Mitteleuropa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
![Mitteleuropa, as the territory that belonged before 1918 to the German Empire, Congress Poland, Switzerland and Austria-Hungary (excepting the territories located south of the Danube-Sava-Krkva-Soča-line, who are located in Southeastern Europe[citation needed])](/web/20080927231559/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Centraleu2.jpg)
Mitteleuropa (Central/Middle Europe) is a German term equal to Central Europe.[1] In Germany and Austria, the term usually refers to the territory covered by the modern states of:
It also includes regions that were part of Austria-Hungary:[citation needed]
Romania: Banat, Crisana, Transylvania, Maramures and Bukovina (around one half of the country's territory)
Croatia: Slavonia and Central Croatia (around half of Croatia's territory)
Serbia: Vojvodina and some quarters of Northern Belgrade (around a quarter of Serbia's territory)
Ukraine: Galicia, Transcarpathia and Bukovina (around a fifth of Ukraine's overall territory)
Italy: (small parts) (specifically the province of Bolzano-Bozen and the city of Trieste, sometimes also the whole Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto include themselves in Mitteleuropa - now parts of the Alpe Adria region)[citation needed]- sometimes, the Baltic countries and the Balkanic Austro-Hungarian lands (Bosnia-Herzegovina, the south-western half of Croatia and the Bay of Kotor) are also included here.
Before the First World War, this part of Europe was divided between the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the German Empire, and the Russian Empire.
Contents |
[edit] Mitteleuropa in World War I
.JPG)
Outside of Germany, the concept of Mitteleuropa may be best known for that policy of the Central Powers during World War I which assumed the creation of several buffer states in Central Europe, conquered from Imperial Russia and commonly viewed as puppet states. One of Germany's war aims in World War I was to create an economic sphere of German domination in Central Europe. By their creation and economic exploitation growing dissent among German population could be answered, and resources to fight the war on the Western Front could be used more efficiently.
The policy was realized after signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in which Russia ceded most of the areas occupied by Germany and Austria-Hungary to the respective countries. On the area ceded to the Central Powers, the following political entities were to be located:
- Kingdom of Lithuania
- Belarusan Democratic Republic
- Kingdom of Poland
- Kingdom of Finland
- Latvia
- Estonia
- Ukrainian National Republic
Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland liberated themselves, after the collapse of Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. Soon they gained international recognition and participated in signing of the Versailles Treaty as members of the Entente. The other two (Belarus and Ukraine) were taken over by the Russian SFSR and became Republics of the Soviet Union. An important part of the plan was annexation of tens of thousands of square kilometers of territories from which the native inhabitants, mainly Poles, Jews and Lithuanians would be ethnically cleansed to make room for German colonists. From Poland alone, Germany wanted to annex circa [2] and expel around two million people. The remaining puppet states would serve as quasi-colonial possessions where Germany industry would exploit resources and workers. Additionally the ruling class would be composed of a German minority which, the German planners hoped, would one day dominate the population and allow the states to be absorbed into German Empire as its provinces[2] [3]
Germany and Austria-Hungary's claims to the lands of "Mitteleuropa" in World War I and success in attaining them in 1918, would lay the foundation of the concept of Lebensraum (living space) by the Nazi regime years later.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ LEO Ergebnisse für "Mitteleuropa"
- ^ a b DEVASTATED POLAND Frederick Walcott National Geographic, May 1917[1]
- ^ Imannuel Geiss, Der polnische Grenzstreifen 1914-1918. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kriegszielpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg, Hamburg/Lübeck 1960
[edit] Further reading
- Krejčí, Oskar: "Geopolitics of the Central European Region. The view from Prague and Bratislava" Bratislava: Veda, 2005. 494 p. (Free download)
- Jacques Rupnik, "In Search of Central Europe: Ten Years Later", in Gardner, Hall, with Schaeffer, Elinore & Kobtzeff, Oleg, (ed.), Central and South-central Europe in Transition, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000 (translated form French by Oleg Kobtzeff)
