Pontic Greeks
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| Pontic Greeks Έλληνες του Πόντου - Ρωμιοί |
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Pontic Greek Man
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| Total population |
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ca. 3,000,000 (est.) |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Greece, Russia,Ukraine,Kazakhstan,Turkey |
| Language(s) |
| Pontic Greek, Modern Greek,Russian,Turkish |
| Religion(s) |
| Greek Orthodox,Islam |
The term Pontic Greeks, Pontian Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus (Greek: Πόντιοι, Ποντιακός Ελληνισμός or Έλληνες του Πόντου, Turkish: Pontus Rumları) can refer to Greeks specifically from the area of Pontus in the region of the former Empire of Trebizond on the Black Sea coast of Eastern Turkey, or in other cases more generally all Greeks from the shores of the Black Sea or the Pontus. Pontic Greeks traditionally speak Pontic Greek.
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[edit] History of Greek Colonization of the Black Sea
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The history of the Pontic Greek people is first recounted in a Greek myth. The Black Sea area generally, and the region around Trabzon specifically, are where Jason and the Argonauts sailed to find the Golden Fleece. This myth was formally documented by Apollonius of Rhodes in his work, the Argonautica. Modern historians however, see this epic also as a historical tool. They date the expedition of the Argo around 1200 BC based on the description given by Apollonius.
The first recorded Greek colony, established on the northern shores of ancient Anatolia, was Sinop circa 800 BC. The settlers of Sinop were merchants from the Ionian Greek city state of Miletus. After the colonization of the shores of the Black Sea the name changed to Efxinos (hospitable) from Axinos(inhospitable) sea. In time, other Greeks followed their path and, as numbers grew, more Greek colonies were established along the Black Sea coastline of what is now Turkey, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, and Romania.
The region of Trapezus, now Trabzon, was also mentioned by Xenophon (430 - 355 BC) Anabasis, when his 10,000 soldiers had reached the Pontic Euxine Sea (Black Sea) and cried out 'Thalatta! Thalatta! (Ancient Greek) (Modern Greek 'Thalassa! Thalassa!') ("The sea! The sea!"), the local people understood them. They were Hellenes as well and, according to Xenophon, they had been there for over 300 years. For over two thousand years the Pontos region, has flourished, contributing to the development of a rich civilization with a strong Hellenic basis. This is verified by a various ancient Greek and Roman historians as many accounts exist of the Mithridatic wars and the reign of Eupator Dionysius.With the passage of time and the establishment of the Eastern Roman Empire Pontos was placed under its control but due to the area natural characteristics the region remained almost totally isolated from the 'modern' Greek-speaking world. This isolation however helped maintain the Pontic language a direct dialect of Ancient Greek language.After the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461 (the last remaining Greek state) and for the next 4 and 1/2 centuries the Pontus region fell under Ottoman rule but maintained a strong sense of Hellenism and Greek Orthodoxy.Kingdoms either established or ruled by Pontic Greeks, or heavily influenced by Pontic Greek culture, include Pontus, Bithynia, and the Bosporan kingdom.
[edit] Other people of the area
Throughout its history Pontos was also inhabited and invaded by the Persians, Romans, Mongols , Georgians, Russians and Turks. The region also had its share of royal rulers of Byzantine Empire such as the Komnenos family,and was the location where the Empire of Trebizond flourished after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders in 1204 till it's dissolution by ottoman Empire in 1461.
[edit] Persecutions and population exchange
Like Armenians and Assyrians , the Pontic Greeks faced persecution and suffered ethnic cleansing at the beginning of the 20th century by the Ottoman Empire first and Kemalist forces later.Death marches [1] through Turkeys mountainous terrain, forced labour in the famous "Amele Tamburu" in Anatolia and slaughter by the irregular bands of Topal Osman resulted in thousands of them perishing during the period from 1915 to 1922.In 1923, after hundreds of years, those remaining were expelled from Turkey to Greece as part of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey defined by the Treaty of Lausanne. In his book 'Black Sea', author Neal Ascherson writes:
| “ | The Turkish guide-books on sale in Turkey today offer this account of the 1923 catastrophe: 'After the proclamation of the Republic (Turkish), the Greeks who lived in the region returned to their own country. Their own country? Returned? Pontians had lived in that area for over 3,000 years. The Pontian dialect was not understandable to 20th century Athenians. | ” |
The suffering of the Pontic Greeks did not end upon their violent and forceful departure from the lands of their ancestors. Many Pontic Greek refugees perished during the voyage from Asia Minor to Greece. Notable accounts of these voyages have been included in Steve Papadopoulos’ work on Pontic culture and history. Pontic Greek immigrants of the United States from that era were quoted saying;
Many children and elderly died during the voyage to Greece. When the crew realized they were dead,they were thrown overboard. Soon the mothers of such children started pretending that they were still alive. After witnessing what was done to the deceased,they would hold on to them and comfort them as if they were still alive. They did this to give them a proper burial in Greece.
[edit] Settlements
Some of the settlements historically inhabited by Pontic Greeks include:
- On the Taman peninsula,Krasnodar Krai and the Colchian coast:
- Batis, Dioscurias, Germonassa, Gorgippa, Heraclea Pontica, Phanagoria, Phasis, Pitsunda, Sebastopolis.
- In "Pontus":
- Amasia, Aphene, Kerasounta, Kissa, Kromna, Amisos, Sinope, Themiscyra, Trapezounta, Bafra, Argyroupolis, Xeroiana (Sheroina), Ofis, Santa, Tonya, Matsouka, Galiana, Sourmena, Imera, Rizounta, Mouzena, Kotoiora, Livera, Platana, Kel Kit, Nikopolis, Kakatsis, Merzifounta, Tokat, Oinoe, Neokaisareia, Fatsa, Tripoli, Thermi, Hatzi-koi, Komana, Hopa, Athina, Koloneia, Gemoura, Ak-Dag Maten.
- Outside Pontus:
[edit] Population
Nowadays, the actual number of Pontic Greeks is unknown, due to extensive intermarriage with other subgroups of the Greek nation. The largest communities of Pontic Greeks (or people of Pontic Greek descent) around the world are (according to Pontian Diaspora 2000):
- Russia and in other countries of the former Soviet Union
- Ukraine 120,000
- Georgia 50,000
- Kazakhstan 25,000
- Uzbekistan 11,000
- Armenia 2,000
- Europe and Americas
- Germany 100,000
- Canada 20,000
- United States of America 200,000 in the following cities:
- Norwalk, Connecticut
- Chicago, Illinois
- Boston, Massachusetts
- Astoria, Queens, New York
- Canton, Ohio
[edit] Conversions to Islam
A large number of Pontic Greeks during the Ottoman era converted either forcibly or willingly to Islam. During the population exchange between Greece and Turkey religion was the factor to decide who would be transferred or not so there is a sizeable Greek-speaking Muslim Pontian community (about 300,000 in 1996) in Turkey, see Pontic Greek Muslims.
[edit] Pontic Greeks in the former Soviet Union
Pontic Greeks were predominantly settled in the regions bordering the Georgian SSR and Armenian SSR. There was also a notable presence of Pontic Greeks in Black Sea ports like Odessa and Sukhumi. About 100,000 Soviet Black Sea Greeks, including 37,000 in the Caucasus area were deported to Central Asia in 1949 during Stalin's plague.
Following 1988, Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union started to migrate to Greece with their often mixed families and settling in and around Athens and Thessaloniki. They are known as "Russian Pontians" (Ρωσσοπόντιοι) by the Greek public. In his 1998 movie From the Edge of the City (Από την άκρη της πόλης)[3], with dialogues in Greek, Pontic Greek and Russian, the film director Constantinos Giannaris, describes the life of a young "Russian Pontian" from Kazakhstan in the Athens' prostitution underworld.
Greeks in today's Georgia are mostly Turkish-speaking (due to extensive forced linguistic turkification during the Ottoman times) Pontic Greeks known as Tsalkalideis (Τσαλκαλιδείς), named after the town of Tsalka where they used to comprise the largest ethnic group. Pontic Greeks live in southern mkhares Kvemo Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti. Pontic Greeks in Armenia live abundantly in the marz of Lori. They form the majority in the north of the province.
[edit] Culture
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The culture of Pontus has been influenced by the topography of it's uniquely different regions. The cities located in the North, like Trabzon and Sinop were, from ancient times, trading centers. They retain this title till today. In these cities upper level education flourished following as a consequence of trade activities.
In the inland cities like Argyroupolis and others, the economy was based upon agriculture and mining. Trade took place here too, but to a lesser extent. The topography of the land dictated this dichotomy. The northern cities all developed as rich urban ports due to the accessibility of the Black Sea. The southern cities developed as rural centers, due the valleys and plains extending from the base of the Pontic alps. The following are some cultural characteristics of the Pontic Greek people.
[edit] Education
The cultural aspect of Pontic Greeks is witnessed by the number of colleges and churches that existed in the region.In cities both rural and urban alike, high schools and colleges were widespread. Examples of such colleges include;
- the Frontistirion of Trapezeus built in 1682
- the Frontistirion of Argyroupolis built in 1722
- 38 different highschools in Synope* 39 different highschools in Kerasous
The Pontian Greeks built many churches and monasteries such as;
- St.Eugenios of Trapezeus
- The monastery of St. George
- The monastery of St. Ioannes Vazelonos
- The church of Agia Sophia of Trapezeus, see Hagia Sophia, Trabzon.
- Arguably, one of the greatest monasteries built by the Pontic Greeks in Pontos is that of Panagia Soumela, see Sümela Monastery.
[edit] Music
Pontian music retains elements of Greek, Persian, and Celtic music. The music is often fast in tempo and can sometimes be high-pitched. Pontian music is played primarily to be danced to, with dance steps substantially different from that of Greek and Turkish dancing.
[edit] Instruments
The following is a review of Pontian musical instruments.
The kemenche or Lyra is similar to its Cretan, Cypriot and Thracian counterparts. The kemenche is played all over the world by people of Pontian descent. For a comparison of the kemetze with its other Greek counterparts see the following;
The touloum and aggeion are very similar to the bagpipe, and almost identical to the tsambouna, a bagpipe found in the Aegean islands. It is found in northern Greece, F.Y.R.O.M, and Bulgaria as gaida.
The davul is a type of drum.
The zourna was widely played outdoors and was the preferred instrument over the kemence because it could be heard clearly and was not drowned out by the davul or daoul. The zurna varied by region. The zurna of Bafra has a different sound than those found in the rest of Pontos because it is bigger in size.
The violin was played upright like the kemence. Areas with the violin were primarily Ak-Dag Maten, Kioumoush Maten and Bafra.
The Kemane is related to the Kemane of Kappadokia. Pontic communities that played kemane were Ak-Dag Maten, Ata-Pazar, Kioumoush Maten and possibly in Kerasounta and Kars.
Defi (tambourine) was played in Bafra and Ata-Pazar.
Outi or Oud was played in Bafra, Ata-Pazar, Ak-Dag Maten and Kioumoush Maten.
[edit] Dance
Pontian dance retains the aspects of Persian and Greek dance styles. The dances called Horoi (Greek: Χοροί), singular Horon (Greek: Χορόν) meaning literally "Dance" in both Ancient and Modern Greek language, are circular in nature and are each characterized by distinct short steps. A unique aspect of Pontian dance is the tremoulo (Greek: Τρέμουλο), which is a fast shaking of the upper torso by a turning of the back on its axis. Pontian dances are similar to Greek dances in being danced in a line and forming a circle. Many Pontian dances are almost identical in steps to Greek dances. Pontian dances also resemble Persian and Middle Eastern dances in that they are not led, with no single leader in the dance formation. This is different from Greek dances but is a widespread aspect of Persian and Middle Eastern dances. The following is a list of Pontian Dances
- Omal -(Grk.ομάλ)-meaning calm
- Tik-(Grk.τικ)
- Argon-(Grk.αργόν)-meaning slow
- Tromakton-(Grk.τρομαχτόν)-meaning fiercely
- So gonaton-(Grk.σο γόνατο)-meaning on the knee
- Langefton-(Grk.λανγκευτόν)-meaning jumping or hopping
- Karslidikon-(Grk.καρσλίδικον)-Meaning from Kars
- Diplon-(Grk.διπλόν)-Meaning douple
- Dipat or Giavaston-(Grk.διπάτ)-Meaning double step
- Ters (from Kioumoush Maten)-(Grk.Tερς)-Meaning wrong or incorrectly
- Ters (from Ak Dag Maten)-(Grk.Tερς)-Meaning wrong or incorrectly
- Tas-(Grk.τας)
- Trigona (from Trapezounta)-(Grk.τριγόνα)
- Trigona (from Matsouka)-(Grk.τριγόνα)
- Trigona (from Kerasounda)-(Grk.τριγόνα)
- Seranitsa (from Trapezounta)-(Grk.σερανίτσα)
- Seranitsa (Sheriana)-(Grk.σερανίτσα)
- Serra-(Grk.σέρρα)-Named after the region Serra
- Masher or Maheria(Grk.Μαχαίρια)or Pyrecheios(Grk.πυρήχειος)(Turkish Bıçak Oyunu)- ancient Greek dance described by the ancient historian Xenophon meaning sound of fire. In the films The Addams Family Gomez dances Masher.
- Kots-(Grk.κοτς)-Meaning Heel dance
- Kotsari-(Grk.κότσαρι)- Meaning Heel dance
- Almatsouk-(Grk.αλματσούκ)
- Titara (Argyropoli)-(Grk.τίταρα)
- Titara (Kars)-(Grk.τίταρα)
- Giurvalandun-(Grk.γιουρβαλαντούν)
- Samson-(Grk.σαμσόν)-From Sinop
- Etere-(Grk.έτερε)
- Karsilamas-(Grk.καρσιλαμάς)-From Kars
- Pipilomatena-(Grk.πιπιλομάτενα)- Meaning soft eyes
- Tsurtuguzus-(Grk.τσουρτούγουζους)
- Momogera-(Grk.μομόγερα)-Meaning immature old men
- Atsiapat-(Grk.ατσιαπάτ)
- Gemura-(Grk.γέμουρα)-Meaning from Gemura
- Diplon Omal-(Grk.διπλόν ομάλ)-Meaning double calm
- Kalon Korits-(Grk.καλόν κορίτσ)-Meaning good girl
- Kymishanalidikon-(Grk.κιμισχαναλίδικον)-Meaning from Gumushane
- Dolme-(Grk.ντολμέ)
- Utsai-(Grk.ούτσαϊ)
- Sarikuz-(Grk.σαρικουζ)
- Siton-(Grk.σιτόν)
- Tamsara-(Grk.τάμσαρα)
- Tyrfon-(Grk.τυρφόν)
- Fona-(Grk.φόνα)
- Hala-Hala-(Grk.χάλα-χάλα)
- Halai-(Grk.χαλάϊ)
[edit] Notable Pontic Greeks
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[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Library Journal Review of Not Even My Nameby Thea Halo.
- ^ Ascherson, Neal (1995). The Black Sea. ISBN 0-8090-3043-8.
- ^ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0181547/ Apo Tin Akri Tis Polis
[edit] References
- Asan, Ömer. Pontos kültürü. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları, 1996.
- Halo, Thea. Not Even My Name. Picador. 2000. ISBN 978-0-312-26211-2.
- Hofmann, Tessa, ed. Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im Osmanischen Reich 1912-1922. Münster: LIT, 2004. ISBN 978-3-8258-7823-8
[edit] External links
- Michel Bruneau (ed.), Grecs pontiques: Diaspora, identité, territoires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) Éditions, Paris, 1998 (recension and presentation)
- Omer Asan: Greek-speaking writer from Turkey and a guide to the Pontian culture, Tuesday April 25 2000 International Herald Tribune
- Nikos Doukas, The Pontian muslims at the target of Turkey
- About Pontic Culture of Anatolia
- The official web site of the Pontian Federation of Greece
- Web site of everything Pontian
- World wide Pontian Forum
- Pontian Federation of Australia
- Pontian Association in Stuttgart, Germany
- Pontian Association in South Russia
- Pontian web site catalogue
- Pontian Association in Frankfurt, Germany / Verein der Griechen aus Pontos in Frankfurt
- Pontian International site
- Internet Radio "Akrites tou Pontou"
- Pontian folk music
- Trebizond Greek: A language without a tongue
- All about Pontic culture
- Website with map showing colonization of the Black Sea by Greek
- The Incredible Odyssey of the Black Sea Greeks
- Greek Penetration of the Black Sea
Categories: Articles needing additional references from August 2007 | All pages needing cleanup | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since August 2007 | Cleanup from April 2007 | Wikipedia external links cleanup | Pontic Greeks | Ancient Greeks | Ethnic groups in Greece | Ethnic groups in Georgia (country) | Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan | Greek colonies | Black Sea | Pontus
