despite its northern latitude. The Baltic Sea causes differences between the climate of coastal and inland areas. The average annual temperature in Estonia is 5 °C. The average temperature in February, the coldest month of the year, is -5.2 °C. The average temperature in July, which is considered the warmest month of the year, is 18 °C. The climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, the North-Atlantic Stream and the Icelandic Minimum, which is an area known for the formation of cyclones and where the average air pressure is lower than in neighbouring areas. Estonia is located in a humid zone in which the amount of precipitation is greater than total evaporation. There are about 160 to 190 rainy days a year, and average precipitation is most plentiful on the western slopes of the Sakala and Haanja Uplands. Snow cover, which is deepest in the south-eastern part of Estonia, usually lasts from mid-December to late March.

[edit] Fauna

Main articles: Fauna of Estonia, List of Estonian mammals, List of birds of Estonia, List of Estonian fishes, List of Estonian butterflies, and List of Odonata species recorded in Estonia

Estonia's sparse population and large areas of forest have allowed stocks of European Lynx, Wild Boar, Brown Bears, Wolves and moose to survive, among other animals ^[54]. Its birdlife includes Golden Eagles and White Storks. It has around a dozen national parks and protected areas, including Lahemaa National Park, the country’s largest park, on the northern coast. Soomaa National Park, near Pärnu, is known for its ancient wetlands. Reserves such as Käina Bay Bird Reserve and Matsalu Nature Reserve (a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention) are also popular with locals and tourists and support a wide variety of birdlife ^[55].

[edit] Counties

Main article: Counties of Estonia

The Republic of Estonia is divided into fifteen counties (Maakonnad) which are the administrative subdivisions of the country. The first documented mentioning of Estonian political and administrative subdivisions comes from the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, written in the 13th century during the Northern Crusades.^[56]

A maakond (county) is the biggest administrative subdivision. The county government (Maavalitsus) of each county is led by a county governor (Maavanem), who represents the national government at the regional level. Governors are appointed by Eesti Valitsus (government) for a term of five years. Several changes were made to the borders of counties after Estonia became independent, most notably the formation of Valga County (from parts of Võru, Tartu and Viljandi counties) and Petseri County (area acquired from Russia with the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty).

During the Soviet rule, Petseri County was annexed and ceded to the Russian SFSR in 1945 where it became one the Pskovs districts. Counties were again re-established in 1 January 1990 in the borders of the Soviet-era regions. Due to the numerous differences between the current and historical (pre-1940) layouts, the historical borders are still used in ethnology, representing cultural and linguistic differences better.

[edit] Municipalities and cities

Main articles: Municipalities of Estonia, Boroughs of Estonia, Small boroughs of Estonia, and Populated places in Estonia

Counties Capital Area Population Harjumaa Tallinn 4,333 km² 521,410 Hiiumaa Kärdla 989 km² 10,289 Ida-Virumaa Jõhvi 3,364 km² 174,809 Järvamaa Paide 2,623 km² 38,255 Jõgevamaa Jõgeva 2,604 km² 37,647 Läänemaa Haapsalu 2,383 km² 28,101 Lääne-Virumaa Rakvere 3,627 km² 68,090 Pärnumaa Pärnu 4,807 km² 89,660 Põlvamaa Põlva 2,165 km² 31,954 Raplamaa Rapla 2,980 km² 37,093 Saaremaa Kuressaare 2,673 km² 35,356 Tartumaa Tartu 2,993 km² 148,872 Valgamaa Valga 2,044 km² 35,059 Viljandimaa Viljandi 3,422 km² 56,854 Võrumaa Võru 2,305 km² 38,967 Petserimaa [57][58] Annexed in 1945 by Russian SFSR and since 1991 by Russia. Petseri 1,582 km² 30,000

An omavalitsus (municipality) is the smallest administrative subdivision of Estonia. Each county is further divided into municipalities which are of two types: urban municipality,or linn (town), and rural municipality, or vald (parish). There is no other status distinction between them. Each municipality is a unit of self-government with its representative and executive bodies. The municipalities in Estonia cover the entire territory of the country. Municipality may contain one or several populated places. Some urban municipalities are divided into linnaosad (districts) with limited self-government, e.g. Tallinn consists of 8 districts (Haabersti, Kesklinn, Kristiine, Lasnamäe, Mustamäe, Nõmme, Pirita and Põhja-Tallinn). Municipalities are ranging in size from Tallinn with 400,000 inhabitants to Ruhnu with as few as 60. As over two-thirds of the municipalities have a population of under 3,000, many of them have found it advantageous to co-operate in providing services and carrying out administrative functions. Since March 2008 there are total of 227 municipalities in Estonia, 33 of them are urban and 194 are rural. Main article: Cities of Estonia Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It lies on the northern coast of Estonia, along the Gulf of Finland. The city is an important industrial, political and cultural center, and seaport. There are currently 33 cities and several town-parish towns in the county. More than 70% of the entire population lives in the towns. The 20 largest cities are shown on the table below:

Rank	City	Location	Population	Rank	City	Location	Population	Tallinn Narva Valga
1	Tallinn	Harjumaa	403,500	11	Võru	Võrumaa	14,555
2	Tartu	Tartumaa	101,169	12	Valga	Valgamaa	13,930
3	Narva	Ida-Virumaa	68,680	13	Haapsalu	Läänemaa	11,774
4	Kohtla-Järve	Ida-Virumaa	47,679	14	Jõhvi	Ida-Virumaa	11,455
5	Pärnu	Pärnumaa	45,500	15	Paide	Järvamaa	9,751
6	Viljandi	Vilandimaa	20,274	16	Keila	Harjumaa	9,386
7	Rakvere	Lääne-Virumaa	16,698	17	Kiviõli	Ida-Virumaa	6,925
8	Sillamäe	Ida-Virumaa	16,567	18	Tapa	Lääne-Virumaa	6,559
9	Maardu	Harjumaa	16,570	19	Põltsamaa	Põlvamaa	6,510
10	Kuressaare	Saaremaa	14,919	20	Jõgeva	Jõgevamaa	6,349
2008 Census

[edit] Politics

Main articles: Politics of Estonia, List of political parties in Estonia, and Elections in Estonia

Politics of Estonia takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government, and of a multi-party system.

[edit] Parliament

Main article: Parliament of Estonia

Estonia is a parliamentary, representative democratic republic. The Estonian political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1992 constitutional document. Estonia elects a legislature on the national level. The Riigikogu, exercising the legislative power , has 101 members, elected for a four year term by proportional representation. A head of state - the president - is elected for a five year term by parliament (1st-3rd round) or an electoral college (4th and subsequent rounds). Locally, Estonia elects local government councils, which vary in size, but by the election law there are minimum size of councils depending on the size of municipality. Local government councils are elected by proportional representation too.

[edit] Government and e-Government

Main articles: Government of Estonia, Prime Minister of Estonia, and President of Estonia

The Government of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia, nominated by the president and approved by the parliament.The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of 12 ministers, including the prime minister. The prime minister also has the right to appoint other ministers, whom he or she will assign with a subject to deal with and who will not have a ministry to control, becoming a 'minister without portfolio'. The prime minister has the right to appoint a maximum of 3 such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is 15. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country’s domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament (Riigikogu); it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of the whole executive power.

Estonia has pursued the development of the e-state and e-government. Internet voting is used in elections in Estonia [1]. The first Internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections, in which 30,275 individuals voted over the Internet. Voters have a chance to invalidate their vote in traditional elections, if they wish to. In its 2007 Worldwide Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked Estonia 3rd out of 169 countries.

[edit] Law and court

Main article: Constitution of Estonia

The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with 17 justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president.The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws. The president, however, does not use these rights very often, having a largely ceremonial role. He or she is elected by Riigikogu, with two-thirds of the votes required. If the candidate does not gain the amount of votes required, the right to elect the president goes over to an electoral body, consisting of the 101 members of Riigikogu and representatives from local councils. As other spheres, Estonian law-making has been successfully integrated with the Information Age.

[edit] Foreign relations

Main articles: Foreign relations of Estonia, Diplomatic missions of Estonia, Estonia-Russia relations, and Estonia-United States relations

Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close cooperation with its Western European neighbors.

The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May of 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the controversy surrounding relocation of the Bronze Soldier WWII memorial in Tallinn.^[59]

An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people rather than Balts,^[60][61] based on their historical ties with Sweden, Denmark and particularly Finland. In December 1999 Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs.^[62] In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist".^[63] And in 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Battle Group. It has also shown continued interest in joining the Nordic Council.

Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92% of Estonia's inter­national trade,^[64] today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbors: three quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries (principally Finland and Sweden), to which Estonia sends 42% of its exports (as compared to 6.5% going to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania). On the other hand, the Estonian political system, its flat rate of income tax, and its non-welfare-state model distinguish it from the other Nordic states, and indeed from many other European countries.^[65]

[edit] Military

Main article: Military of Estonia

Estonian military - the Estonian Defence Forces - is the name of the unified armed forces of the Republic of Estonia with Maavägi (Army), Merevägi (Navy), Õhuvägi (Air Force) and a paramilitary organization Kaitseliit (Defence League). The national defence policy aims to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land area, territorial waters and airspace and its constitutional order. Its main goals remain the development and maintenance of a credible capability to defend the nation's vital interests and development of the Defence Forces in a way that ensures their interoperability with the armed forces of NATO and European Union member states and their capability to participate in the full range of Alliance missions.^[66]

Ajateenistus (Military Service) is compulsory for men between 18 and 28, and conscripts serve eight-month to eleven-month tours of duty depending on the army branch they serve in. Estonia has retained conscription unlike Latvia and Lithuania and has no plan to transition to a contract armed forces.

In 2008, the military spending will reach to 1.85% - 5 billion krones of the GDP and will continue to increase till 2010 when the 2.0% level is achieved.^[67] As of January 2008, the Estonian military had almost 300 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of various international peacekeeping forces, including 35 Defence League troops stationed in Kosovo; 120 Ground Forces soldiers in the NATO-led ISAF force in Afghanistan; 80 soldiers stationed as a part of MNF in the Iraq; and 2 Estonian officers in Bosnia-Herzegovina and 2 Estonian military agents in Israel in Golan Heights.^[68] The Estonian Defence Forces have had previously military missions also in Croatia from March till October 1995, in Lebanon from December 1996 till June 1997 and in Macedonia from May till December 2003.^[69] Estonia participates in the Nordic Battlegroup and has announced readiness to send soldiers also to Sudan to Darfur if necessary, creating the very first African peacekeeping mission for the armed forces of Estonia.

[edit] E-Military

Main articles: E-Military of Estonia and Cyberattacks on Estonia 2007

The Military of Estonia is introducing a new 21st century based cyber warfare and defence formation in order to protect the vital infrastructure and e-infrastructure of Estonia. Currently the leading organization in the Estonian cyber defence is the CERT (the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia), established in 2006, as an organisation responsible for the management of security incidents in .ee computer networks. Its task is to assist Estonian internet users in the implementation of preventive measures in order to reduce possible damage from security incidents and to help them in responding to security threats. The unit deals with security incidents that occur in Estonian networks, are started there, or have been notified of by citizens or institutions either in Estonia or abroad.^[70]

On June 25, 2007, Estonian president Toomas Hendrik Ilves met with the president of USA, George W. Bush.^[71] Among the topics discussed were the attacks on Estonian e-infrastructure. ^[72] The attacks triggered a number of military organisations around the world to reconsider the importance of network security to modern military doctrine. On June 14, 2007, defence ministers of NATO members held a meeting in Brussels, issuing a joint communiqué promising immediate action. First public results are estimated to arrive by autumn 2007.^[73]

As to the placement of a newly planned NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE), Bush proclaimed the policy of USA as supporting Estonia as this centre's location.^[74] In the aftermath of the Cyberattacks on Estonia 2007, plans to combine network defence with Estonian military doctrine, and related NATO plans to create a Cybernetic Defence Centre in Estonia, have been nicknamed the "Tiger's Defence" (Estonian: Tiigrikaitse), in reference to Tiigrihüpe.^[75]

[edit] Economy

Main article: Economy of Estonia

The Republic of Estonia is currently a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004 and its economy is rated as ▲high income by the World Bank. Level of the Estonian economy Estonian economic miracle has been often being described as the Baltic Tiger.

By 1929, a stable currency, the Kroon (crown), was established. It is issued by the Bank of Estonia, the country's central bank. Trade focused on the local market and the West, particularly Germany and the United Kingdom. Only 3% of all commerce was with the USSR. Before the Second World War Estonia was mainly an agriculture country whose products such as butter, milk and cheese was widely known on the western European markets. The USSR's forcible annexation of Estonia in 1940 and the ensuing Nazi and Soviet destruction during World War II crippled the Estonian economy. Post-war Sovietization of life continued with the integration of Estonia's economy and industry into the USSR's centrally planned structure. Since re-establishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former COMECON area. A balanced budget, almost non-existent public debt, flat-rate income tax, free trade regime, fully convertible currency backed by currency board and a strong peg to the euro, competitive commercial banking sector, hospitable environment for foreign investment, innovative e-Services and even mobile-based services are all hallmarks of Estonia's free-market-based economy.^{[citation needed]} Estonia also has made excellent progress in regard to structural adjustment.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Resources

Resource Location Reservs Oil-shale North-East Estonia 1,137,700,000 mln t Sea mud (medical) South-Estonia 1,356,400,000 mln t Construction sand across the country 166,700,000 mln m³ Construction gravel North-Estonia 32,800,000 mln m³ Lake mud (medical) across the country 1,133,300 mln t Lake mud (fertilizer) East-Estonia 170,900 t Ceramic clay across the country 10,600,000 mln m³ Ceramsid clay (for gravel) across the country 2,600,000 mln m³ Technological dolomite West-Estonia 16,600,000 mln m³ Technologicallubjakivi North-Estonia 13,800,000 mln m³ Decoration dolomite West-Estonia 2,900,000 mln m³ Construction dolomite West-Estonia 32,900,000 mln m³ Blue clay across the country 2,044,000 mln t Granite across the country 1,245,100,000 mln m³ Peat across the country 230,300,000 mln t Construction limestone North-Estonia 110,300,000 mln m³ Limestone cement North-Estonia 9,400,000 mln m³ Clay cement North-Estonia 15,6000,000 mln m³ Dictyonema flabelliforme[76] North-Estonia 64,000,000,000 mln t Wood across the country 15,6000,000 mln m³ Technological sand North-Estonia 3,300,000 mln m³ Lake lime North-Estonia South-Estonia 808,000 t Phosphorite North-Estonia over 350,000,000 mln t (estimated) Subsoil across the country 21,1 km³

Oil shale (or kukersite) and limestone deposits, along with forests which cover 47% of the land, play key economic roles in this generally resource-poor country. In 1994, Estonia became one of the first countries in the world to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005 the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. A subsequent reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate will be decreased by 1% annually to reach 18% by January 2010. The Government of Estonia finalized the design of Estonia's euro coins in late 2004, and is now intending to adopt the euro as the country's currency between 2011 and 2013, later than planned due to continued high inflation. In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the August 1998 Russian financial crisis. Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union. [edit] Infrastructure and e-Infrastructure Main article: Transport in Estonia Transport and logistics play a vital role in the Estonian economy. The country’s favorable geographic location, along with its well-developed infrastructure, offers excellent opportunities for all transport and logistics related activities. Estonia has become an important transit center as its location is ideal for the creation of efficient transportation links and distribution chains of goods and services for companies in Europe and in other parts of the world. Approximately 7.5% of the country’s workforce is employed in transportation and road management, and over the past years the share of transportation and telecommunications in the economic activity has steadily increased and currently constitutes ca. 15% of the GDP. Railway transport dominates the cargo sector, comprising 70% of all carried goods, domestic and international. Road transport is the one that prevails in the passenger sector, accounting for over 90% of all transported passengers. The Estonian transportation and logistics sector is a successful combination of transportation services, transit trade, distribution centers and value-added logistics. Transit services constitute a profitable form of exports for the nation, and their future success ranks highly among the priorities of Estonia’s economic policy. Located in the Baltic Sea region, Estonia has captured an increasing share of the rapidly growing trade through the Baltic Sea. 5 major cargo ports offer easy navigational access, deep waters, and good ice conditions. There are 12 airports and 1 heliport in Estonia. Tallinn International Airport is the largest airport in Estonia, providing services to a number of international carriers flying to 23 destinations.

Estonia has a strong information technology (IT) sector, partly due to the Tiigrihüpe project undertaken in mid 1990s, and has been mentioned as the most "wired" and advanced country in Europe in the terms of e-government.^[77]

[edit] Oil shale industry and pollution

Main article: Oil shale industry

Although the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily the air is polluted with sulphur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast Estonia due the mining industry which was created by the Soviets in early 1950s. In 2000 the emissions were 80% smaller than in 1980 and the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies was one twentieth the level of 1980. With the start-up of new water purification plants the pollution load of wastewater has decreased. Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and man-made lakes. The coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations, mainly in East-Estonia.^[78] One of the main goals of long-term national development programme of fuel and energy management and goal programme of energy saving is the reduction of environmental impacts. The main tasks in the area are to raise the efficiency of energy production and transport and to use more environment-friendly fuels and reduce special consumption of energy in all branches of economy and households. There are plans to establish new power stations and to provide higher efficiency in oil shale based energy production with the concurrent and significant reduction of the harmful environmental impact via the renovation of combustion technology.^[79]

[edit] Trade and investment

Proximity to the Nordic markets, location between Eastern and Western Europe, competitive cost structure and high-skill labour force have been the major Estonian comparative advantages since the 1990s.Estonia has a modern market-based economy and one of the highest per capita income levels in Central Europe. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden and Germany. The current government has pursued relatively sound fiscal policies, resulting in balanced budgets and low public debt. In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which is pegged to the euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries.

Estonia exports machinery and equipment (33% of all exports annually), wood and paper (15% of all exports annually), textiles (14% of all exports annually), food products (8% of all exports annually), furniture (7% of all exports annually), and metals and chemical products.^[80] Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually.^[80]

Estonia Export Import Finland 18.4% 18.2% Sweden 12.4% 9% Latvia 8.9% 5.7% Russia 8.1% 13.1% Germany 5.1% 12.4% Lithuania 4.8% 6.4%

Estonia imports machinery and equipment (33.5% of all imports annually), chemical products (11.6% of all imports annually), textiles (10.3'% of all imports annually), food products (9.4% of all imports annually), and transportation equipment (8.9% of all imports annually).[80] Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually.[80]

[edit] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Estonia

With only 1.3 million inhabitants, Estonia is one of the least populous countries in the European Union. The current fertility rate is 1.41 children per mother.^[81] Estonia has a small number of larger cities, the most populous being Tallinn, Tartu, Narva, Kohtla-Järve and Pärnu.

By far the largest conurbation is the Tallinn region, including cities of Maardu, Saue and smaller municipalities of Viimsi, Tabasalu, Vääna-Jõesuu and Männiku.

[edit] Ethnic and cultural diversity

Main articles: Estonian Germans, Estonian Swedes, Estonian Russians, Estonian Jews, Setos, and Võros

Tolerance and democracy are illustrated by the Law on the Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities, passed already in 1925, which was not only the first in Europe at the time but also very progressive. Prior to World War II, Estonia was a relatively homogeneous society – ethnic Estonians constituted 88% of the population, with national minorities constituting the remaining 12%.^[82] The largest minority groups in 1934 were Russians, Germans, Swedes, Latvians, Jews, Poles, Finns and Ingrians. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Prior to the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. In 2005, the Ingrian Finnish minority in Estonia elected a cultural council and was granted cultural autonomy. The Estonian Swedish minority similarly received cultural autonomy in 2007.

Estonia Population % Estonians 921,062 68.7% Russians 344,280 25.6% Ukrainians 28,158 2.1% Belarussians 16,134 1.2% Finns 11,035 0.8% Tatars 2,487 0.2% Latvians 2,216 0.2% Poles 2,216 0.2% Lithuanians 2,077 0.1% Jews 1,900 0.1% Germans 1,900 0.1% Others 9,084 0.7%

Historically, large parts of Estonia’s north-western coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes). The majority of Estonia's Swedish population of 3,800 fled to Sweden or were deported in 1944, escaping the advancing Red Army. In the recent years the numbers of Coastal Swedes has risen again, numbering in 2008 almost 500 people, due to the property reforms in the beginning of 1990s. World War II along with Soviet and Nazi occupations interrupted the natural development of inter-ethnic relations, deforming the inner features of Estonian society. By 1989, minorities constituted more than 1/3 of the population, the number of non-Estonians had grown almost 5-fold, while the percentage of ethnic Estonians in the total population decreased by 27%. At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia – forceful administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the mass deportations of Estonians to the USSR. During the purges up to 110,000 Estonians were killed or deported. According to the 2000 census, altogether 109 languages are spoken in Estonia. 83.4% of Estonian citizens speak Estonian as their mother tongue, 15.3% – Russian and 1% speak other languages. Of Estonian residents, 83.6% are Estonian citizens, 7.4% are citizens of other countries and 9% – citizens with undetermined citizenship. The number of Estonian citizens who have become citizens through naturalization process (more than 140,000 persons) exceeds the number of residents of undetermined citizenship (120,000 persons).[83]

Main articles: Languages of Estonia, Estonian language, Võro language, and Seto language

The country's official language is Estonian, which belongs to the Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. Estonian is thus closely related to Finnish, spoken on the other side of the Gulf of Finland, and is one of the few languages of Europe that is not of an Indo-European origin. Despite some overlaps in the vocabulary due to borrowings, in terms of its origin, Estonian is not related to its nearest neighbours, Swedish, Latvian and Russian, which are all Indo-European languages. Russian is widely spoken as a secondary language by thirty- to seventy-year-old ethnic Estonians, because Russian was the unofficial language of the occupied Estonia from 1944 to 1991 taught as a compulsory second language during the Soviet era. First and second generation of industrial immigrants from various parts of the former Soviet Union (mainly Russia) do not speak Estonian.^[84] The latter, mostly Russian-speaking ethnic minorities, reside predominantly in the capital city (Tallinn) and the industrial urban areas in Ida-Virumaa. Most common foreign languages learned by Estonians are English, German, Russian, Swedish, Finnish and in recent years also Latvian.

[edit] Science

[edit] Education

The history of formal education in Estonia dates back to the 13–14th centuries when the first monastic and cathedral schools were founded. The first primer in the Estonian language was published in 1575. The oldest university is the University of Tartu, founded in 1632. In 1919, university courses were first taught in the Estonian language. A wide network of schools and supporting educational institutions has been established. The Estonian educational system consists of state, municipal, public and private educational institutions:

• preschool children’s institutions
• kindergarten-primary schools
• primary schools
• basic schools
• secondary schools (gümnaasium)
• vocational educational institutions
• professional higher schools
• universities
• further education institutions
• hobby schools and other educational institutions.

The Education Act states that in accordance with the UNESCO international standard of education classification, education has the following levels:

• preprimary education
• basic education
• secondary education
• higher education.

[edit] IT industry

Main articles: IT industry of Estonia, Kazaa, Tiigrihüpe, and Skype

The IT industry of Estonia began with the first computers manufacturing and installing in late 1950s.^[85] The first computer centers were established in University of Tartu (1959), Institute of Cybernetics (1960) and Tallinn Technical University. In the 1980s specialists from Estonia participated in the development of standard software engineering, CASE tools, for different ministries of the Soviet Union.^[86]

Estonia among many other nations has seen information technology (IT) as an important tool to improve the case of extremely fast recovery of Estonian economy.^[87]

[edit] Culture and arts

Main articles: Culture of Estonia and List of Estonians

The culture of Estonia incorporates indigenous heritage, as represented by the country's rare Finno-Ugric national language Estonian and the sauna, with mainstream Nordic and European cultural aspects. Due to its history and geography, Estonia's culture has been influenced by the traditions of the adjacent area's various Finnic, Baltic and Germanic peoples as well as the cultural developments in the former dominant powers Sweden and Russia. Traditionally, Estonia has indeed been seen as an area of rivalry between western and eastern Europe on many levels. An example of this geopolitical legacy is an exceptional combination of nationally recognized Christian traditions: a western Protestant and an eastern Orthodox Church. Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic environmental realities and traditional livelihoods, a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism out of practical reasons (see: Everyman's right and universal suffrage), and the ideals of closeness to nature and self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage).^[88]

Main articles: Literature of Estonia, Estonian folklore, Kalevipoeg, and Estophile

The literature of Estonia refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers).^[89] The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted few early written literary works in Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.^[90]

The cultural stratum of Estonian, was originally characterised by a largely lyrical form of folk poetry based on syllabic quantity. Apart from a few albeit remarkable exceptions, this archaic form has not been much employed in later times. The most outstanding achievements in this field are the national epic Kalevipoeg. At a professional level, traditional folk song reached its new heyday during the last quarter of the 20th century, primarily thanks to the work of composer Veljo Tormis. In modern times Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski remain to be Estonia's best known and most translated writers.^[91]

[edit] Media

Main articles: Media of Estonia, Cinema of Estonia, Television of Estonia, List of Estonian films, and List of Estonian war films

The cinema of Estonia started in 1908 with the production of a newsreel about Swedish King Gustav V’s visit to Tallinn.^[92]

The first public TV broadcast in Estonia was in July 1955. Regular, live radio-broadcasts began already in December 1926. Deregulation in the field of electronic media has brought radical changes compared to the beginning of 1990s. The first licenses for private TV broadcasters were issued in 1992. The first private radio station went on the air in 1990.

Today the media is a vibrant sector at the forefront of change in Estonian society. There is a plethora of weekly newspapers and magazines. Estonians face a choice of 9 domestic TV channels and a host of radio stations. The Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and the fact that Estonia does have a free press is recognized by various international press freedom bodies, like the US-based Freedom House. Estonia has two news agencies. The Baltic News Service (BNS), founded in 1990, is a private regional news agency covering Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The ETV24 is a agency owned by Eesti Rahvusringhääling who is a publicly funded radio and television organization created on 31 June 2007 to take over the functions of the formerly separate Eesti Raadio and Eesti Televisioon under the terms of the Estonian National Broadcasting Act.

Main articles: Music of Estonia, Estonian national awakening, Radio of Estonia, Estonian Song Festival, and Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest

The earliest mentioning of Estonian singing dates back to Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum (ca. 1179).^[93] Saxo speaks of Estonian warriors who sang at night while waiting for a battle. The older folksongs are also referred to as regilaulud, songs in the poetic metre regivärss the tradition shared by all Baltic-Finnic peoples. Runic singing was widespread among Estonians until the 18th century, when it started to be replaced by rhythmic folksongs. Professional Estonian musicians emerged in the late 19th century at the time of Estonian national awakening. Nowadays the most known Estonian composers are Arvo Pärt and Veljo Tormis. Traditional wind instruments derived from those used by shepherds were once widespread, but are now becoming again more commonly played. Other instruments, including the fiddle, zither, concertina and accordion are used to play polka or other dance music. The kannel is a native instrument that is now again becoming more popular in Estonia. A Native Music Preserving Center was opened in 2008 in Viljandi.^[94]

The Estonian Song Festival (Laulupidu) is an event which takes place in Tallinns Song Festival Ground (Lauluväljak) every five years in July. The last song festival was in 2007 and the next festival will be in 2009. Nowadays those festivals are held on The Tallinn Song Festival Grounds. Estonia entered the Eurovision Song Contest in 1994 and in 2001, Tanel Padar and Dave Benton's "Everybody" won the contest. This was the first time any of the Eastern Europe countries has won the contest. In 2008 Estonia's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 was performed by Kreisiraadio comedy group with a song Leto Svet which created some controversy amongst Estonian and international Eurovision fans.^[95]

[edit] Sports

Main articles: Sport in Estonia, Estonian Olympic Committee, Estonia at the Olympics, and Sailing at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. The first Winter Olympics were the 1924 Winter Olympics. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing.^[96]

[edit] Cuisine

Main articles: Cuisine of Estonia, Kama (food), Saku (beer), A. Le Coq, Kohuke, and Verivorst

Historically the cuisine of Estonia has been depended heavily on seasons and simple peasant food, which today is influenced by many countries. Today it includes many typical international foods. The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes and dairy products.^[97] Traditionally in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat everything fresh - berries, herbs, vegetables and everything else that comes straight from the garden. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although nowadays hunting and fishing are more of popular hobbies. Today it is also very popular to grill outside in summer. Traditionally in winter jams, preserves and pickles are brought to the table. Estonia has been through rough times in the past and thus gathering and conserving fruits, mushrooms and vegetables for winter has always been essential. Today gathering and conserving is not that common because everything can be bought from stores, but preparing food for winter is still very popular in countryside and still has somewhat ritual significance. Being a country with large coastal line, fish has also been very important.^[98]

[edit] Society

v • d • e Topics related to Estonia History Ancient Estonia · Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact · Soviet occupation in Estonia · War-films Politics Constitution · President · E-Government · Government · Political parties|Politics · Elections · Exile Government · Geography Geography · Counties · Municipalities · Cities · Boroughs · Small boroughs · Populated places Economy Economy · Bank of Estonia Culture Demographics · Estonian language · Estonian languages · Culture · Theatre · Music Transport Transport Media Cinema · Journalism · Radio · Television Symbols National flag · National flags · National anthem · Coat of arms Military Livonian War · Battle of Paju · Estonian War of Independence · Tartu Peace Treaty · Estonia in World War II · Forest Brothers Occupation of Baltic states · Resistance movement · Soviet deportations from Estonia · Nazi occupation in Estonia · Ostland · Estonian Legion · Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers Sport Olympics · Olympic city Tallinn · Football International relations Foreign policy · Estonia-Russia relations · Estonia-United States relations Portal

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Notes and references

[edit] External links

Find more about Estonia on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Dictionary definitions
	Textbooks
	Quotations
	Source texts
	Images and media
	News stories
	Learning resources

• Wikimedia Atlas of Estonia

Geographic national
v • d • e Ancient counties of Estonia Alempois · Harju · Jogentagana · Järva · Lääne · Mõhu · Nurmekund · Rävala · Saare · Sakala · Soopoolitse · Ugandi · Vaiga · Virumaa v • d • e  Counties (Maakonnad) of the Republic of Estonia Harjumaa · Hiiumaa · Ida-Virumaa · Järvamaa · Jõgevamaa · Läänemaa · Lääne-Virumaa · Pärnumaa · Põlvamaa · Raplamaa · Saaremaa · Tartumaa · Valgamaa · Viljandimaa · Võrumaa Petserimaa was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945 and is currently annexed by Russia. v • d • e Municipalities (Vallad) of the Republic of Estonia Municipalities · (Estonian: Vallad) Anija · Harku · Jõelähtme · Keila · Kernu · Kiili · Kose · Kuusalu · Kõue · Nissi · Padise · Raasiku · Rae · Saku · Vasalemma · Viimsi · Emmaste · Kõrgessaare · Käina · Alajõe · Aseri · Avinurme · Iisaku · Illuka · Jõhvi · Kohtla · Kõhtla-Nõmme · Lohusuu · Lüganuse · Maidla · Sonda · Toila · Tudulinna · Vaivara · Jõgeva · Kasepää · Pajusi · Pala · Palamuse · Puurmani · Põltsmaa · Saare · Tabivere · Torma · Albu · Ambla · Ilmavere · Järva-Jaani · Kareda · Koigi · Koeru · Paide · Roosna-Alliku · Türi · Kullamaa · Lihula · Noarootsi · Nõva · Oru · Ridala · Risti · Taebla · Haljala · Kadrina · Laekvere · Rakke · Rakvere · Rägavere · Sõmeru · Tamsalu · Tapa · Vihula · Vinni · Viru-Nigula · Väike-Maarja · Ahja · Kanepi · Kõlleste · Laheda · Mikitamäe · Mooste · Orava · Põlva · Räpina · Valgjärve · Vastse-Kuuste · Veriora · Are · Audru · Halinga · Häädemeeste · Kaisma · Kihnu · Lavasaare · Paikuse · Saarde · Sauga · Surju · Tahkuranna · Tootsi · Tori · Tõstamaa · Varbla · Vändra · Juuru · Kaiu · Kohila · Käru · Märjamaa · Raikküla · Rapla · Vigala · Järvakandi · Kaarma · Kihelkonna · Kärla · Laimjala · Leisi · Lümanda · Muhu · Mustjala · Orissaare · Pihtla · Pöide · Salme · Torgu · Valjala · Alatskivi · Haaslava · Kambja · Konguta · Laeva · Luunja · Meeksi · Mäksa · Nõo · Peipsiäärne · Puhja · Rannu · Rõngu · Tartu · Tähtvere · Vara · Võnnu · Ülenurme · Helme · Hummuli · Karula · Palupera · Puka · Põdrala · Sangaste · taheva · Tõlliste · Otepää · Õru · Abja · Halliste · Karksi · Kolga-Jaani · Paistu · Pärsti · Suure-Jaani · Tarvastu · Viiratsi · Anstla · Haanja · Lasva · Meremäe · Misso · Mõniste · Rõuge · Sõrmepalu · Varstu · Kehtna · Koonga · Vastseliina · Võru · Väätsa v • d • e  Cities (Linnad) of the Republic of Estonia Elva · Haapsalu · Jõgeva · Kallaste · Karksi-Nuia · Kehra · Keila · Kiviõli · Kohtla-Järve · Kunda · Kuressaare · Kärdla · Loksa · Maardu · Mustvee Mõisaküla · Narva · Narva-Jõesuu · Otepää · Paide · Paldiski · Põltsamaa · Põlva · Pärnu · Püssi · Rakvere · Saue · Sillamäe · Tallinn · Tartu · Tõrva · Valga · Viljandi · Võhma · Võru Jaanilinn (Ivangorod) and Petseri (Pechory) were annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945 and are currently annexed by Russia. v • d • e  Boroughs (Alevid ja alevikud) of the Republic of Estonia Boroughs (Alevid) Aegviidu · Järva-Jaani · Järvakandi · Kohila · Kohtla-Nõmme · Lavassaare · Märjamaa · Pärnu-Jaagupi · Tootsi · Vändra Small boroughs (Alevikud) Adavere · Ahja · Alatskivi · Alu · Ambla · Aravete · Are · Aruküla · Aseri · Assaku · Aste · Audru · Avinurme · Eidapere · Erra · Haabneeme · Hageri · Hagudi · Haljala · Halliste · Harku · Helme · Hulja · Hummuli · Häädemeeste · Iisaku · Ilmatsalu · Juuru · Jõgeva · Jüri · Kadrina · Kaerepere · Kaiu · Kamari · Kambja · Kanepi · Karjaküla · Kasepää · Keava · Kehtna · Keila-Joa · Kihelkonna · Kiili · Kiisa · Kiltsi · Klooga · Kobela · Koeru · Kolga -  · Kolga-Jaani · Kolkja · Kose (Harju) · Kose (Võru) · Kose-Uuemõisa · Kostivere · Kureküla · Kuremaa · Kuusalu · Kuusiku · Kõpu · Kõrgessaare · Kõrveküla · Käina · Käravete · Kärla · Käru · Käärdi · Laagri · Laatre · Laekvere · Lagedi · Laiuse · Lehtse · Leisi · Lelle · Lepna · Lohusuu · Loo · Luunja · Lähte · Lüganuse · Mehikoorma · Misso · Mooste · Mustla · Mäetaguse · Märja · Nõo · Oisu · Olgina · Olustvere · Orissaare · Paikuse · Pajusti · Palamuse · Palivere · Paralepa · Parksepa · Peetri · Prillimäe · Puhja · Puka · Puurmani · Raasiku · Rakke · Ramsi · Rannu · Ravila · Riisipere · Risti · Roela · Roiu · Roosna-Alliku · Rummu · Rõngu · Rõuge · Sadala · Saku · Salme · Sangaste · Sauga · Siimusti · Simuna · Sinimäe · Sonda · Sõmerpalu · Sõmeru · Särevere · Sääse · Tabasalu · Tabivere · Taebla · Tammiku · Tihemetsa · Toila · Tori · Torma · Tsirguliina · Tudu · Turba · Tudulinna · Tõravere · Tõrvandi · Tõstamaa · Ulila · Uuemõisa · Vaida · Valjala · Vana-Antsla · Varnja · Varstu · Voka · Vasalemma · Vastse-Kuuste · Vastseliina · Veriora · Viimsi · Viiratsi · Vinni · Virtsu · Viru-Jaagupi · Võiste · Võnnu · Võsu · Võõpsu · Väike-Maarja · Väimela · Värska · Väätsa · Õisu · Õru · Ämari · Ülenurme v • d • e  Villages (Külad) of the Republic of Estonia Aa · Aabra · Aadami · Aadma · Aakaru · Aakre · Aamse · Aandu · Aardla · Aardlapalu · Aarna ......

Geographic international
v • d • e Baltic States  Estonia ·  Latvia ·  Lithuania v • d • e Countries of Europe Albania · Andorra · Armenia2 · Austria · Azerbaijan1 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus2 · Czech Republic · Denmark3 · Estonia · Finland · France1 · Georgia1 · Germany · Greece  · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy1 · Kazakhstan1 · Kosovo5 · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia4 · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands3 · Norway3 · Poland · Portugal3 · Romania · Russia1 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain1 · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey1 · Ukraine · United Kingdom3 · Vatican City 1 Has part of its territory outside Europe.  2 Entirely in West Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.  3 Has dependencies or similar territories outside Europe. 4 Name disputed by Greece; see Macedonia naming dispute. 5 Declared independence from Serbia on February 17 and is recognised by 42 countries including Taiwan. v • d • e Countries bordering the Baltic Sea  Denmark ·  Estonia ·  Finland ·  Germany ·  Latvia ·  Lithuania ·  Poland ·  Russia ·  Sweden

Estonia in the European Union
v • d • e  Member States of the European Union Austria · Belgium · Bulgaria · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Ireland · Italy · Latvia · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Malta · Netherlands · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · United Kingdom by accession · by political system · by population · by GDP

International membership
v • d • e Members and candidates of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Members Belgium · Bulgaria · Canada · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · France · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Italy · Latvia · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States Candidates Albania · Croatia · the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v • d • e Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Albania · Angola · Antigua and Barbuda · Argentina · Armenia · Australia · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Barbados · Belize · Benin · Bolivia · Botswana · Brazil · Brunei (Brunei Darussalam) · Burkina Faso · Burma · Burundi · Cambodia · Cameroon · Canada · Central African Republic · Chad · Chile · China (PRC) · Colombia · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Croatia · Cuba · Djibouti · Dominica · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · Egypt · El Salvador · European Union¹ · Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) · Fiji · Gabon · The Gambia · Georgia · Ghana · Grenada · Guatemala · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Guyana · Haiti · Honduras · Hong Kong² · Iceland · India · Indonesia · Israel · Jamaica · Japan · Jordan · Kenya · South Korea · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Lesotho · Liechtenstein · Macau² · Madagascar · Malawi · Malaysia · Maldives · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Mexico · Moldova · Mongolia · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Nepal · New Zealand · Nicaragua · Niger · Nigeria · Norway · Oman · Pakistan · Panama · Papua New Guinea · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Qatar · Rwanda · St. Kitts and Nevis · St. Lucia · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · Saudi Arabia · Senegal · Sierra Leone · Singapore · Solomon Islands · South Africa · Sri Lanka · Suriname · Swaziland · Switzerland · Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu³ · Tanzania · Thailand · Togo · Tonga · Trinidad and Tobago · Tunisia · Turkey · Uganda · Ukraine · United Arab Emirates · United States · Uruguay · Venezuela · Vietnam · Zambia · Zimbabwe All twenty-seven member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right: Austria • Belgium • Bulgaria • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Latvia • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Netherlands and Netherlands Antilles • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • United Kingdom. Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Designated name for the Republic of China (Chinese Taipei) v • d • e Members of the Council of Europe Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia · Turkey · Ukraine · United Kingdom

Languages
v • d • e Finno-Ugric Languages Baltic-Finnic Estonian · Finnish (Ingrian Finnish · Kven · Meänkieli) · Ingrian · Karelian (Ludic · Olonets Karelian) · Livonian · South Estonian (Seto · Võro) · Veps · Votic Finno-Volgaic Mari · Erzya · Moksha · Merya † · Meshcherian † · Muromian † Permic Komi · Komi-Permyak · Udmurt Sami Akkala Sami † · Inari Sami · Kemi Sami † · Kildin Sami · Lule Sami · Northern Sami · Pite Sami · Skolt Sami · Southern Sami Ter Sami · Ume Sami Ugric Hungarian · Khanty · Mansi Note † denotes extinct

Coordinates: 59°00′N, 26°00′E ^[1]