Voluntarism (metaphysics)
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- This article is about the metaphysical philosophy known as voluntarism. For other uses, see here.
Voluntarism is a descriptive term for a school of thought that regards the will as superior to the intellect and to emotion. This description has been applied to various points of view, from different cultural eras, in the areas of metaphysics, psychology, sociology, and theology.
The term voluntarism was introduced by Ferdinand Tönnies into the philosophical literature and particularly used by Wilhelm Wundt and Friedrich Paulsen. The etymology of the word is from Latin (voluntas: the will, the desire; also: arbitrariness).
Will Durant, in the glossary to The Story of Philosophy, defines voluntarism as "the doctrine that will is the basic factor, both in the universe and in human conduct."[1]
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[edit] Medieval voluntarism
Associated with John Duns Scotus, one of the foremost medieval scholastic philosophers. It is generally taken to be the philosophical emphasis on the divine will and human freedom. It is usually contrasted with intellectualism.
According to the Christian theologians of medieval times who advocated voluntarism, God should be defined as absolute power[2] whose actions should not be rationalized and explained through reason.
[edit] Metaphysical voluntarism
A proponent of metaphysical voluntarism is 19th century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. In his view, the will is not reasoning, but an irrational, unconscious urge, in relation to which the intellect represents a secondary phenomenon. The will is actually the force at the core of all reality.
This putting out of the drive-detention-vital dynamics has influenced Friedrich Nietzsche (as will to power), Eduard von Hartmann, Sigmund Freud and the philosophy of life.
[edit] Epistemological Voluntarism
In epistemology, 'voluntarism' describes the view that belief is a matter of the will rather than one of simply registering one's cognitive attitude or degree of psychological certainty with respect to a stated proposition. If one is a voluntarist with respect to beliefs, it is coherent to simultaneously feel very certain about a particular proposition, P, and assign P a very low subjective probability. This is the basis of Bas Van Fraassen's Principle of Reflection.
[edit] Realization and science theory
In another context the realization and science theory of Hugo Dingler, which starts with the unavoidable will act (as "I-Here-Now"). The methodical constructionalism of the school of Erlangen and the methodical culturalism of Marburg is to be seen subsequently.
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ Durant, Will (1926). The Story of Philosophy. New York NY: Touchstone Books-Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-69500-2.
- ^ http://www.covenantseminary.edu/worldwide/en/CH310/CH310_T_35.html
