Programme for International Student Assessment

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The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a triennial world-wide test of 15-year-old schoolchildren's scholastic performance, the implementation of which is coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The aim of the PISA study is to test and compare schoolchildren's performance across the world, with a view to improving educational methods and outcomes.

1 Development and implementation
- 1.1 Comparison with TIMSS and PIRLS
2 Method of testing
3 Results
4 2006 survey

[edit] Development and implementation

Developed from 1997, the first PISA assessment was carried out in 2000. The tests are taken every three years. Every period of assessment specialises in one particular subject, but also tests the other main areas studied. The subject specialisation is rotated through each PISA cycle.

In 2000, 265 000 students from 32 countries took part in PISA; 28 of them were OECD member countries. In 2002 the same tests were taken by 11 more "partner" countries (i.e. non-OECD members). The main focus of the 2000 tests was reading literacy, with two thirds of the questions being on that subject.

PISA’s debut round in 2000 was delivered on OECD’s behalf by an international consortium of research and educational institutions led by the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER). It continued to lead the design and implementation of subsequent rounds of PISA for OECD.

Over 275 000 students took part in PISA 2003, which was conducted in 41 countries, including all 30 OECD countries. (Britain data collection however, failed to meet PISA’s quality standards and so the UK was not included in the international comparisons.) The focus was mathematics literacy, testing real-life situations in which mathematics is useful. Problem solving was also tested for the first time.

In 2006, 57 countries participated, and the main focus of PISA 2006 was science literacy. Results are due out in late 2007. Researchers have begun preparation for 2009, in which reading literacy will again be the main focus, giving the first opportunity to measure improvements in that domain. At last count (end-March 2007), about 63 countries were set to participate in PISA 2009. It is anticipated that more countries will join in before 2009.

Development of the methodology and procedures required to implement the PISA survey in all participating countries are led by ACER. It also leads in developing and implementing sampling procedures and assisting with monitoring sampling outcomes across these countries. The assessment instruments fundamental to PISA’s Reading, Mathematics, Science, Problem-solving, Computer-based testing, background and contextual questionnaires are similarly constructed and refined by ACER. ACER also develops purpose-built software to assist in sampling and data capture, and analyses all data.

The process of seeing through a single PISA cycle, start-to-finish, takes over 4 years.

[edit] Comparison with TIMSS and PIRLS

Another international mathematics assessment test is the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), undertaken by the International Association for Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). Results from the TIMSS often contradict results of the PISA test. The PISA mathematics literacy test asks students to apply their mathematical knowledge to solve problems set in various real-world contexts. To solve the problems students must activate a number of mathematical competencies as well as a broad range of mathematical content knowledge. TIMSS, on the other hand, measures more traditional classroom content such as an understanding of fractions and decimals and the relationship between them. It divides mathematical domains into two dimensions: first, the applied-knowledge "cognitive domains" and secondly more traditional "contents domains". The cognitive domains it covers are "Knowing Facts and Procedures, Using Concepts, Solving Routine Problems and Reasoning", and the contents domains are "Number, Algebra, Measurement, Geometry and Data". The latter reflect "the importance of being able to continue comparisons of achievement with previous assessments in these content domains" (TIMSS Assessment Framework 2003, pdf) PISA argues that international assessment should not be restricted to a set body of knowledge. Instead, it deals with education's application to real-life problems and life-long learning.

In reading literacy, the equivalent to TIMSS is the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study or PIRLS. According to the OECD: "OECD/PISA does not measure the extent to which 15-year-old students are fluent readers or how competent they are at word recognition tasks or spelling". Instead, they should be able to "construct, extend and reflect on the meaning of what they have read across a wide range of continuous and non-continuous texts" (Chapter 2 of the publication "PISA 2003 Assessment Framework", pdf) PIRLS, on the other hand, describes reading literacy as "the ability to understand and use those written language forms required by society and/or valued by the individual." (Chapter 1 of PIRLS 2006 Assessment Framework, pdf)-- PIRLS includes using language forms in reading literacy. However, according to the IEA, in scoring the PIRLS tests, "the focus is solely on students’ understanding of the text, not on their ability to write well." (Chapter 4 of PIRLS 2006 Assessment Framework, pdf).

[edit] Method of testing

The students tested by PISA are aged between 15 years and 3 months and 16 years and 2 months at the beginning of the assessment period. The school year pupils are in is not taken into consideration. Only students at school are tested, not home-schoolers. In PISA 2006 , however, several countries also used a grade-based sample of students. This made it possible also to study how age and school year interact.

Each student takes a two-hour handwritten test. Part of the test is multiple-choice and part involves fuller answers. In total there are six and a half hours of assessment material, but each student is not tested on all the parts. Participating students also answer a questionnaire on their background including learning habits, motivation and family. School directors also fill in a questionnaire describing school demographics, funding etc.

[edit] Results

The results of each period of assessment normally take at least a year to be analysed. The first results for PISA 2000 came out in 2001 (OECD, 2001a) and 2003 (OECD, 2003c), and were followed by thematic reports studying particular aspects of the results. The evaluation of PISA 2003 was published in two volumes: Learning for Tomorrow’s World: First Results from PISA 2003 (OECD, 2004) and Problem Solving for Tomorrow’s World – First Measures of Cross-Curricular Competencies from PISA 2003 (OECD, 2004d)

Here is an overview of the top six scores in 2003:

Mathematics

Reading literacy

Science

Problem solving

1.	Hong Kong	550
2.	Finland	544
3.	South Korea	542
4.	Netherlands	538
5.	Liechtenstein	536
6.	Japan	534

1.	Finland	543
2.	South Korea	534
3.	Canada	528
4.	Australia	525
5.	Liechtenstein	525
6.	New Zealand	522

1.	Finland	563
2.	Hong Kong	542
3.	Canada	534
4.	Taiwan	532
5.	Estonia	531
6.	Japan	531

1.	South Korea	550
2.	Finland	548
2.	Hong Kong	548
4.	Japan	547
5.	New Zealand	533
6.	Macau	532

Professor Jouni Välijärvi was in charge of the Finnish PISA study: he believed that the high Finnish score was due both to the excellent Finnish teachers and to Finland's 1990s LUMA programme which was developed to improve children's skills in mathematics and natural sciences. He also drew attention to the Finnish school system which teaches the same curriculum to all pupils. Indeed individual Finnish students' results did not vary a great deal and all schools had similar scores.

An evaluation of the 2003 results showed that the countries which spent more on education did not necessarily do better than those which spent less. Australia, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Japan, Korea and the Netherlands spent less but did relatively well, whereas the United States spent much more but was below the OECD average. The Czech Republic, in the top ten, spent only one third as much per student as the United States did, for example, but the USA came 24th out of 29 countries compared.

Compared with 2000, Poland, Belgium, the Czech Republic and Germany all improved their results. In fact, apparently due to the changes to the school system introduced in the educational reform of 1999, Polish students had above average reading skills in PISA 2003; in PISA 2000 they were near the bottom of the list.

Another point made in the evaluation was that students with higher-earning parents are better-educated and tend to achieve higher results. This was true in all the countries tested, although more obvious in certain countries, such as Germany.

[edit] 2006 survey

Here is an overview of the 20 places with the highest scores in 2006:

	Mathematics	Science	Reading
1.	Taiwan	Finland	South Korea
2.	Finland	Hong Kong	Finland
3.	Hong Kong	Canada	Hong Kong
4.	South Korea	Taiwan	Canada
5.	Netherlands	Estonia	New Zealand
6.	Switzerland	Japan	Ireland
7.	Canada	New Zealand	Australia
8.	Macau	Australia	Liechtenstein
9.	Liechtenstein	Netherlands	Poland
10.	Japan	Liechtenstein	Sweden
11.	New Zealand	South Korea	Netherlands
12.	Belgium	Slovenia	Belgium
13.	Australia	Germany	Estonia
14.	Estonia	United Kingdom	Switzerland
15.	Denmark	Czech Republic	Japan
16.	Czech Republic	Switzerland	Taiwan
17.	Iceland	Macau	United Kingdom
18.	Austria	Austria	Germany
19.	Slovenia	Belgium	Denmark
20.	Germany	Ireland	Slovenia

[edit] Reactions to the results

For many countries, the first PISA results were a nasty surprise; in Germany, for example, the comparatively low scores brought on heated debate about how the school system should be changed. Other countries had an agreeable surprise. Some headlines in national newspapers, for example, were:

"La France, élève moyen de la classe OCDE" (France, average student of the OECD class) Le Monde, December 5, 2001
"Miserable Noten für deutsche Schüler" (Abysmal marks for German students) Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, December 4, 2001
"Are we not such dunces after all?" The Times, England, December 6, 2001
"Economic Time Bomb: U.S. Teens Are Among Worst at Math" Wall Street Journal December 7, 2004
"Preocupe-se. Seu filho é mal educado." (Your son is badly educated.) Veja November 7, 2007
"La educación española retrocede" (Spanish education goes back) El País December 5, 2007
"Finnish teens score high marks in latest PISA study" Helsingin Sanomat November 30, 2007

[edit] See also

[edit] References

Rindermann, Heiner (2007). The g-factor of international cognitive ability comparisons: the homogeneity of results in PISA, TIMSS, PIRLS and IQ-tests across nations. European Journal of Personality, 21, 667-706 [1]

v • d • e

Lists of countries with rankings

Geography

Area • Coastline • Highest point • Lowest point • Coast/area ratio • Northernmost point • Southernmost point • Continent • Number of neighbouring countries

Demographics

Population (graphical • by density) • Population growth rate • Life expectancy • Infant mortality rate • Fertility rate • Birth rate • Death rate • Sex ratio • Homicide rate • Income equality • Literacy rate • National IQ estimates • HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate • Unemployment rate • Employment rate • Population living in poverty • Poverty Index • Immigrant population • Suicide rate (OECD countries) • Undernourishment rate • Firearm-related death rate • Gun ownership

Economy

Current account balance • Foreign exchange reserves • Imports • Exports (per capita) • Foreign Direct Investment • Debt (External, Public) • Human Development Index • Tourist visits • Internet users (Broadband) • Mobile phones • Telephone lines • Television sets • Vehicles • Consumption (Energy per capita, Energy intensity, Electricity, Natural gas, Electricity Intensity, Vehicles per capita) • Production (Natural gas production by country, Natural gas proven reserves, Oil proven reserves, Automobile production, Steel production, Aluminium production, Coal production, Iron production, Zinc production)

GDP	Nominal (per capita) • PPP (per capita • per hour) Past (nominal • PPP) • Future (nominal • PPP • PPP per capita) • GNI per capita (Atlas Method) • Growth (real • real per capita) Sector composition • Demographics comparison