Menes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Menes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Africanus: Mênês Eusebius: Mênês |
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| Pharaoh of Egypt | |||
| Predecessor | Narmer? | ||
| Successor | Hor-Aha? | ||
Menes is the name of the Egyptian pharaoh credited with founding the First dynasty, sometime around 3100 BC. Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of Ancient Egypt, and was possibly a mythical founding king similar to Romulus and Remus for Ancient Rome.[1]
Ancient Egyptian legend credits a pharaoh by this name with uniting Upper and Lower Egypt into in a single, centralized monarchy.[2] The earliest reference to him appears on the Palermo Stone, which is a now-fragmentary king's list that was carved onto a stela sometime during the Fifth dynasty. He appears as the first human ruler of Egypt, directly inheriting the throne from the god Horus.[3] He also appears in other, much later, king's lists, always as the first human pharaoh of Egypt. Two king's lists of the 19th dynasty (13th century BC) call him Meni, the 3rd century BC Egyptian historian Manetho called him Menes, and the 5th century BC Greek historian Herodotus referred to him as Min.[4][5]
| Menes in hieroglyphs |
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Menes is also credited with the foundation of Memphis,[6] which he established as the Egyptian capital. According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was (unusually enough) killed by a hippopotamus.[7]
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[edit] Archeological evidence
The discovery of the Narmer Palette in the late 19th century depicting the hitherto unknown pharaoh Narmer, possibly pre-dating Menes, wielding the symbols of both Upper and Lower Egypt, cast doubt on the traditional account. The general scholarly consensus is that Narmer and Menes (or his successor Hor-Aha) are in fact the same person. Others hold that Menes inherited an already-unified kingdom from Narmer; still others believe that Menes completed a process of unification started either unsuccessfully or only partially successfully by Narmer. In any case, while there is extensive archeological evidence of there being a pharaoh named Narmer, the only indisputable evidence for Menes is an ostracon which contains his name under the Nebty symbols.[8] There is a general suspicion that Menes either was a name of Narmer, his predecessor, or of his successor, Hor-Aha. Some people also believe that this may have been a legend created by the Egyptians to tell what happened. Others think that Narmer may have been the father of Menes.
[edit] References
- ^ Manley, Bill. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt. p.22-23. 1997 ISBN 0140513310
- ^ "Menes". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
- ^ Shaw, Ian and Nicholson, Paul. The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. p.218. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1995. ISBN 0-8109-9096-2
- ^ "Menes". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
- ^ Herodotus, Euterpe, 2.4.1 and 2.99.1ff.
- ^ cf. Herodotus, Euterpe, 2.99.4.
- ^ "Menes". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
- ^ Gardiner, Alan. Egypt of the Pharaohs. p. 405. Oxford University Press, 1961
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Narmer: Titulary
- The Contendings of Horus and Seth
- Image of Menes on Aldokkan Ancient Egyptian Civilization
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