2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

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The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence was an act of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government Assembly of Kosovo, adopted on 17 February 2008, which declared Kosovo to be independent from Serbia.^[1]

It was the second declaration of independence by Kosovo's Albanian-dominated political institutions, the first having been proclaimed on 7 September 1990.^[2]

The 2008 declaration was a product of failed negotiations concerning the adoption of the Ahtisarri plan, which broke down in the fall of 2007. The plan, prepared by the UN Special Envoy, former President of Finland, Martti Ahtisaari, stipulated a sort of supervised independence for Kosovo, without expressly using the word "independence" among its proposals. Under the plan, the Kosovo entity would gain self-governance under the supervision of the European Union, and become obligated to expressly protect its minorities' rights by means of a constitution and a representative government, while this entity would be accorded its own national symbols such as a flag and a coat of arms, and be obligated to carry out border demarcation on the disputed Kosovo-Republic of Macedonia border. The Albanian negotiators supported the Ahtisaari plan essentially in whole, and the plan gained the backing of the European Union and of the United States. However, Serbia and Russia rejected it outright, and no progress was possible on the United Nations front.

Faced with no progress on negotiations in sight, the Kosovars decided to unilaterally proclaim the Republic of Kosova, obligating themselves in the process to follow the Ahtisaari plan's provisions in full. As of mid-April 2008, this has largely been the case, with the new Republic adopting a constitution written by local and international scholars protecting minority rights and providing for a representative government with guaranteed ethnic representation, which law is to take effect on 15 June 2008. It also adopted some of its national symbols already, including the flag and coat of arms, while work continues on defining the anthem. It has also engaged, albeit with a delay, in the border demarcation talks with Macedonia, initially insisting on being recognized first, but dropping this condition later on.

The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence elicited mixed reaction internationlly and a polarized one domestically, the latter along the division of Kosovo Serbs vs. the Kosovo Albanians and non-Serb minorities taken together. Accordingly, effective control in Kosovo has also fractured along these lines.

One of the consequences of the declaration was the fall of the government of Serbia, due to internal discord on how to deal with the European Union and Kosovo. The resultant future elections to determine the next government are scheduled for 11 May 2008, and much of the developing situation, including the world reaction, is expected to take on a more definite character, once a new government takes control of Serbia, preumably reflecting the will of its people.

Another important calendar date in the future is the annual September gathering of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, at which time Serbia intends to seek international validation and support for its stance on the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, namely, that it is illegal.

of the medieval Serbian state and location of the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1455, previously held by the Byzantine Empire. Over the following centuries it developed a very mixed Christian-Muslim population; by the end of the 19th century Albanians had replaced the Serbs as the dominant ethnic group. The loss of Kosovo became a major theme in Serbian national iconography, playing a key role in the formation of Montenegro and later Serbia, and its recovery was one of the key goals of the Serbian and Montenegrin states. Serbia & Montenegro regained control of Kosovo in 1912 during the Balkan Wars. The restoration of Serbian rule was opposed by Albania, which instigated a failed invasion attempt of Serbian territory. Serbia lost control of the territory in both of the World Wars, during which many Kosovo Serbs were expelled by armed Albanian groups. During World War II, Kosovo (except the northern Serbian tip) was annexed to Albania, which was at that time a colony of Italy. Serbian control was re-established at the end of both wars.

Kosovo from 1913 to 1992 (Source: CIA)

When the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was established after the war, with Serbia as one of its six constituent republics, Kosovo was made an autonomous region of Serbia. The extent of its autonomy varied considerably under the communist Yugoslav system, it expanded its territory in the 1950s, gradually advanced to an autonomous province in the 1960s and since 1971 gained a distinct status of a de facto federal unit, able to veto not only internal Serbian but federal decisions as well. The gradual development of autonomy was instilled by the growth of Albanian nationalism in the province and growing demands for more autonomy and independence, escalating in during the 1960s riots and in 1981. Since 1982 Albanian immigration had organized preparations to forcefully secede Kosovo from Serbia, followed by outbreaks of Serbian nationalism since 1987, used by the Socialist President Slobodan Milošević in Kosovo to attain power. During the 1980s Kosovo Albanians continued their quest for a "Greater Albania" centered on Pristina, with numerous attacks by ethnic Albanians on Slavic Kosovars. Apart from ethnic Albanian attacks on Slavic civilians and the destruction of Serbian Orthodox churches, Kosovo Albanian terrorist cells infiltrated and formed within the Yugoslav People's Army, planning to kill officers and soldiers, poison food and water, sabotage and steal weapons and ammunition.^[3] A notable example of anti-Slavic attacks is the Paraćin massacre, where an ethnic Albanian conscript killed four Slavs (two Bosniaks, one Croat and one Serb) who were asleep in their barracks.

Western Balkan region in 1942 compared to 2008

The autonomy of Kosovo was drastically returned to the status predating 1963 in 1989 by the government of President Milošević. Self-government by the province's Albanian majority—now estimated to constitute 90% of Kosovo's population—was ended. In response, the Albanian members of the Kosovo Assembly voted on 2 July 1990 to declare Kosovo an independent state, though this was only recognized by Albania. A state of emergency and harsh new security rules were subsequently imposed by Serbia following mass protests by Kosovo's Albanians. The Albanians established an unofficial "parallel state" to provide education and social services while boycotting or being excluded from Serbian-run government institutions.

Kosovo remained largely peaceful through the Yugoslav wars of the early 1990s, although the severity of the Serbian regime in Kosovo was widely criticised by the international community and human rights groups. In 1996, the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) began attacking Serbian security forces and civilians whom it regarded as "collaborators". The conflict between Serbian and Yugoslav security forces and the KLA insurgents escalated until Kosovo was on the verge of all-out war by the end of 1998. In January 1999, NATO warned that it would intervene militarily if Yugoslavia did not agree to the introduction of an international peacekeeping force and the establishment of a democratic government in Kosovo. Subsequent peace talks failed and from 24 March to 11 June 1999, NATO carried out an extensive bombing campaign against Serbia and Montenegro, including targets in Kosovo itself. The war ended with Milošević agreeing to allow peacekeepers into Kosovo and hand over its governance to the United Nations.

1 Political background
2 Adoption and terms of the declaration of independence
3 International disputes
4 Reactions
5 See also
6 References and Sources
7 External links

[edit] Political background

Main article: Kosovo status process

Ethnic composition of Kosovo as of 2005

After the end of the Kosovo War in 1999, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1244 to provide a framework for Kosovo's interim status. It placed Kosovo under transitional UN administration, demanded a withdrawal of Serbian security forces from Kosovo and envisioned an eventual UN-facilitated political process Kosovo, "reaffirming the commitment of all Member States to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the other States of the region, as set out in the Helsinki Final Act and annex 2 [referring to status principles agreed at the end of the war]." It also established a requirement that the post-conflict constitutional process must take full account of "the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia".

In February 2007, Martti Ahtisaari delivered a draft status settlement proposal to leaders in Belgrade and Pristina, the basis for a draft UN Security Council Resolution which proposed 'supervised independence' for the province. By early July 2007 a draft resolution, backed by the United States and the European Union members of the Security Council, had been rewritten four times to try to accommodate Russian concerns that such a resolution would undermine the principle of state sovereignty. However, it had still not found agreement.^[4] Russia, which holds a veto in the Security Council as one of five permanent members, stated that it would not support any resolution which was not acceptable to both Serbia and the Kosovo Albanians.^[5] While most observers had, at the beginning of the talks, anticipated independence as the most likely outcome, others suggested that a rapid resolution might not be preferable.^[6]

The talks finally broke down,late 2007 with the two sides remaining far apart, with the minimum demands of each side being more than the other was willing to accept.

At the turn of 2008, the media started reporting that the Kosovo Albanians were determined to proclaim independence. This came at the time when the ten-year anniversary of the Kosovo War was looming (with the five-year anniversary being marked by violent unrest); the U.S. President George W. Bush was in his last year in power and not able to seek re-election; and two nations which had previously seceded from Yugoslavia were in important political positions (Slovenia presiding over the EU and Croatia an elected member of the UN Security Council). The proclamation was widely reported to have been postponed until after the Serbian presidential election, 2008, held on 20 January and 3 February, given that Kosovo was an important topic of the election campaign.

[edit] Adoption and terms of the declaration of independence

"We, the democratically elected leaders of our people, hereby declare Kosovo to be an independent and sovereign state. This declaration reflects the will of our people and it is in full accordance with the recommendations of UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari and his Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement.

We declare Kosovo to be a democratic, secular and multi-ethnic republic, guided by the principles of non-discrimination and equal protection under the law." Full text of the declaration

The declaration of independence was made by members of the Kosovo Assembly meeting in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, on 17 February 2008. It was approved by a show of hands, with no votes of opposition from the 109 members present. Eleven deputies from ethnic minorities, including Serbs, were absent.^[7] The terms of the declaration state that Kosovo's independence is limited to the principles outlined by the Ahtisaari plan. It prohibits Kosovo from joining any other country, provides for only a limited military capability, states that Kosovo will be under international supervision and provides for the protection of minority ethnic communities.^[1]

[edit] International disputes

Main article: Controversy over Kosovo independence

[edit] Legality of the declaration

On 18 February 2008 the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia declared Kosovo's declaration of independence as null and void per the suggestion of the Government of the Republic of Serbia, after the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Serbia deemed the act illegal arguing it was not in coordination with the UN Charter, the Constitution of Serbia, the Helsinki Final Act, UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (including the previous resolutions) and the Badinter Commission.^[8] The Constitution of Serbia in its preamble declares Kosovo is an "integral" part of Serbia with "substantial autonomy".

UN Security Council Resolution 1244 confirms the territorial integrity and sovereignty of then's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in its preamble, without any specifications:^[9]

“	Reaffirming the commitment of all Member States to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the other States of the region, as set out in the Helsinki Final Act and annex 2	”
—United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, 10 June 1999

In point 11 of the resolution's Decisions, a political process to determine the final status of Kosovo was designated, which would be based on Annex 1,^[10] containing the Statement by the Chairman on the conclusion of the meeting of the G-8 Foreign Ministers held at the Petersberg Centre on 6 May 1999, as well as the Rambouillet Accords, according to which the solution has to be a compromise of all the relevant and constituent elements, including territorial integrity of sovereignty of FRY, the Helsinki Final Act, the will of the people of Kosovo and the opinion of other relevant factors.^[11]

The Contact Group had issued in 2005 the Guiding Principles upon which the final status of Kosovo shall be decided.^[12]

[edit] Precedent or special case?

Kosovo's declaration of independence is controversial. With the disintegration of communism in Europe, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia broke down into their constituent, formerly sovereign republics, the last of which (declaring independence) was Montenegro (3 June 2006). The separation of Kosovo is politically of a different nature, as Kosovo did not possess the republic status. For this reason, a number of countries fear that it is a precedent, affecting other contested territories in Europe and non-European parts of the former Soviet Union, such as Chechnya (which although not one of the original Soviet republics, now does have republic status).^{[citation needed]}

The text of Kosovo's declaration of independence addressed this issue by stating "… Observing that Kosovo is a special case arising from Yugoslavia's non-consensual breakup and is not a precedent for any other situation, Recalling the years of strife and violence in Kosovo, that disturbed the conscience of all civilized people…" In other words, Kosovo's declaration of independence claims that Kosovo is a special case after the crisis in the 1990s and that it is not a precedent for this reason. Nevertheless, a number of countries like Spain and Cyprus do not plan to recognise Kosovo as an independent state because they fear that it will be regarded a precedent.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] United Nations

The newly proclaimed republic has not been seated at the United Nations, as it is generally believed that any application for UN membership would be vetoed by Russia.^[13] Russia has vowed to oppose Kosovo's independence with a "plan of retaliation" that some have suggested could see Russia recognising the hitherto internationally unrecognised breakaway states of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia^[13] and the TRNC in Cyprus.^[14] Serbia has likewise proactively declared the annulment of Kosovo's independence and vowed to oppose Kosovo's independence with a package of measures intended to discourage the international recognition of the republic. ^[15]

[edit] Reactions

The "NEWBORN" obelisk unveiled at the celebration of the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence proclaimed earlier that day, 17 February 2008, Prishtina

Map of states that have recognised Kosovo independence Kosovo States which formally recognise Kosovo as of 1 May 2008 Other states

[edit] Reactions in Kosovo

[edit] Kosovo Albanians

Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo greeted the news with celebration.^[16]^[17]^[18]

[edit] Kosovo Serbs

Main article: 2008 unrest in Kosovo

The bishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Kosovo, Artemije, reacted in anger, stating that Kosovo's independence was a "temporary state of occupation", and that "Serbia should buy state of the art weapons from Russia and other countries and call on Russia to send volunteers and establish a military presence in Serbia."^[19]

In Northern Kosovo, a UN building housing a courthouse and jail was attacked by a hand grenade, causing slight damage but no casualties. An unexploded grenade was found across the street, near a hotel that houses EU officials.^[20]

An explosive device was detonated in Mitrovica, damaging two vehicles. No casualties or injuries were reported.^[21]

Serb protestors in Kosovo set fire to two border crossings on Kosovo's northern border. Both crossings are staffed by Kosovar and UN police. No injuries were reported in the attacks, but the police withdrew until KFOR soldiers arrived.^[22]

A Japanese journalist wearing a UN uniform was beaten by Serbs in northern Mitrovica.^[23]

Hundreds of Serbs protested in the Kosovo town of Mitrovica on February 22, which was somewhat peaceful aside from some stone-throwing and a little fighting.^[24]

On March 14, 2008 Serb protesters forcibly occupied the UN courthouse in the northern part of Kosovska Mitrovica. On March 17, UN and NATO peacekeepers entered the courthouse to end the occupation. In the following clashes with several hundred protesters one Ukranian UN police officer was killed, over 50 persons on each side were wounded and one UN and one NATO vehicle were torched. The UN police withdrew from northern Mitrovica leaving NATO troops to maintain order.^[25]^[26]

[edit] Serbian reaction

Main articles: Serbia's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence and 2008 unrest in Serbia

Official reaction by the Government of Serbia included instituting pre-emptively on 12 February 2008 an Action Plan, which stipulated, among other things, recalling the Serbian ambassadors for consultations in protest from any state recognising Kosovo,^[27] issuing arrest warrants for Kosovo leaders for high treason,^[28] and even dissolving the government on grounds of lack of consensus to deal with Kosovo, with new elections scheduled for 11 May 2008,^[29]^[30] as well as a rogue minister proposing partitioning Kosovo along ethnic lines, ^[31] which initiative was shortly thereafter disavowed by the full Government, as well as the President.^[32] Late in March the government disclosed its intent to litigate the issue at the International Court of Justice and seek support at the United Nations General Assembly in September of 2008.^[33]

The Prime Minister of Serbia, Vojislav Koštunica, has blamed the United States for being "ready to violate the international order for its own military interests" and stated that "Today, this policy of force thinks that it has triumphed by establishing a false state. […] As long as the Serb people exist, Kosovo will be Serbia."^[34] Slobodan Samardžić, the Serb minister for Kosovo, stated that, "A new country is being established by breach of international law […] It's better to call it a fake country."^[35] However, the Serbian government says they will not respond with violence.^[36]

Significance of Kosovo to the Serbian Orthodox Church

On 17 February, about 2,000 Serbs protested at the United States Embassy in Belgrade, with some throwing stones and firecrackers at the building before being driven back by riot police.^[17] Protestors also broke windows of the embassy of Slovenia, the state that controls the EU presidency.^[37] In Belgrade and Novi Sad, McDonald's shops were damaged by protestors.^[38] According to Serbian sources, the violent protestors were ad hoc football fans. 54 policemen and 34 citizens were injured. Serbian politicians condemned the violence. ^[39] The Serbian division of U.S. Steel, based in Smederevo, had a false bomb threat called in. ^[40]

The Crown Council of House of Karadjordjevic, a former royal family of Serbia and Yugoslavia, rejected Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence, saying that: "Europe had diminished its own morale, embarrassed its own history and shown that it carries within its organism the virus of its own downfall," and that "it is a defeat of the idea of democracy… a defeat of the universally accepted rules of international law," and that a "part of the project of Mussolini and Hitler has finally been accomplished, in the territory of Serbia".^[41]

In Montenegro, protests were held in Podgorica on 19 February. Protesters waved flags of the Serb People's Party and the Serbian Radical Party Serb parties led by the Serb List are calling for a protest on February 22 to protest the independence bid. ^[42]

On 21 February, there were large demonstrations by Serbs in Belgrade. There were more than 500.000 protesters. Most protesters were non-violent, but small groups attacked the United States and Croatian embassies. A group broke into the The United States embassy, set it on fire, and attempted to throw furniture through the windows. The embassy was empty, except for security personnel. No embassy staff were injured, but a corpse was found; embassy spokeswoman Rian Harris stated that the embassy believes it to be an attacker.^[43] Police took 45 minutes to arrive at the scene, and the fire was only then put out. US ambassador to the UN Zalmay Khalilzad was "outraged", and requested the UN Security Council immediately issue a statement "expressing the council's outrage, condemning the attack, and also reminding the Serb government of its responsibility to protect diplomatic facilities." The damage to the Croatian embassy was less serious.^[43]

The Turkish and British embassies were also attacked, but police were able to prevent damage. The interior of a McDonald's was damaged. A local clinic admitted 30 injured, half of whom were police; most wounds were minor.^[43]

The Security Council responded to these incidents by issuing a unanimous statement that, "The members of the Security Council condemn in the strongest terms the mob attacks against embassies in Belgrade, which have resulted in damage to embassy premises and have endangered diplomatic personnel," noting that the 1961 Vienna Convention requires host states to protect embassies.^[44]

On February 22, the United States embassy in Serbia ordered the temporary evacuation of all non-essential personnel, after the protests and attacks on the embassy. Rian Harris, a U.S. embassy spokeswoman, explained the evacuation to AFP saying that "Dependents are being temporarily ordered to depart Belgrade. We do not have confidence that Serbian authorities can provide security for our staff members."^[24]

[edit] International reaction

Main article: International reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

Unlike the 1990 Kosovo declaration of independence, which only Albania recognised,^[45] Kosovo's second declaration of independence has already been recognized as of 21 May 2008 by 41 foreign states, including also Afghanistan, Australia,^[46] Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada,^[47] Republic of China (Taiwan), Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark,,^[48] Estonia, Finland, France,^[49] Germany,^[50] Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,,^[51] Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,^[52] Luxemburg, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Nauru, Peru,^[53] Poland, San Marino, Senegal, Slovenia, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,^[54] the United Kingdom,^[55] and the United States,^[36] with an act of recognition pending from Saudi Arabia. There have been opinions that the speed and rate of international recognition is slower than expected.^[56]^[57]

However 27 other countries, including Algeria, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Cuba, Cyprus, Georgia, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Libya, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Serbia,^[58] Slovakia, Spain,^[59] Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Uruguay, Venezuela and Vietnam have either officially and explicitly denied recognition or are unlikely to grant recogniton any time soon, while 20 or so others, including Chile, China, Egypt, Greece, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Mali, Mexico, New Zealand, Panama, Philippines , Singapore, South Africa, Sudan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Vatican City (Holy See) have either expressed their concern while urging continued negotiations under the UN Resolution 1244 (Serbia vs. province of Serbia) or did so while suggesting that new negotiations be brokered to settle the issue once and for all without unilateral moves or ensuing violence.

The situation is far from settled, with more states expected to assume definite positions one way or another as the events unfold in Kosovo and Serbia, including the elections scheduled in Serbia for 11 May 2008, and as political allegiances and influences are brought to bear by diplomats persuading on behalf of each side and influential countries such as China or Saudi Arabia making their position official.

Serbia had announced even before the declaration that it will withdraw its ambassador from any state which recognizes independent Kosovo,^[46] and indeed ,has consequently done so without exception.^[46]

[edit] Reaction within the European Union

Kosovo is Serbia protest in Vienna, Austria on 24 February 2008

The European Union has sent in a non-military 2,000-member peacekeeping mission (consisting of police and customs officers, judges and prosecutors) to aid Kosovo's independence. Serbia has claimed that this is an occupation and that the EU's move is illegal.^[60]

On 18 February 2008 the EU presidency announced after a day of intense talks between foreign ministers that member countries were free to decide individually whether to recognize Kosovo's independence. The majority of states in the EU have recognised Kosovo, but some member states, such as Spain, were unhappy about the signal a recognition would send.^[61]

[edit] Outside of the EU

People celebrating Kosovo's declaration of independence in Lausanne, Switzerland, with their car holding the Swiss, Albanian, and American flags

United States president George W. Bush welcomed the declaration of independence as well as its proclamation of friendship with Serbia, stating: "We have strongly supported the Ahtisaari plan [implying Kosovo's independence …]. We are heartened by the fact that the Kosovo government has clearly proclaimed its willingness and its desire to support Serbian rights in Kosovo. We also believe it's in Serbia's interests to be aligned with Europe and the Serbian people can know that they have a friend in America.”^[62]

Russia reacted with condemnation, stating they "expect the UN mission and NATO-led forces in Kosovo to take immediate action to carry out their mandate […] including the annulling of the decisions of Pristina's self-governing organs and the taking of tough administrative measures against them.”^[62]

In Tirana, the capital of Albania, 'Kosovo Day' was held as a celebration.^[63]

Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdoğan phoned Prime Minister of Kosovo Hashim Thaçi saying the declaration of independence "will bring to Balkans peace and stability”.^[64]

The Republic of China's (commonly known as Taiwan; non-UN member) Foreign Ministry stated "We congratulate the Kosovo people on their winning independence and hope they enjoy the fruits of democracy and freedom. […] Democracy and self-determination are the rights endorsed by the United Nations. The Republic of China always supports sovereign countries' seeking democracy, sovereignty and independence through peaceful means."^[65] Taiwan's political rival, the People's Republic of China, responded quickly, saying that "Taiwan, as a part of China, has no right and qualification at all to make the so-called recognition". ^[66]

Amongst Southeast Asian countries where Muslim separatist movements were active in at least three states, Indonesia, with the world's largest Muslim population, deferred recognition of an independent Kosovo ,^[67] while the Philippines declared it will not oppose, but nor will it support Kosovo's independence.^[68].^[69] Both countries face pressures from Muslim separatist movements within their territories, notably Aceh and southern Mindanao respectively. Vietnam expressed opposition,^[70] while Singapore reported that it was still studying the situation.^[71] Malaysia, which headed the Organisation of the Islamic Conference at the time, formally recognized Kosovo's sovereignty three days after its independence.^[72]

Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd backed Kosovan independence on the morning of 18 February, saying "This would appear to be the right course of action. That's why, diplomatically, we would extend recognition at the earliest opportunity."^[73] New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark said that New Zealand would neither recognise nor not recognise an independent Kosovo.^[74] Pro-Independence rallies were held by ethnic Albanians in Canada in the days leading up to the declaration.^[75]

President of Northern Cyprus (a state not recognised by the UN) Mehmet Ali Talat saluted the independence of Kosovo and hopes that the state is respected and assisted, in staunch opposition to the position of the Republic of Cyprus. ^[76]

An Albanian-owned van destroyed in a blast in Pula, Croatia

In Croatia, two blasts destroyed two Fiat Doblo vans owned by ethnic-Albanian bakers in the coastal city of Pula on 21 February 2008. The perpetrators are unknown. Albanian community leaders called the incidents as 'terrorist attacks', reported that some shop owners received threats via SMS messages and said the attacks were connected to the Kosovo situation in a statement.^[77] The local police later reported that the SMS messages with threats were sent by another Albanian.^[78]^[79]

On February 23, 44 protesters were arrested after burning the Serbian flag, in the main square of Zagreb, following Serb protesters attacking the Croatian embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.^[80]

Hundreds of Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina demonstrators broke away from a peaceful rally in Banja Luka on February 26, 2008 and headed for the United States Embassy's office there, clashing with police along the way.^[80]

[edit] United Nations

Following a request from Russia, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency session in the afternoon of 17 February.^[60] The United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, issued a statement that avoided taking sides and urged all parties "to refrain from any actions of statements that could endanger peace, incite violence or jeopardize security in Kosovo or the region." ^[81] Speaking on behalf of six western countries - Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy and the United States - the Belgian ambassador expressed regret "that the Security Council cannot agree on the way forward, but this impasse has been clear for many months. Today's events… represent the conclusion of a status process that has exhausted all avenues in pursuit of a negotiated outcome." ^[82]