Archaic period in Greece
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The archaic period in Greece (750 BC – 480 BC) is a period of Ancient Greek history. The term - which arose in the 18th century and has been standard since - arose from the study of Greek art, where it refers to styles mainly of surface decoration and plastique falling in time between Geometric Art and the art of Classical Greece. As it is transitional to the latter it is considered "archaic." Since the Archaic period followed the Greek Dark Ages, and saw significant advancements in political theory, and the rise of democracy, philosophy, theatre, poetry, as well as the revitalization of the written language (which had been lost during the Dark Ages), the term archaic was extended to these aspects as well.
Most recently Anthony Snodgrass embraced and extended this holistic approach suggesting that "historians extend their interests from political and military events to social and economic processes" and "classical archaeologists turn from the outstanding works of art to the totality of material products ...." The Archaic Period is thus a "rapprochement" of various threads and is not just "archaic" but is "a complete episode in its own right."[1] Michael Grant also objects to the term archaic "because it possesses the dictionary significance of 'primitive' and 'antiquated.' No such pejorative epithets are appropriate for the early Greeks, whose doings and sayings added up to one of the most creative periods in world history."[2]
Snodgrass defines the termini of the Archaic Period as a "structural revolution", meaning a sudden slope up of population and material goods that occurred with mid-point at 750 BC, and the "intellectual revolution" of classical Greece.[3] The end of archaism is conventionally defined as Xerxes' invasion of Greece in 480 BC. It should not be thought for a moment, however, that all the various threads begin and end on these dates. For example, red-figure pottery, which characterized the classical Greek period, began in the archaic. Snodgrass says: "... it must always be borne in mind that such demarcations of history ... although reasonably acceptable for the convenience of later ages, are entirely artificial categories ....[4]
[edit] Archaic society
[edit] Conurbation
Mycenaean Greece had been divided into kingdoms each containing a territory and a population distributed into both small towns and large estates owned by the nobility. The kingdom was ruled by a king claiming authority under divine right and physically established at a capital city, or polis, where he resided in a palace situated within a citadel, or acropolis ("high city") located for defense on the highest hill that could be found, preferably precipitous. During the Greek Dark Ages the palaces, kings and estates vanished, population declined, towns were abandoned or became villages situated in ruins and government devolved on minor officials and the tribal structure.
The sharp rise in population at the start of the Archaic Period brought reurbanization, settlement of new towns with re-expansion of the old and a new form of government that had evolved slowly, the city-state, also termed the polis. The kingdoms were not restored even though in many cases offshots of the royal families remained. Instead each major population center became autonomous and was ruled by a republican form of government. The ancient Greek term is synoikismos, "conurbation" of villages and the incorporation of their tribes into the substructure of the polis. The akropoleis became the locations of public buildings, typically temples.[5]
[edit] Archaic literature
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[edit] Archaic art
The period takes its name from what, in art history, was considered the archaic or old-fashioned style of sculpture and other works of art/craft that were characteristic of this time, as opposed to the more natural look of work made in the following Classical period (see Classical sculpture).
[edit] Architecture
[edit] Sculpture
Sculpture in limestone and marble, terra cotta, bronze, wood and rarer metals was used to adorn temples and funerary monuments both free-standing and in relief. The themes were mythical or from daily life. Life-size statues began suddenly at about 650 BC. Three periods have been identified:[6]
- Early Archaic, 660 BC - 580 BC.
During the period, the major sculptural forms were the kouros and its female equivalent the kore. - Middle Archaic, 580 BC - 535 BC.
- Late Archaic, 540 BC - 480 BC.
[edit] Ceramics
In pottery, the Archaic period sees the development of the Orientalizing style, which signals a shift from the Geometric Style of the later Dark Ages and the accumulation of influences derived from Phoenicia and Syria.
Pottery styles associated with the later part of the Archaic age are the black-figure pottery, which originated in Corinth during the 7th century BC and its successor, the red-figure style, developed by the Andokides Painter in about 530 BC.
Some notable distinctions to tell if it's from the archaic period is the Egyptian like "left foot forward," "archaic smile," and the very patterned and conventionalized hair or "helmet hair."
 Orientalizing style |
 Black-figure style |
 Red-figure style |
[edit] Metalwork
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[edit] Coins
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[edit] Jewellery
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[edit] Conflicts
- Arcadian Wars
- Athenian republic wars
- First Messenian War (Approximately 750-730 BC)
- First Sacred War (595-585 BC)
- Lelantine War (End of 8th century BC)
- Periander's destruction of Epidaurus (approx.600 BC)
- Second Messenian War (640-620 BC)
- Spartan invasion of Samos (529 BC)
- Thirean War (mid 6th century BC)
[edit] Important Persons
[edit] Statesmen
[edit] Epic Poets
[edit] Philosophers
[edit] Lyric Poets
[edit] Logographers
[edit] Fabulists
[edit] Notes
- ^ Snodgrass page 13.
- ^ Grant, Michael (1988). The Rise of the Greeks. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page xii.
- ^ Snodgrass page 13, page 23.
- ^ Pages 201-202.
- ^ Snodgrass pages 28-34.
- ^ Richter pages 47-83. The overlap of dates recognizes transitions.
[edit] Bibliography
- Richter, Gisela M.A. (1963). A Handbook of Greek Art: Third Edition Newly Revised. Phaidon Publishers Inc..
- Snodgrass, Anthony (1980). Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment. London Melbourne Toronto: J M Dent & Sons Ltd. ISBN 0460043882.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Archaic period: society, economy, politics, culture — The Foundation of the Hellenic World
- The Archaic Period of Greek Art – Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
- Ancient Greece: The Archaic Period — by Richard Hooker
