List of European Union member states by political system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of European Union member states, their forms of government and their parliaments. The European Union is a sui generis supranational union of democratic states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993,[1] the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union:
| “ | Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved:
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Consequently, all European Union member states are directly elected democracies that are considered to be "free" according to the criteria of Freedom House (with all of them being rated 1/1 except for Latvia with 2/1, Bulgaria and Greece with 1/2 and Romania with 2/2).[3] As of 2008, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds.
Many of the European Union's neighbour states are not considered to be "free" by the same criteria.[3] Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be "free" or "partly free" — and improving — by Freedom House, with the notable exceptions of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus and Russia. On the other hand, almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be "free", with the notable exception of Israel.[3]
[edit] Monarchism and republicanism
- See also: Republicanism, Monarchism, and Monarchies in Europe
At present, seven monarchies are members of the European Union: Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. All seven monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies, which means that the monarch does not influence the politics of the monarch's country. Either the monarch is legally prohibited from doing so, or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention. At the dawn of the 20th century, France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union; the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century. Public opinion is currently strongly in favour of keeping the monarchy in the remaining seven monarchies in the European Union, and there is currently no ongoing campaign with popular support to abolish monarchy in any of them.
[edit] Form of government
- See also: Form of government
There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary system, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences. As with the definition of constitutional monarchies, sometimes the president does have non-ceremonial competences, but does not use them by constitutional convention; this is the case in Austria, for instance.
By definition, modern democratic constitutional monarchies are parliamentary, as there is no elected head of state who could assume non-ceremonial competences; of the twenty republican member states of the European Union, only one is a presidential republic (Cyprus) and one is a semi-presidential republic (France).
[edit] Degree of self-governance
- See also: Self-governance
Most of the European Union's member states are unitary states, which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments. However, three states are federations (Austria, Belgium and Germany) of states or regions with equal competences, and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies (or both):
- federacies:
- in Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland are autonomous (and neither is part of the European Union);
- in Finland, Åland has substantial autonomy;
- in France, the collectivité sui generis New Caledonia (which is not part of the European Union) has a large degree of autonomy;
- in the Netherlands, the Caribbean island groups of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles are equal partners to the Netherlands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
- in the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands — Guernsey and Jersey — and the Isle of Man are a special case, being neither part of the United Kingdom nor of the European Union; these islands are British Crown dependencies;
- devolved states:
- in Spain, the central government has devolved various powers to the historic nationalities among the autonomous communities, namely Andalusia, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia;
- in the United Kingdom, various competences have been devolved to the Home Nations of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Greater London Authority also has extensive devolved powers.
[edit] Houses of parliament
A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature. While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers (tricameral and tetracameral ones), nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones. There is no clear trend towards either model as of 2006, and there's also no real common factor which determines whether a country's legislature is unicameral or bicameral, except for the fact that federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral to reflect the regions' interests in national bills.
In the member states of the European Union, if the parliament has only one chamber, it is wholly directly elected in all cases. If there are two chambers, the lower house is directly elected in all cases, while the upper house can be directly elected (e.g. the Senate of Poland); or indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures (e.g. the Federal Council of Austria); or non-elected, but representing certain interest groups (e.g. the National Council of Slovenia); or non-elected (though by and large appointed by elected officials) as a remnant of a non-democratic political system in earlier times (as in the House of Lords in the United Kingdom).
[edit] Listed by form of government
[edit] Listed by type of parliament
- I^ : Due to Belgium's complex federal structure the Brussels Regional Parliament (Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brüsseler Regionalparlament)[106] [107] (89, regional assembly), Flemish Parliament (Vlaams Parlement)[108] (124, regional and community assembly), the Walloon Parliament (Parlement wallon)[109] [110] (75, regional assembly), the Parliament of the French Community (Parlement de la Communauté française)[111] (94, community assembly) and the Parliament of the German-speaking Community (Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft)[112] (25, community assembly) have competences in federal legislation that affects their interests.
- II^ : In addition to the 71 elected senators, the ruling monarch's children (or, in case there are none, her or his siblings) are also entitled to sit in the Senate after reaching the age of 18 and entitled to vote after reaching the age of 21 as senators by law (senator van rechtswege / sénateur de droit / Senator von Rechts wegen), although they do not use the right to vote by constitutional convention. There are currently three such senators.
- III^ : The number of Senators will gradually increase to 343 with the 2008 Senate election and 348 with the 2011 Senate election to reflect changes in French demography.
- IV^ : In legislation which affects the autonomous province of the Åland Islands, its Parliament (Lagting)[113] (30) also has legislative competences.
- V^ : While there is a Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) similar to the Austrian Federal Assembly, it is not simply a joint session of the Federal Diet and the Federal Council and as such not the overall name of the legislature.
- VI^ : Technically, the Federal Diet only has 598 members; the additional sixteen seats are overhang seats resulting from the 2005 election.
- VII^ : In addition to the 315 elected members, there are currently seven senators for life (senatore a vita); these include three former Italian Presidents, who are ex officio senators for life, as well as four senators appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". There can only be five appointed senators in addition to the ex officio ones at any one time.
- VIII^ : Technically, the Federal Diet only has 65 members; the additional four seats are overhang seats to ensure a majority of MPs for the party which gained the most votes in the 2008 election.
- IX^ : The name Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on the rare occasions when both houses sit together.
- X^ : In legislation which affects the overseas territory of Gibraltar, its Parliament[114] (17) also has legislative competences.
[edit] References
- ^ European Commission (2006-05-06). 1993. The History of the European Union. Retrieved on 2006-06-30.
- ^ European Commission (2006-03-27). Accession criteria. Understanding enlargement. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ a b c d Freedom House (2006-06-27). 2005. Freedom in the World. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Office of the Federal President of Austria (2006-06-23). The Austrian Federal President / Der Österreichische Bundespräsident. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Federal Chancellary of Austria (2006-06-23). Federal Chancellary of Austria / Bundeskanzleramt Österreich. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Directorate-General External Communication of the Federal Public Service (2006-06-23). De Belgische Monarchie / The Belgian Monarchy / La Monarchie belge / Die Belgische Monarchie. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Directorate-General External Communication of the Federal Public Service (2006-06-23). De site van de Eerste Minister van België / Le site du Premier Ministre de Belgique. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2005-10-17). Belgium. World Leaders. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ president.bg (2006-12-28). President of the Republic of Bulgaria / Президент на Република България. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
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- ^ Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus (2006-06-23). Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus / Προεδρία της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας / Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Başkanlığı. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ FG Forrest (2006-06-23). Pražský hrad / Prague Castle. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
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- ^ Amalienborg Palace (2006-06-23). Kongehuset / The Danish Monarchy. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ The Prime Minister's Office (2006-06-23). Statsministeriet / The Prime Minister's Office. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
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- ^ Office of the President of the Republic of Finland (2006-06-23). The President of the Republic of Finland / Suomen tasavallan presidentti / Republiken Finlands president. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Government (2006-06-23). Finnish Government / Valtioneuvosto / Statsrådet. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ M. Michel Blangy, Cabinet Director (2006-06-23). Präsidentschaft der französischen Republik / Presidency of the French Republic / Présidence de la République française / Presidencia de la República francesa. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Service d’Information du Gouvernement (2006-06-23). Portal der Regierung / Government Portal / Portail du Gouvernement / Portal del Gobierno. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Martin Kothé, Spokesperson of the Federal President (2006-06-23). Federal President / Président de la République fédérale / Der Bundespräsident / Presidente Federal. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung (2006-06-23). Bundeskanzlerin. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-03-16). Germany. World Leaders. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ Bouritsa Myrto, Librarian of the Presidency of the Republic (2006-06-23). Presidency of the Hellenic Republic / Présidence de la République Hellénique / Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας. Retrieved on 2005-06-30.
- ^ The Prime Minister’s Press Office (2006-06-23). Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic / Le Premier Ministre de la République Hellénique / Der Ministerpräsident der Republik Griechenland / Πρωθυπουργός της Ελλάδας. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary (2006-06-23). The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary / Köztársasági Elnöki Hivatal. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ The Office of the Prime Minister (2006-06-23). Prime Minister / Ministerpräsident / Miniszterelnök. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Áras an Uachtaráin (2006-06-23). Áras an Uachtaráin. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Department of the Taoiseach (2006-06-23). Department of the Taoiseach / Roinn an Taoiseach. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Segretariato Generale della Presidenza della Repubblica (2006-06-23). Presidency of the Republic / Présidence de la République / Präsidentschaft der Republik / Presidenza della Repubblica / Presidencia de la República. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Governo Italiano (2006-06-23). Governo Italiano. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-07). Italy. World Leaders. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja (2006-06-23). Chancery of the President of Latvia / Chancellerie de la présidence lettonne / Kanzlei des lettischen Staatspräsidenten / Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja / Канцелярия президента Латвии. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ State Chancellery (2006-06-23). The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia / Conseil des ministres de la République de Lettonie / Latvijas Republikas Ministru kabinets / Кабинет министров Латвийской Республики. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Office of the President of the Republic of Lithuania (2006-06-23). President of the Republic of Lithuania / Président de la République de Lituanie / Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentas / Президент Литовской Республики. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Government of the Republic of Lithuania (2006-06-23). Government of the Republic of Lithuania / Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ a b Service Information et Presse (2006-06-23). Gouvernement du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ a b Central Intelligence Agency (2006-03-24). Luxembourg. World Leaders. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ Office of the President (2005-10-14). The President of Malta. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Government of Malta (2005-08-03). Office of the Prime Minister. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Government Information Service (2006-06-23). Het Koninklijk Huis / The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Ministry of General Affairs (2004-03-31). De Minister-President en het Ministerie van Algemene Zaken / The Prime Minister and the Ministry of General Affairs. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Office of the President (2006-06-23). President of the Republic of Poland / Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Government Information Centre (2006-06-23). The Chancellery of the Prime Minister / Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Presidência da República Portuguesa (2006-06-23). Presidência da República Portuguesa. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-03-09). Portugal. World Leaders. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ Government Network Management Center (2006-06-23). Government Portal / Portal do Governo. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ President of Romania (2006-12-28). President of Romania / President de la Roumanie / Preşedintele României. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ Government of Romania (2006-12-28). Government of Romania / Gouvernement de la Roumanie / Guvernul României. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ Office of the President of the Slovak Republic (2006-06-23). President of the Slovak Republic / Prezident Slovenskej republiky. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ The Slovak Republic Government Office (2006-06-23). The Slovak Republic Government Office / Úrad vlády Slovenskej republiky. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Office of the President of the Republic (2006-06-23). President of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Republike Slovenije. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Office of the Prime Minister (2006-06-23). The Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Vlade Republike Slovenije. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Relaciones con los Medios de Comunicación (2006-06-23). The Royal Household of His Majesty the King / Casa de Su Majestad el Rey de España. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Presidency of the Government (2006-06-23). La Moncloa — Gobernuko presidentzia / La Moncloa — Presidència del Govern / La Moncloa — Presidency of the Government / La Moncloa — Presidencia do Goberno / La Moncloa — Presidencia del Gobierno. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Information and Press Department (2006-06-23). Royal Court / Kungahuset. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Information Department (2006-06-23). The Government and the Government Offices / Regeringen och Regeringskansliet. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ GT.XM London (2006-06-23). British Monarchy / Monarcachd Bhreatainn / Frenhiniaeth Brydeinig. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Prime Minister's Office (2006-06-23). 10 Downing Street. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
- ^ a b c Parlamentsdirektion (2006-06-27). The Austrian Parliament / Österreichisches Parlament. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ de Kamer — la Chambre (2006-06-27). de Kamer / la Chambre. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). Belgium — Government. The World Factbook. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ Belgian Senate (2005-01-18). Belgische Senaat / Belgian Senate / Sénat de Belgique / Belgischer Senat. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria (2006-12-28). National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria / Народно събрание на Република България. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ House of Representatives (2006-06-27). House of Representatives / Chambre des Représentants / Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Parliament of the Czech Republic (2004-12-18). Parlament České republiky, Poslanecká sněmovna / Parliament of the Czech Republic, Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlement de la République tchèque, Chambre des députés / Das Parlament der Tschechischen Republik, das Abgeordnetenhaus. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Parliament of the Czech Republic (2006-06-27). Senát Parlamentu České republiky / Parliament of the Czech Republic — Senate. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Folketing (2006-06-27). Folketinget / Folketing / Folketing / Folketing. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Riigikogu (2006-06-27). Riigikogu / Riigikogu / Рийгикогу. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Parliament of Finland (2005-01-18). Parliament of Finland / Suomen Eduskunta / Le Parlement de Finlande / Riksdagen. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Assemblée nationale (2006-11-28). Assemblée nationale — La révision de la Constitution et le Congrès. Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
- ^ Assemblée nationale (2006-06-27). National Assembly / Assemblée nationale / Nationalversammlung / Assemblea nazionale / Asamblea Nacional. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Sénat (2006-06-27). Sénat. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). France — Government. The World Factbook. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ Internet-Dienst des Deutschen Bundestages (2006-06-27). German Bundestag / Bundestag allemand / Deutscher Bundestag. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Bundesrat (2006-06-27). Bundesrat / Bundesrat / Bundesrat. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Hellenic Parliament (2006-06-27). Hellenic Parliament / Βουλή των Ελλήνων. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ National Assembly (2006-06-27). House of the Nation / Az ország háza. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ a b c Houses of the Oireachtas (2006-06-27). Houses of the Oireachtas / Tithe an Oireachtais. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Parliament (2006-06-27). Parlamento italiano. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ a b Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). Italy — Government. The World Factbook. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ Chamber of Deputies (2006-06-27). المجلس / The Chamber of Deputies / La Chambre des Députés / Die Abgeordnetenkammer / La Camera dei Deputati / Cámara de los Diputados. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Senate of the Republic (2006-06-27). Senato della Repubblica. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Latvijas Republikas Saeima (2003-02-18). Saeima — the Latvian Parliament / Latvijas Republikas Saeima. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Office of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (2006-06-27). Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania / Le Parlement de la Republique de Lituanie / Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Chambre des Députés (2006-06-27). Chambre des Députés. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). Luxembourg — Government. The World Factbook. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ House of Representatives (2006-06-27). House of Representatives. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Parliament (2004-10-19). The Dutch Parliament / Het Parlement. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Dienst Communicatie (2006-06-27). House of Representatives of the States–General / Tweede Kamer der Staten–Generaal. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Senate (2006-06-27). Senate of the States–General / Eerste Kamer der Staten–Generaal. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Chancellery of the Sejm (2006-06-26). The Sejm of the Republic of Poland / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Senate (2006-06-26). The Senate of the Republic of Poland / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Assembly of the Republic (2006-06-27). The Assembly of the Republic / L'Assemblée de la République / Assembleia da República. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Parliament of Romania (2006-12-22). Parliament of Romania / Le Parlament de la Roumanie / Parlamentul României. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ Chamber of Deputies (2006-12-28). Parliament of Romania — Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlament de la Roumanie — Chambre des Députés / Parlamentul României — Camera Deputaţilor. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ Senate (2006-12-28). Parliament of Romania — Senate / Le Parlament de la Roumanie — Sénat / Parlamentul României. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ National Council of the Slovak Republic (2006-06-27). National Council of the Slovak Republic / Nationalrat der Slowakischen Republik / Národná rada Slovenskej republiky. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ National Assembly (2006-06-27). Republic of Slovenia National Assembly / Državni zbor Republike Slovenije. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ National Council (2006-01-05). National Council of the Republic of Slovenia / Državni svet Republike Slovenije. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Congreso de los Diputados (2004-06-07). Congress of Deputies / Congreso de los Diputados. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Senate (2006-06-09). The Senate of Spain / El Senado de España. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Riksdagen / Riksdagen (2006-06-27). Riksdagen. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ a b c Information Policy Division, Office of Public Sector Information (2006-06-27). Houses of Parliament. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ CIRB-CIBG (2006-05-05). Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Brussels Regional Parliament / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brüsseler Regionalparlament. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Federal Government of Belgium (2006-06-28). Brussels–Capital Region. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ Flemish Parliament (2006-06-27). Vlaams Parlement / Flemish Parliament / Parlement flamand / Flämisches Parlament / Parlamento fiammingo / Parlamento flamengo / Parlamento Flamenco / Flamländska Parlamentet. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Parlement-Wallon (2006-06-27). Parlement wallon. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Federal Government of Belgium (2006-06-28). Walloon Region. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
- ^ Cellule Internet du Parlement (2006-06-27). Parlement van de Franstalige gemeenschap / Parliament of the French Community / Parlement de la Communauté française / Parlament der französischsprachigen Gemeinschaft. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Parliament of the German-speaking Community (2006-06-27). Parlement van de Duitstalige Gemeenschap / Parliament of the German-speaking Community / Parlement de la Communauté germanophone / Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
- ^ Åland Parliament (2007-12-26). Ålands Lagting / Åland Parliament. Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
- ^ Government of Gibraltar (2005-04-20). Government of Gibraltar. Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
