Voiceless dental plosive

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IPA – number	103 + 408
IPA – text	t̪
IPA – image
Entity	t̪
X-SAMPA	t_d
Kirshenbaum	t[
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiceless dental plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is t̪, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t_d. This is the symbol for the voiceless alveolar plosive with the "bridge below" diacritic meaning dental.

Contents 1 Features 2 Varieties of the voiceless dental plosive 3 Occurrence 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography

[edit] Features

Features of the voiceless dental plosive:

• Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
• Its place of articulation is dental which means it is articulated with the tongue on either the lower or the upper teeth, or both.
• Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the center of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Varieties of the voiceless dental plosive

IPA	Description
t̪	plain t̪
t̪ʰ	aspirated t̪
t̪ʲ	palatalized t̪
t̪ʷ	labialized t̪
t̪̚	unreleased t̪
t̪ʼ	ejective t̪
tˤ	pharyngeal t̪

[edit] Occurrence

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007)

True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance languages, /t/ is often called dental. However, the rearmost contact (which is what gives a consonant its distinctive sound) is actually alveolar, or perhaps denti-alveolar; the fact that the front of the tongue touches the teeth may be more visible, but is unimportant acoustically.^{[citation needed]} The difference between the /t/ sounds of the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth as which part of the tongue makes the contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), whereas in a number of Romance languages, it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).

However, there are languages with true apical (or less commonly laminal) dental t. Many Indian languages, such as Hindi, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [t̪]. In Finnish, the dental plosive /t/ contrasts with the alveolar plosive /d/, although the latter is typically voiced or tapped as a secondary cue; moreover, in native words, the alveolar plosive appears only as a lenition of the dental plosive. Pazeh contrasts a voiced alveolar plosive with a voiceless interdental one.^[1] Many Australian Aboriginal languages contrast alveolar and dental varieties of /t/.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aleut[2]		tiistax̂	[t̪iːstaχ]	'dough'
Arabic	Standard[3]	كتب	[ˈkat̪ab]	'he wrote'	See Arabic phonology
Catalan[4]		quatre	[ˈkwat̪ɾə]	'four'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Hakka[5]	?/?	[t̪ʰa˧]	'he/she'	Contrasts with an unaspirated form.
Dinka[6]		mɛth	[mɛ̀t̪]	'child'	Contrasts with alveolar /t/
English	Indian	thin	[t̪ʰɪn]	'thin'	Corresponds to /θ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
	southern Irish[7]
Finnish		tutti	[t̪ut̪ːi]	'pacifier'	See Finnish phonology
Greek		Ματθαίος	[mat̪ˈθe̞o̞s̠]	'Matthew'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hindi[8]		तीन	[t̪in]	'three'	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Indonesian[9]		tabir	[t̪abir]	'curtain'
Italian[10]		tale	[ˈt̪ale]	'such'	See Italian phonology
Nunggubuyu[11]		[t̪aɾaɡ]		'whiskers'
Pazeh[12]		[mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh]		'keep clapping'
Polish[13]		tom	[t̪ɔm] (help·info)	'volume'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese[14]		montanha	[mõˈt̪aɲɐ]	'mountain'	See Portuguese phonology
Russian[15]		толстый	[ˈt̪olst̪ɨj]	'fat'	See Russian phonology
Spanish[16]		tango	[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]	'tango'	See Spanish phonology
Turkish		at	[ät̪]	'horse'	See Turkish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[17]	tant	[t̪ant̪]	'so much'

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Blust, Robert (1999), "Notes on Pazeh Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics 38(2): 321-365 
• Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56 
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94 
• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107 
• Jones, Daniel; Dennis, Ward (1969). The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press. 
• Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell. 
• Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2009), "Hakka Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 (107-111) 
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259 
• Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107-114 
• Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 (1): 113-124 
• Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing 
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121 
• Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (2): 209-213 
• Watson, Janet (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. Oxford University Press. 

v • d • e Consonants List · Table Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​d. Den​tal Alv. Post. Retro​fl. Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn. Epi​glot​t. Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols [edit • talk] Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ  Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ  Impl.  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ  Eject.  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approxim. ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ  Affr.  p̪͡f t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Flaps / taps ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ • • Co-art. fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ • • • Co-art. approxim.  ʍ w ɥ Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. See also IPA · Vowels